This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from vegetable oils. It discusses how biodiesel is made up of fatty acid esters and has benefits over conventional diesel like being renewable, non-toxic and producing lower emissions. The key methods covered for producing biodiesel are blending oils with diesel, micro-emulsification, cracking, and transesterification. Transesterification is identified as the most important process for reducing the high viscosity of vegetable oils that causes issues in diesel engines. The advantages and challenges of using vegetable oils as fuels are also presented.
Experimental Investigation of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteri...ijsrd.com
The use of methyl esters of vegetable oil known as biodiesel are increasingly popular because of their low impact on environment, green alternate fuel and most interestingly it’s use in engines does not require major modification in the engine hardware. Use of biodiesel as sole fuel in conventional direct injection diesel engine results in combustion problems, hence it is proposed to use the biodiesel in low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engines with its significance characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and ability to handle the lower calorific value (CV) fuel. In this work biodiesel from Neem kernel oil was used as sole fuel in LHR direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The low heat rejection engine was developed with uniform metal matrix composites (MMC) coating of cylinder head. The experimental investigation was carried out in a single cylinder water-cooled LHR direct injection diesel engine. In this investigation, the combustion, performance and emission analysis were carried out in a diesel and biodiesel fueled LHR engine under identical operating conditions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LHR engine with biodiesel is decreased marginally than LHR engine operated with diesel. Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emission levels are decreased but in contrast the Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx) emission level was increased due to the higher peak temperature. In the final analysis, it was found that, the results are quite satisfactory.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteri...ijsrd.com
The use of methyl esters of vegetable oil known as biodiesel are increasingly popular because of their low impact on environment, green alternate fuel and most interestingly it’s use in engines does not require major modification in the engine hardware. Use of biodiesel as sole fuel in conventional direct injection diesel engine results in combustion problems, hence it is proposed to use the biodiesel in low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engines with its significance characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and ability to handle the lower calorific value (CV) fuel. In this work biodiesel from Neem kernel oil was used as sole fuel in LHR direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The low heat rejection engine was developed with uniform metal matrix composites (MMC) coating of cylinder head. The experimental investigation was carried out in a single cylinder water-cooled LHR direct injection diesel engine. In this investigation, the combustion, performance and emission analysis were carried out in a diesel and biodiesel fueled LHR engine under identical operating conditions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LHR engine with biodiesel is decreased marginally than LHR engine operated with diesel. Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emission levels are decreased but in contrast the Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx) emission level was increased due to the higher peak temperature. In the final analysis, it was found that, the results are quite satisfactory.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATI...Ijripublishers Ijri
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives
to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel of diesel, is described as fatty acid methyl ester from vegetable oils or animal fats. The main objectives of the present work is to reduce higher viscosity of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil using esterification followed by transesterification and to assess the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. The important properties of engine fuel such as density, viscosity, flash point and calorific value of Karanja methyl ester were compared with diesel fuel. Various proportions of Karanja oil methyl ester blends (10%, 20%, and 30%) were used for conducting the performance test at varying load conditions. Engine parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency were calculated and emission parameter such as emission of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and oxide of nitrogen gases in exhaust were recorded. By using Karanja oil methyl ester blends with diesel fuel, the result showed that the brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel blends with diesel fuel wee less as compared to diesel fuel. Fuel consumption was increased with increase in blend proportions. It is found that the emission level of CO and HC level decreased with increased in blend proportion in diesel fuel. NOx emission increased with increase in blend proportion in diesel fuel. The test results indicate that biodiesel B-20 and lesser can be used as an alternative without any modifications of diesel engine.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATI...Ijripublishers Ijri
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives
to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel of diesel, is described as fatty acid methyl ester from vegetable oils or animal fats. The main objectives of the present work is to reduce higher viscosity of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil using esterification followed by transesterification and to assess the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. The important properties of engine fuel such as density, viscosity, flash point and calorific value of Karanja methyl ester were compared with diesel fuel. Various proportions of Karanja oil methyl ester blends (10%, 20%, and 30%) were used for conducting the performance test at varying load conditions. Engine parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency were calculated and emission parameter such as emission of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and oxide of nitrogen gases in exhaust were recorded. By using Karanja oil methyl ester blends with diesel fuel, the result showed that the brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel blends with diesel fuel wee less as compared to diesel fuel. Fuel consumption was increased with increase in blend proportions. It is found that the emission level of CO and HC level decreased with increased in blend proportion in diesel fuel. NOx emission increased with increase in blend proportion in diesel fuel. The test results indicate that biodiesel B-20 and lesser can be used as an alternative without any modifications of diesel engine.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Methyl Ester Kusum Oil and Its Blends In...IOSR Journals
The research on alternative fuels for compression ignition engine has become essential due to depletion of petroleum products, higher oil prices and its major contribution for pollutants, where vegetable oil promises best alternative fuel. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the present paper, the research efforts directed towards improving the performance of C.I. engine using vegetable oil (Methyl ester kusum oil) as a fuel. The paper deals with results of performance of a single cylinder, four stroke, C.I. engine using kusum oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel. The performance of engine was studied at constant speed, with the engine operated at various loading conditions. Performance parameters considered for comparing are brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, brake power, exhaust gas temperature, smoke density and part load and peak load performance of the engine. The engine offers increase in thermal efficiency when it is powered by kusum oil and its blends at various loads. The power developed and exhausts gas temperature increases with the increase and specific fuel consumption is higher than diesel fuel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
Discover the reasons why your BMW’s Active Steering malfunction warning might come on. From electrical glitches to mechanical failures and software anomalies, addressing these promptly with professional inspection and maintenance ensures continued safety and performance on the road, maintaining the integrity of your driving experience.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
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Biodiesel
1. kARABÜK ÜNİVERSİTESİ-MÜHENDISLIK FAKÜLTESI
MAKİNA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİMDALI
biodiesel production technologies
KONU:BITKISEL YAĞLARIN BIYODIZEL YAKIT OLARAK
KULLANILMASI
DANIŞMAN : DOÇ.DR. SELAMI SAĞIROĞLU
ÖĞRENCI :OMER KASIM SALIH
2. Introduction
Bio-diesel used as an alternative fuel in the diesel
engines .is made from various renewable sources as
vegetable oil and animal fats. It is green and clean
,environmentally and non toxic and low emission
compared with the conventional diesel fuels . Bio-
dizel yakıtlara yeşil ve temiz, çevresel ve toksik
olmayan ve düşük emisyonludur.
