This document discusses sudden cardiac death (SCD), providing information on:
- SCD is an unexpected death from cardiac causes within one hour of symptoms. It often occurs in people with known or unknown heart disease.
- Autopsies show most SCD victims had prior heart attacks or coronary artery disease. About 92% of SCD victims do not survive.
- Risk factors for SCD include age, male sex, family history of heart disease, smoking, diabetes, and high blood pressure. EKG abnormalities like prolonged QT also increase risk.
- Causes of SCD include coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, genetic conditions, and electrical issues in the heart. The most common mechanism is
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)&Sudden cardiac death (SCD)Abdullah Ansari
INTRODUCTION
SCD : Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
CPR Steps
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR BLS
ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT
PRINCIPLES OF EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR ACLS
ventricular premature complexes and idioventricular rhythm identification is important in the ICU ..they may run into arryhthmias..look over my seminar...
any queries...
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is an event caused by a problem with the heart's "electrical" system. SCA occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. The heart’s electrical system sends signals to the heart to beat much too fast. The heart cannot beat that fast, so the heart muscle just quivers. Blood and oxygen do not reach vital organs like the brain. Then it stops altogether. The heart needs immediate treatment from an electrical shock (defibrillation) to restart the electrical system. If SCA is not treated within 7-10 minutes, it leads to sudden cardiac death.
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)&Sudden cardiac death (SCD)Abdullah Ansari
INTRODUCTION
SCD : Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
CPR Steps
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR BLS
ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT
PRINCIPLES OF EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR ACLS
ventricular premature complexes and idioventricular rhythm identification is important in the ICU ..they may run into arryhthmias..look over my seminar...
any queries...
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is an event caused by a problem with the heart's "electrical" system. SCA occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. The heart’s electrical system sends signals to the heart to beat much too fast. The heart cannot beat that fast, so the heart muscle just quivers. Blood and oxygen do not reach vital organs like the brain. Then it stops altogether. The heart needs immediate treatment from an electrical shock (defibrillation) to restart the electrical system. If SCA is not treated within 7-10 minutes, it leads to sudden cardiac death.
Learn How to treat sudden cardiac arrest through this video. Cardiac arrest has become very common in the people in this generation because of changes in life style. According to Best Cardiologist in Hyderabad, Cardiac arrest affects people irrespective of age, gender, locality and country.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH/ARREST
• Sudden cardiac death (SCD/SCA) is an
unexpected death due to cardiac causes that
occurs in a short time period (generally within
1 hour of symptom onset) in a person with
known/unknown cardiac disease
• Patients at risk for SCD may have prodromes
of chest pain, fatigue, palpitations, and other
nonspecific complaints.
4. • SCA is not a random event. Most victims do
have heart disease or other health problems,
often without being aware of it.
• As many as 75 % of people who die of SCA
show signs of a previous heart attack. Eighty
percent have signs of coronary artery disease
• Approximately 92% of those who experience
SCA do not survive.
• SCA kills more than 1,000 people a day, or one
person every 90 seconds
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Nearly two thirds of cardiac arrests occur as the first
clinically manifested event or in the clinical setting of
known disease in the absence of strong risk
predictors.
• Less than 25% of the victims have high-risk markers
based on arrhythmic or hemodynamic parameters
• General patterns of heightened risk during the
morning hours, on Mondays, and during the winter
months have been described.
6. • The incidence of SCD increases markedly with age
regardless of sex or race but the proportion of deaths
that are sudden is larger in the younger age groups
• CHD is the most common substrate underlying SCD
• After a MI the most rapid rate of attrition occurs
during the first 6 to 18 months after the index event .
• A secondary delayed increase in risk occurs in post–
myocardial infarction patients 2 to 5 years after an
index event, probably related to ventricular
remodeling and heart failure.
7.
8.
9.
