Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses. Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation, agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.

1. 11
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL
ENGINE OPERATING ON LINSEED AND NEEM METHYL ESTERS BLEND
Pampana Devi supriya1
, K.koteswara Rao2
,Y Dhana Shekar3
1 Research Scholar,Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.
2 Associate Professor,Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.
3 Assistant Professor , Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.
*Corresponding Author:
Pampana Devi supriya ,
Research Scholar,Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits,
Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP,
India.
Published: December 19, 2014
Review Type: peer reviewed
Volume: I, Issue : I
Citation: Pampana Devi supriya, An Experimental Compar-
ative Study On The Performance Of Diesel Engine Operat-
ing On Linseed And Neem Methyl Esters Blend
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
The world is presently confronted with double crises
of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degrada-
tion. The fact that petroleum based fuels will neither
be available in sufficient quantities nor at a reason-
able price in future has revived interest in exploring
alternative fuels for diesel engines. Thermodynamic
tests based on engine performance evaluations have
established the feasibility of using a variety of al-
ternatives such as CNG, LPG, alcohols, biogas and
vegetable oils etc. vegetable-oil-based fuels have
considerable potential as an appropriate alterna-
tive. Since the fuel properties are similar to that of
petroleum diesel.
The major problem associated with direct use of
raw vegetable oils is their viscosity. One possible
method to overcome the problem of high viscosity is
Tran’s esterification of oils to produce esters (com-
monly known as Biodiesel) of respective oils. Bio-
diesel is a non-polluting fuel made from organic oils
of vegetable origin. Chemically it is known as free
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The esters of fatty
acids derived from trans esterification of vegetable
oils have properties closer to petroleum diesel fuels.
These fuels tend to burn cleaner; perform compara-
bly to conventional diesel fuel, and combustion is
similar to diesel fuels.
Diesel fuels have deep impact on the industrial
economy of a country. These are used in heavy
trucks, city transport buses, locomotives electrical
generators, farm equipments, underground mine
equipments etc. The consumption of diesel fuels
in India for the period 2007-08 was 28.30 million
tons, which was 43.2 percent of the consumption
of petroleum products. This requirement was met
by importing crude petroleum as well as petroleum
products. The import bill on these items was 17,838
crores. With the expected growth rate for diesel con-
sumption more than 14% per annum, shrinking
crude oil reserves and limited refining capacity. In-
dia is likely to depend more on imported of crude
petroleum products.
HISTORY OF VEGETABLE OILS
India is importing crude petroleum and petroleum
products from Gulf countries. Indian scientists
searched foran alternate to diesel fuel to preserve
global environment and to withstand economical
crisis. So, vegetable oils from plants both edible,
crude non-edible and Methyl esters (Bio-diesels) are
used as alternate source for Diesel oil. Bio-diesel
was found as the best alternate fuel, technically and
environmentally acceptable, environmentally com-
petitive and easily available
Abstract
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alterna-
tives to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
In the present context of fossil fuel crisis, the importance of alternative fuel research for the internal engines needs no
emphasis. Vegetable oils can be used as an alternative to diesel since their properties are very close to diesel fuel. They
are also renewable. In the present work, experiments have been carried out to assess the suitability of linseed oil and
neem oil as fuels in a diesel engine. Current investigations revealed that the performance of neem oil and linseed oil are
very close to diesel.
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
1401-1402

