This document discusses substance abuse and dependence. It defines substance abuse as maladaptive use of drugs that is not medically necessary. Alcohol is one of the most commonly abused substances and has effects throughout the central nervous system, from euphoria to respiratory depression. Substance abuse and dependence are diagnosed based on criteria like tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Treatment involves detoxification, rehabilitation, therapy and treating any underlying psychiatric conditions. Prevention strategies include education and limiting drug availability.

3. 
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse,
refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a
substance that is not considered dependent.
The term "drug abuse" does not exclude
dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar
manner in nonmedical contexts. The terms
have a huge range of definitions related to
taking a psychoactive drug or performance
enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or nonmedical

4. 
Drug misuse is a term used commonly for prescription
medications with clinical efficacy but abuse potential
and known adverse effects linked to improper use,
such as psychiatric medications with sedative,
analgesic, or stimulant properties

5. Alcohol is the major
substance commonly
abused nowadays. It is a
colorless liquid, contained
in drinks such as beer,
wine, spirit, etc. that make
people drunk.

6. 
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
Alcohol is a CNS suppressant.
It exerts this suppressant effect in a descending
manner, where higher cortical centers are
inhibited first, resulting in euphoria and then
disinhibiting.
In larger doses, lower vital centers are
inhibited, leading to hypotension and
respiratory depression.

7. 
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It is found that ion channel activities associated
with acetyl choline, serotonin and GABA
receptors are enhanced by alcohol.
Ion channel activities associated with
glutamate receptors are inhibited.
* Death is due to central respiratory depression
or inhalation of vomitus

9. * Alcohol abuse and dependence.
* Alcohol withdrawal
* Alcohol induced dementia.
* Alcohol induced amnestic disorders.
*Alcohol induced psychotic disorders
* Alcohol related mood disorder.

10. 
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The classic signs of alcohol withdrawal are due
to sympathetic over activity and tendency to
develop epileptic convulsions.
Symptoms include tremulousness, sweating,
restlessness and even excitement.
They may include psychotic symptoms (such
as delusions and hallucinations).
Seizures and symptoms of delirium tremens
may eventually develop.
Treatment is Benzodiazepines.

11. 


It occurs when fetuses are exposed in utero to
alcohol by their mothers' drinking alcohol.
This syndrome is the leading cause of mental
retardation in the United States.
Women with alcohol related disorders have a
35 percent risk of having a child with deficits.

13. • Most of substances known to be amenable for
abuse and dependence (Addiction) can be
grouped into the following classes:
1. Alcohol.
2. Sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics.
3. Cannabinoids [e.g. Bango - Hashish - Marijuana].
4. Opioids [e.g. Heroin, Opium, Morphine, Codeine
and Codeine-containing cough sedatives].
5. Cocaine

14. . Amphetamines and other stimulants.
7. Tobacco.
8. Caffeine.
9. Hallucinogens [e.g. LSD, Anticholinergic,
Mescaline
10. Phencyclidine [e.g. Ketamine]
11. Volatile solvents.

N.B. Poly-substance abuse and dependence is
common.
Substances may be mixed with others.

15. Death is the primary adverse effect of cigarette
smoking.
 Causes of death include:
* Chronic bronchitis.
* Emphysema.
* Bronchogenic cancer.
* Cerebrovascular disease.
* Cardiovascular disease.


16. In pregnant women, nicotine crosses the
placenta freely and is in the amniotic fluid and
umbilical cord blood of neonates.
 Sustained exposure of the fetus causes:
*Slow growth in utero and lower than average
birth weights.
*Increased incidences of newborns with persistent
pulmonary hypertension.


18. This is an adaptive psychological,
physiological and biochemical
state caused by the repeated
exposure to a drug.
Continued use of the drug
becomes necessary for the wellbeing of the organism.
Sometimes the word
"dependence" is used as a
synonym of addiction.

19. 
it is a strong subjective drive to use the
substance. It is likely to be experienced by most
(if not all) individuals with substance
dependence.

20. 
The diagnosis of addiction implies the use of a
drug with the following clinical criteria:
* The use of the drug is not upon medical
indication
* Tolerance
* Withdrawal

22. 


Drug abuse, including alcohol and prescription
drugs can induce symptomatology which
resembles mental illness.
Drug abuse makes central nervous system
(CNS) effects, which produce changes in mood,
levels of awareness or perceptions and
sensations.
These signs and symptoms cannot be fully
stated as it varies in individual.

23. 
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Substance abuse can be prevent in two major
ways. These are:
Educating the society.
The government should make a policy against
the selling of unprescribed drugs.

24. •
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Two major goals:
the first is abstinence from the substance;
the second is physical, psychiatric, and
psychosocial well-being of the patient

25. 
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Inpatient or outpatient settings.
* Detoxification,
* Rehabilitation.
* Throughout treatment, individual, family,
and group therapies (alcoholic & narcotic
anonymous) can be effective.
* Any underling psychiatric disorder should be
diagnosed and appropriately treated

27. Because substance abuse/dependence is in
part a neuropharmacological phenomenon,
there is at present an aggressive search for
agents that may:
decrease the reinforcing properties of substances
(block the drug euphoric effect)
decrease craving associated with substances
function as replacements for the drug of abuse


28. 
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Naltrexone (an opiate receptor blocking agent)
decreases alcohol consumption and relapse in
alcoholic patients, also in opiate abuse.
* Nicotine replacement using nicotine gum,
patch, spray and inhalation have been used
with successful results in nicotine dependence.
* Methadone - an opiate receptor agonist proved to be highly effective in abstinence
from opiate use.

31. 
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Halaesayyah, January 2014. Substance Abuse and Dependence.( Accessed
2014-03-07)
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Lauragosnell, January 2014. Substance Abuse Disorders. ( Accessed 201403-07)
http://www.slideshare.net/lauragosnell/9substance-abusedisorders?qid=4cc1f751-a48a-44b3-8644d2f4421e21c4&v=qf1&b=&from_search=9
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