10. SCA – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
• Annual incidence of SCA in India is 0.55 per
1000 population
• SCA accounts for >50% of cardiovascular
deaths in India
• The peak age of SCA occurrence is between 45
and 75 years, with a higher preponderance in
men (3:1)
• Survival rate of SCA is <1%
Fortis Hospital , New Delhi - statistics
11. SOUTH INDIAN STUDY
• The proportion of SCD among total mortality in a
population in Southern India using a questionnaire-
based approach was assessed
RESULTS:
• Out of 2185 deaths, 1691 (77.4%) were recallable.
• A total of 173 (10.3%; 128 M and 45 F; mean age -
60.8 ± 14 years) deaths were adjudicated as SCD.
• Of these, 82 (47.3%) were ≤ 60 years of age.
• Prior MI, LV dysfunction and prior aborted SCD were
found in 33.5%, 22.5% and 5.7% respectively.
12. • CAD was observed in 66 (38%) and AMI in 30 (17%).
• At least 1 of 3 CAD risk factors - hypertension,
diabetes, or smoking was observed in 80.6%.
• Proportion of subjects with at least one risk factor for
CAD were similar in the age groups above and below
50 years (67.6% vs. 81.7%, p=0.065).
CONCLUSIONS:
• SCD contributed to 10.3% of overall mortality
• On an average, SCD cases were 5-8 years younger
compared to populations reported in the western
hemisphere
Rao BH et al , Contribution of sudden cardiac death to total mortality in
India - a population based study ;Int J Cardiol. 2012 Jan 26;154(2):163-7
14. GENETIC CONTRIBUTORS TO SCD RISK
Genetically Based Primary Arrhythmia Disorders
Congenital long-QT interval syndrome, short-QT syndrome
Brugada syndrome
Catecholaminergic polymorphic (“idiopathic”) VT/VF
Inherited Structural Disorders with Arrhythmic SCD Risk
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy
Genetic Predisposition to Induced Arrhythmias and SCD
Drug-induced “acquired” LQTS (drugs, electrolytes)
Electrolyte and metabolic arrhythmogenic effects
15. RISK FACTORS COMMON TO BOTH
CHD & SCD
NON MODIFIABLE
• Age Male Gender
• F/H/O CHD Genetic Factors
MODIFIABLE
• Smoking Hypertension
• Hyperlipidemia Diabetes Mellitus
• Obesity Renal dysfunction
• Sedentary lifestyle
16. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
• In the Framingham Study, preexisting CAD was
associated with a 2.8- to 5.3-fold increase in risk
of SCD
• Both left ventricular dysfunction and NYHA class
were powerful risk factors for SCD in patients
with either ischemic or nonischemic
cardiomyopathy
• An LVEF of less than 30 % (due to any etiology) is
the single most powerful independent indicator
for SCD
17. ARRHYTHMIAS
• PVCs and nonsustained VT during both the
exercise and recovery phases of a stress test are
predictive of increased risk
• Arrhythmias in the recovery phase appear to
predict a higher risk than arrhythmias in the
recovery phase
• A frequency cutoff of 10 PVCs/hour as a
threshold level for increased risk is cited by most
studies
18. ECG MARKERS
• Elevated resting heart rate
• Prolonged QRS duration
• Abnormal heart rate recovery
(HRR < 12 bpm 1st min , < 22bpm after 2 min)
• Prolonged QT interval and
• Early repolarization syndrome
(horizontal or descending ST segments in inferior /
lateral leads)
19. NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS
• Increased consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids is inversely associated with SCD to a
greater extent than nonfatal MI
• Heavy alcohol consumption ( > 5 drinks per day)
is associated with an increased risk of SCD
• In contrast, light-to-moderate levels of alcohol
consumption ( < 0.5 to 1 drinks per day) may be
associated with reduced risks of SCD.