2. 12
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS USED IN
TEST ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
The general morphology of oil plants and seeds
and availability of oils are explained. Combustion
parameters such as density, viscosity, flash point,
fire point, certain number, and calorific value of all
types of chosen oils and their blends with diesel oils
are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending veg-
etable oil with diesel and viscosity is discussed. Ef-
fect of heating on viscosity of oils and their blends
with diesel is studied in this chapter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE OILS
The important physical and chemical properties of
lin seed oil, castor oil, palm stearin oil, mahua oil
and neem oils are determinated by using Indian
standard (IS-1448).Instrumentationin fuels and lu-
bricants laboratory of mechanical engineering de-
partment. Determination of density, calorific value,
viscosity, flash point, fire point are carried out using
hydrometer, bomb calorimeter, red wood viscometer
and Able’s apparatus respectively.
Density for all types of oils used is higher than that
of diesel. Density of castor oil is 0.956 gm/cc, which
is higher than that of other types of oils used. The
lowest density among all chosen oils is 0.917 gm/
cc.
Viscosity of all types of oils used is higher than that
of diesel. In which viscosity of castor oil is highest
followed by palm stearin, mahua, neem and linseed
oil compared to diesel.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this project we tried to investigate the potential
use of Linseed and Neem oil Methyl Esters as Bio-
diesel. During the course of this project we have ac-
tually prepared Lin Seed Oil Methyl Ester (LSOME)
(pure bio-diesel or B100). Various experiments were
conducted on LSOME and the results were record-
ed. We collected the results of Neem Oil Methyl Es-
ter from various journals and research papers. The
results of LSOME and NOME were compared with
conventional diesel. A brief introduction about the
material used in this project is given below
Linseed Oil
Linseed oil, otherwise known as flax seed oil are
simply flax oil. Its scientific name is linumusitatis-
simum, or linaceae. the yellowish drying oil is de-
rived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant through
pressing and extraction. It is available in varieties
such as cold pressed alkali refined, sun Bleeched,
sun thickened, and polymerized(stand oil) marketed
as flax seed oil. Lin seed oil is the most commonly
used carrier in oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil
acts as the traditional protective coating for the raw
willow of a cricket bat. Fresh, refrigerated, and un-
processed, linseed oil is used as nutritional supple-
ment. It is available in asian countries.
Linseed Tree
Canada 633,500
People's Republic of
China
480,000
India 167,000
United States 149,963
Ethiopia 67,000
Bangladesh 50,000
Russia 47,490
Ukraine 45,000
France 41,000
Argentina 34,000
World 1875,018
Leading Linseed
Scientific classification
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Malpighiales
Family Linaceae
Genus Linum
Species L.usitatissimum
Binomial name Linumusitatissimum
Scientific classification
Neem Oil
The scientific name of neem is azardirachtaindica.
It belongs to the family meliaceae. the kernels con-
tain 40% to 50% of an acrid bitter greenish yellow to
brown oil with strong disagreeable garlic like odour.
This bitter is to the presence of sulphur contain-
ing compounds like Nimbin, Nimbidin and Nimbo
sterol. It is rich in oleic acid, followed by stearic,
palmitic and alcolinic acids. The oil is used for illu-
mination, soap making, pharmaceuticals, cosmet-
ics and medicinal fields(ayurvedic medicines). The
purified oil is used in manufacturing disinfectable
and emulsifieng agents which are used as insecti-
cidal sprays. Neem oil is available in India and west
Africa.

3. 13
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
NeemTree
Scientific classification
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Sapindales
Family Meliaceae
Genus Azadirachta
Species A. indica
Binomial name Azadirachtaindica
Scientific classification
Composition of Vegetable Oils
Fats and oils are water insoluble hydrophobic sub-
stances primarily composed of fatty esters of glycerol
(triglycerides). Structurally, a triglyceride is reaction
product of one molecule of glycerol (C3H8O3) with 3
molecules of fatty acids to yield 3 molecules of wa-
ter and 1 molecule of triglyceride. The carbon chain
length and number of unsaturated bonds varied in
fatty acid chain length, the number of unsaturated
bonds and interaction between the combinations.
Palmitic acid (16:0), Stearic acid (18:0), Oleic acid
(18:1), Linoleic acid (18:2), Linolenic acid (18:3) are
commonly present acids in vegetable oils in varying
percentages. Fatty acids fully saturated with hydro-
gen have no double bonds.
Fully saturated triglycerides are solid at room tem-
perature and thus as such cannot be used as fuels.
As a result they are more susceptible to oxidation
and thermal polymerization. The chemical composi-
tion for cotton seed and mahua oils is given in the
following table
Sl.No Fatty Acid
Composition
Structure Lin Seed oil Neem Oil
1 Palmitic Acid C 16:0 6% 16%
2 Stearic Acid C 18:0 2.5% 13%
3 Oleic Acid C 18:1 19% 46%
4 Linoleic Acid C 18:2 24.1% 14%
5 Linolenic
Acid
C 18:3 0.4% --
Composition of Free Fatty Acids
Problems Associated With Vegetable Oils
The straight vegetable oils that are extracted from
seed’s cannot be used in a diesel engine directly due
to following reasons
• It has been observed that straight vegetable oils
when used for long hours tend to choke the fuel fil-
ter because of high viscosity and insoluble present
in the straight vegetable oils.
• The high viscosity, poly unsaturated character
and extremely low volatility of vegetable oils are re-
sponsible for operational and durability problems
associated with its utilization as fuels in diesel en-
gines.
• High viscosity of vegetable oils causes
o poor fuel atomization
o large droplet size and their high spray jet pen-
etration
• The jet tends to be a solid stream instead of a
spray of small droplets. As a result the fuel is not
distributed or mixed properly with the air required
for burning in the combustion chamber. This re-
sults in poor combustion accompanied by loss of
power and economy.
EXPERIMENTALSETUP AND PROCEDURE
The experiments were conducted on single cylinder,
water cooled, kirloskar-DI. Diesel engine coupled to
an rope brake dynamometer. the specifications of
the engine are given in table 4.1. The engine was
run at rated speed of 1500RPM.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine specification
BHP 5HP
Speed 1500 rpm
Bore 80mm
Stroke 110m
Compression ratio 16.5:1
Orifice diameter 17mm
Method of start crank start
Make Kirloskar
Type of ignition compression Ignition
Dynamometer Specifications
Type Rope brake
Diameter of brake drum 300mm
Diameter of rope 16mm
Effective radius of brake
drums
58 mm