3. Chemical Construction of biodiesel
(Biyodizelin kimyasal konsantrasyonu)
Generally ,biodiesel consist of long chain of fatty acids(Yağ
asitleri ), mono-alkyl-esters. It can be used in compression
ignition engines with little or no modifications,, limited
resources of fossil fuels and the environmental concern, there
has been renewed focus on vegetable oils and animal fats for
the production of bio-diesel fuel. Bio-diesel has the potential
to reduce the level of pollution and the level of global
warming. Chemical Construction of biodiesel
(Biyodizelin kimyasal konsantrasyonu)is explains in the next
slides
5. 2.Fatty acids(Yağ asitleri): chemically,fatty acids consist
from tow main parts Hydrocarbon chain (Hidrokarbon
zinciri) and function grupe(fonksiyon grubu)
7. Production of biodiesel:generally biodiesel production in
4 processes(Biyodizel üretimi: genel olarak 4 süreçte
biyodizel üretimi)
1. Blending (karıştırmak)
Vegetable oil( bitiksel yag) can be directly mixed with diesel
fuel and may be used for running an engine. A diesel was
powered with a blend of 95% filtered used cooking oil
(bitiksel yag) and 5% diesel in 1982. In 1980, Caterpiller
Brazil Company used pre-combustion chamber engines with a
mixture of10% vegetable oil to maintain total power without
any modification to the engine. A blend of 20% oil and 80%
diesel was found to be successful . It has been proved that
the use of100% vegetable oil was also possible with some
minor modifications in the fuel system. The high fuel caused
the major problems associated with the use of pure
vegetable oils as fuel viscosity (viskozite) in compression
ignition engines.
8. 2.Micro-emulsification(Mikro
emülsifikasyon)
The main problem in the using bio-diesel in intenal combustion
engines is very high viscosity, To solve the problem of high
viscosity of vegetable oil, used. A micro emulsion(Mikro
emülsifikasyon) is defined as the colloidal equilibrium
dispersion of optically isotropic fluid The high viscosity is The
main problem of the bio-diesel when using it in the diesel
engines ,the micro emulsions with solvents such as
methanol(methanol), ethanol(etanol) and butanol have been
solved the problems of high viscosity . prepared an emulsion of
53% sunflower oil, 13.3% ethanol and 33.4% butonal. This
emulsion had a viscosity of 6.3 kg/m3,cetane number of 25.
Lower viscosities and better spray patterns were observed
with an increase in the percentage of butanol.
9. 3. Cracking(çatlama)
Cracking is the process of conversion of one long chain of
hydrocarbon into small chain by heat or with the aid of
catalyst. It involves heating in the absence of air or oxygen
and cleavage of chemical bonds to yield small molecules.
The pyrolyzed material can be vegetable oils(bitiksel yag),
animal fats, natural fatty acids and methyl esters of fatty
acids. The pyrolysis of fats has been investigated for more
than 100 years, especially in those areas of the world that
lack deposits of petroleum .
10. 4.Transesterification(transesterifikasyon)
Trnsesterification process consider the essentianal process to reduction of
bio-diesel viscosity which considirard the important problem in the bio-
diesel when using as a fuel in diesel engines , Generally ,the process is a
chimecal reaction between the one mole of triglycered with three moles of
alcohols to produce 3 ester and glycerol.
12. properties of vegetable oils ( bitiksel yag)
Vegetable oils(bitiksel yag) provide engine performances
similar to that obtained with diesel fuels. The following are
the important characteristics of good vegetable oil required
to substitute diesel fuel
1. Ignition quality( Ateşleme kalitesi): Satisfactory diesel
combustion demands self-ignition of the fuel as it is sprayed
near TDC into the hot swirling compressed cylinder gas. Long
ignition delay is not acceptable as it leads to knock.