• High magnesium diet – low risk of SCD
20. PSYCHOSOCIAL
• Lower socioeconomic status
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Social isolation and
• Psychological stress
have all been linked to an increase in
cardiovascular mortality in diverse populations
21. BIOMARKERS AS RISK FACTORS
INFLAMMATORY MARKERS
• CRP IL-1 receptor
• Fibrinogen IL-6
METABOLIC MARKERS
• Aldosterone Cystatin C
• Renin Vitamin D and PTH
NEUROHORMONAL MARKERS
• BNP / NT-pro-BNP
22.
23. CAUSES
CAUSES OF AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF SCD
Coronary artery abnormalities
Hypertrophy of ventricular myocardium
Myocardial diseases and heart failure
Inflammatory, infiltrative, neoplastic, and degenerative processes
Diseases of the cardiac valves
Congenital heart disease
Electrophysiologic abnormalities
Electrical instability related to neurohumoral and CNS influences
Sudden infant death syndrome and sudden death in children
Miscellaneous causes
24. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• The most common electrophysiologic
mechanisms leading to SCD are tachyarrhythmias
such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular
tachycardia (VT).
• Reentry is the most important known mechanism
of VT and VF at tissue level
• At the cellular level increased excitation or
decreased repolarization reserve of
cardiomyocytes may result in ectopic activity (eg
automaticity, triggered activity), contributing to
VT and VF initiation.
25. • At the subcellular level, altered intracellular
Ca2+ currents, altered intracellular K+ currents
(especially in ischemia), or mutations resulting
in dysfunction of a sodium channel can
increase the likelihood of VT and VF.
• Approximately 20-30% of patients with
documented sudden death events have
bradyarrhythmia or asystole at the time of
initial contact
• Sometimes an asystole and pulseless electrical
activity (PEA) may result from a sustained VT
26. • Most cases of SCD occur in patients with
structural abnormalities of the heart
• Patients who survive a myocardial infarction,
the presence of PVCs, particularly complex
forms such as multiform PVCs, short coupling
intervals (R-on-T phenomenon), or VT (salvos
of 3 or more ectopic beats), reflect an
increased risk of sudden death
27. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Patients at risk for SCD may have prodromes
of chest pain, fatigue, palpitations, and other
nonspecific complaints.
• History and associated symptoms, to some
degree depend on the underlying etiology of
SCD
• A prior history of LV impairment (ejection
fraction < 30-35%) is the most potent common
risk factor for sudden death.
28. 1. Coronary artery disease
– Previous cardiac arrest
– Syncope
– Prior myocardial infarction, esp within 6 months
– Ejection fraction less than 30-35%
– H/O frequent ventricular ectopy (>10 PVC/h or NSVT)
2. Dilated cardiomyopathy
– Previous cardiac arrest
– Syncope
– Ejection fraction less than 30-35%
– Use of inotropic medications
29. 3. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
– Previous cardiac arrest
– Unexplained Syncope ( recent , in young)
– Family history of one or more premature HCM-
related deaths, particularly if sudden and multiple
– Symptoms of heart failure
– Drop in SBP or ventricular ectopy upon stress
testing
– Palpitations
– Multiple, repetitive (or prolonged) nonsustained
bursts of ventricular tachycardia on serial
ambulatory (Holter) ECGs
– Massive LV hypertrophy (wall thickness, ≥30 mm),
particularly in young patients
30. 4. Valvular disease
– Valve replacement within 6 months
– Syncope
– History of frequent ventricular ectopy
– Symptoms associated with severe uncorrected
AS/MS
5. Long QT syndrome
– Family history of long QT and SCD
– Medications that prolong the QT interval
– Bilateral deafness
31. Thompson and McCullough Cardiac
Arrest Score
1. ED SBP greater than 90 mm Hg = 1 point
2. ED SBP less than 90 mm Hg = 0 points
3. Time to ROSC less than 25 minutes = 1 point
4. Time to ROSC more than 25 minutes = 0 points
5. Neurologically responsive = 1 point
6. Comatose = 0 point
Maximum score = 3 points
• Patients with a score of 3 points can be expected
to have an 89% chance of neurologic recovery
and an 82% chance of survival to discharge