This document summarizes substance abuse prevention. It discusses substance use on a continuum from social to dependent use. Prevention aims to foster healthy behaviors and prevent issues. Risk factors for substance abuse include genetics, mental health issues, and social influences; protective factors enhance resilience. The document provides an overview of prevention goals and strategies at various levels, from individual to community. Resources for prevention programs are also listed.

1. Substance Use Prevention Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes

2. Objectives To provide information about substance abuse prevention To assist students in understanding the risk and protective factors for substance abuse To provide resources for prevention

3. Overview Substance use can be thought of on a continuum from social/recreational use to abuse and dependence. Many factors affect whether substance use is a problem including whether it causes significant impairments in health, social, legal or occupational functioning No certain amount of substance use necessarily means there is a problem. It is important to consider the situation, the consequences and whether the person was in jeopardy of causing themselves physical harm by using.

4. What is Addiction Three facets to the definition A person, substance, or activity Regularly used to escape from negative feeling states Continues to be used despite experiencing negative consequences. Note: Physiological dependence is NOT necessarily a part of addiction

5. Prevention Prevention is A proactive process empowering individuals and systems to meet the challenges of life by creating and reinforcing conditions that promote healthy behaviors and prevent co-morbidity, relapse and disability. Goals fostering a climate in which alcohol is used legally and only when the risk of adverse consequences is minimal prescription and over-the-counter drugs and other abusable substances, e.g., aerosols, are used only for their intended purposes illegal drugs and tobacco are not used at all. (Source:http://preventionplatform.samhsa.gov/MacroHQ/Glossary2/viewgloss.cfm?action=terms&letter=P&gloss=all&sect_id=1&topic_id=99&CFID=336820&CFTOKEN=20068893)

6. Definition of addiction cont… Another way to understand addiction is to apply the four Cs: Behavior that is motivated by emotions ranging along the Craving to Compulsion spectrum Continued use in spite of adverse Consequences, and Loss of Control.

7. Levels of Prevention Primary Goals are to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place Secondary Goals are to goals are to prevent the problem from getting worse Tertiary Goal are to prevent the problem from getting worse and prevent any other complications Information on Prevention Programs for Those Interested

8. Risk and Resiliency Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Knowledge regarding risks associated with substance abuse/use Negative attitudes toward substances and substance use Bonding to pro-social culture Positive relationships with adults Views parents, teachers, doctors, law enforcement officers and other adults as allies Social competence Youth involvement in alternative activities Sense of well-being/self confidence Has positive future plans RISK FACTORS Certain physical, emotional or personality traits Inherited genetic vulnerability Low self esteem Psychological disturbances Inappropriate coping responses Violence/ aggression Risk taking propensity/impulsivity Alienation and rebelliousness Rejection of pro-social values/religion Lack of peer refusal skills Early and persistent problem behaviors Early sexual activity/teen pregnancy Early anti-social behavior Peer rejection in elementary grades Academic Failure Less involved in recreational, social, activities Lack of information on positive health behaviors INDIVIDUAL

9. Peer Risk Factors cont. . . PROTECTIVE FACTORS Involved in substance-free activities Friends disapprove of alcohol and other drug use RISK FACTORS Reinforcement of negative norms and expectations within peer group Thinks alcohol and drug use is "cool" Inappropriate sexual activity among peers Ties to deviant peers/gang involvement

10. Family Risk Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Close family relationships Consistency of parenting Education is valued and encouraged, and parents are actively involved Copes with stress in a positive way Clear expectations and limits regarding alcohol and other drug use Encourages supportive relationships with caring adults beyond the immediate family Share family responsibilities, including chores and decision making Family members are nurturing and support each other RISK FACTORS Family members with a history of alcohol or other drug abuse Family members don't spend much time together Parents have trouble keeping track of teens, who they're with and where they go Lack of clear rules and consequences regarding alcohol and other drug use Parents use drugs, involve youth in their use ("Get me a beer, would you?") or tolerate use by youth Parents have trouble setting consistent expectations and limits Family conflict/abuse Loss of employment

11. School Risk Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Positive attitudes toward school School bonding Regular school attendance Communicates high academic and behavioral expectations Encourages goal-setting, academic achievement and positive social development Tutoring available Positive instructional climate Provides leadership and decision making opportunities for students Fosters active involvement of students, parents and community members Sponsors substance-free events School responsive to students' needs RISK FACTORS Lack of clear expectations, both academic and behavioral Students lack commitment or sense of belonging at school High numbers of students who fail academically at school Parents and community members not actively involved

12. Community Risk Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Opportunities for community involvement Community religious composition Laws are consistently enforced Informal social control Policies and norms encourage non-use Community service opportunities Resources (housing, healthcare, childcare, jobs, recreation, etc.) available Comprehensive risk focused programs available for youth Programs for parents of children and adolescents Early childhood and family support programs RISK FACTORS Alcohol/other drugs readily available Irresponsible servers and sellers Laws and ordinances are unclear or inconsistently enforced Norms are unclear or encourage use No sense of "connection" to community Neighborhood disorganization Rapid changes in neighborhood High unemployment Residents at or below the poverty level Lack of strong social institutions Lack of monitoring youths' activities Inadequate media portrayals Misleading advertising Pro-use messages

13. Additional Resources The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention http://www.edc.org/hec National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://www.health.org National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence http://www.ncadd.org Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) http://www.coresoft.comlcsap.html Virtual Clearinghouse on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs http://www.ccsa.calatod.htm National Center on Addiction & Substance Abuse (CASN Columbia University) http://www.casacolumbia.org Promising Practices - Campus Alcohol Strategies http://www.promprac.gmu.edu Training for Intervention Procedures (TIPS) http://www.gettips.com Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study http://hsph.harvard.edu/cas National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov AI-Anon http://www.al-anon.org Health finder http://www.healthfinder.gov Drugs Awareness Online: Use, Abuse, & Treatment http://www.mhhe.comlhper/health/drugs

14. Summary Substance abuse is defined by impairment in one or more areas of functioning over a 12 month period as a result of substance use More than 50% of people have an addiction There are a host of outpatient and more intensive programs and styles