Therefore, the cetane number of the substitute fuel should
be high enough, which is a measure ofknock tendency ofthe
fuel. Satisfactory fuels must have a cetane number between
40 and 60.
13. Characterization of vegetable oils (
bitiksel yag)
2. Viscosity (viskozite)(mm2 /s) Fuel viscosity plays an
important role in the combustion of fuel. The direct
injection in the open combustion chamber through the
nozzle and pattern of fuel spray decides the ease of
combustion and thermal efficiency of the engine. low
viscosity can lead to internal pump leakage whereas system
pressure reaches an unacceptable level and will affect
injection during the spray atomization.The vegetable oils
can be blended with the diesel fuel and the blended fuel will
redection the viscosity .
15. Characterization of vegetable oils (
bitiksel yag)
3.Heating value (Kalorifik değer) the diesel combustion
chamber system can accept wide variations in heating value,
practical systems are only suitable when calorific value of
the fuel is high. This helps to reduce the quality of fuel
handled and maximizes the equipment operating range. It is
always desirable for the vegetable oils to have a calorific
value nearer to that of diesel.
16. Characterization of vegetable oils (
bitiksel yag)
4.Temperatures (Sıcaklıklar) Pour point and cloud point are
important for cold weather operations of the I.C. engine. For
satisfactory working, the values of both should be well
below the freezing point of the oil used. Flash point is an
important temperature from a safety Yield of methyl esters
of vegetable oils by transesterification process.
17. Heat value and viscosity for different types of biodiesel
(Farklı biyodizel türleri için ısı değeri ve viskozite)
Fuel type
(yakıt tipi)
Calorific
value
(Kalorifik
değer)(kj/kg)
Density
(Yoğunluk)(kg
/m3)
Viscosity
(viskozite)(m
m2 /s)
Centane
number
Diesel fuel 43.3 815 4.3 47
Sun fllower oil 39 918 58.5 73
Cotton seed oil 39.64 912 50 48.1
Soyabean oil 39.62 914 64 38
Corn oil (Mısır
yağı)
37 825 46 37
Rapeseed
oil(Kolza yağı)
37.62 914 39.1 37.6
18. The vegetable oils(bitiksel yag) as a
fuels in diesel engines
Using theThe vegetable oils (bitiksel yag) as a fuels in diesel
engines In the many country of world ,it is cleanly ,non
toxik ,low cost ,enviromentiiy and eco-frindlly . It using in
the diesel engins with the small modification or non
modifacatin , the comman problem of using vegetable oils in
the engines vehicles is has very viscosity greet the normal
diesel by 10-20 times ,and can made an damage in the
injection system ,the high viscosity can redection by many
way like the tranesterifacation (esterlesme) and blending
vegetable oils with the diesel fuels,the blending fuel has low
viscosity and can using it in the diesel engines.
19. Usage of The vegetable oils(bitiksel yag) as a
fuels in diesel engines .
20. Main advanteages of vegetable oil (bitiksel
yag)
(1) Vegetable oil is has a low coast compared to convential
diesel ( bitiksel yagdüşük maliyetli)
(2) It is non-toxic;( toksik değildir)
(3) It is a renewable fuel that can be made from agricultural
crops (Tarımsal ürünlerden yapılabilecek yenilenebilir bir
yakıttır)
(4) It has a reasonable cetane number and hence possesses
less knocking tendency ( Makul bir setan sayısına sahiptir ve
bu nedenle daha az vuruş eğilimine sahiptir).
21. (5) It has 80% heating value compared to that of diesel;
(Dizelinkine göre% 80 ısıtma değerine sahiptir)
(6) It contains low aromatics;(Düşük aromatikler içerir)
(7) Low sulphur content and hence environment friendly;
(Düşük kükürt içeriği ve bu nedenle çevre dostu)
(8) Enhanced lubricity, thereby no major modification is
required in the engine;(Gelişmiş yağlama, bu nedenle motorda
büyük bir değişiklik yapılması gerekmez).
22. The disadvantages of vegetable oils as diesel
fuel(Bitkisel yağların dizel yakıt olarak
dezavantajları)
1. Higher viscosity,(Daha yüksek viskozite)
2. Lower volatility, (Düşük uçuculuk)
3.The reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon
chains,(doymamış hidrokarbon zincirlerinin
reaktivitesi)
23. Refences (kaynaklar)
[1] Use of vegetable oils as I.C. engine fuels—A review A.S. Ramadhas
, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan
[2] PERSPECTIVE OF SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS)AS A
POTENTIAL BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK IN TURKEY: CHARACTERIZATION,
ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS ANALYSES OF BUTANOL–
BIODIESEL DIESELBLENDS Prepared by Ramiz AL-SAMARAAE
[3] A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed
transesterification Applied Energy, Volume 87, Issue 4, 2010, pp.
1083-1095 Dennis Y.C. Leung, Xuan Wu, M.K.H. Leung
[4] Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-
catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methodsAuthor
links open overlay panelAyhanDemirbas
[5] Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic andnon-
catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods Ayhan
Demirbas