4. 14
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
(a) (b)
(a) 4- Stroke diesel engine (b) Dynamometer
Description
It is a 4 stroke, vertical, single cylinder, water
cooled, constant speed diesel engine which is cou-
pled to rope brake drum arrangement to absorb the
power produced. The engine crank started. Neces-
sary dead weights and spring balance are includ-
ed to apply load on brake drum. Suitable cooling
water arrangement for the brake drum is provided.
Separate cooling water lines fitted with temperature
measuring thermocouples are provided for engine
cooling. A measuring system for fuel consumption
consisting of a fuel tank, burette, and a 3- way cock
mounted on stand and stop watch are provided. Air
intake is measured using an air tank fitted with an
orifice meter and a water U- tube differential ma-
nometer. Also digital temperature indicator with
selector switch for temperature measurement and
a digital rpm indicator for speed measurement are
provided on the panel board. A governor is provided
to maintain the constant speed.
Procedure
Note down engine specifications and ambient tem-
perature.
•Calculate full load (W) that can be applied on the
engine from the engine specifications.
•Clean the fuel filter and remove the air lock.
•Check for fuel, lubricating oil and cooling water
supply.
•Start the engine using decompression lever ensur-
ing that no load on the engine and supply the cool-
ing water
•Allow the engine for 10 minutes on no load to get
stabilization.
•Note down the total dead weight, spring balance
reading, speed, time taken for 10cc of fuel con-
sumption and the manometer readings.
•Repeat the above step for different loads up to full
load.
•Allow the engine to stabilize on every load change
and then take the readings.
•Before stopping the engine remove the loads and
make the engine stabilized.
•Stop the engine pulling the governor lever towards
the engine cranking side. Check that there is no
load on engine while stopping.
(a) Engine (b) Manometer & Temperature (c) Fuel filter (d)
Loads
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Indicated thermal efficiency ηith
Brake thermal efficiency ηbth
Mechanical efficiency ηm
Volumetric efficiency ηv
Relative efficiency or effective ratio ηre
Mean effective pressure pm
Mean Piston speed Ŝp
Specific power output Ps
Inlet – valve Mach Index Sfc
Fuel – Air or Air – Fuel ratio F/A
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (Ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in
the indicated power, ip, to the input fuel energy in
appropriate u

5. 15
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Brake Thermal Efficiency(Ηbth)
Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the
brake power, bp, to input fuel energy in appropriate
units.
Mechanical Efficiency (Ηm)
Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake
power (delivered power) to the indicated power (pow-
er provided by the piston)
ηm = bp/ip = [bp]/[bp+fp]
It can also be defined as the ratio of brake thermal
efficiency to indicated thermal efficiency
Volumetric efficiency (ηv)
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the volume flow
rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate
at which the volume is displaced by the system.
Where ρais the inlet density If ρais taken as the at-
mospheric air density, the ηvrepresents the pump-
ing performance of the entire inlet system. If it is
taken as the air density in the inlet manifold, then
ηvrepresents the pumping performance of the inlet
port and valve only.
Relative efficiency or effective ratio (ηrel)
Relative efficiency or effective ratio is the ratio of
thermal efficiency of an actual cycle to that of the
ideal cycle. The efficiency ratio is a very useful cri-
terion which indicated the degree of development of
the engine.
Mean Effective pressure (Pm)
Mean effective pressure is the average pressure in-
side the cylinder of an internal combustion engine
based on the calculation or measured power output.
It increases as manifold pressure increases. For
any particular engine, operating at a given speed
and power output, there will be a specific indicated
mean effective pressure, imep, and a correspond-
ing brake mean effective pressure, bmep. They are
derived from the indicated and brake power respec-
tively. Indicated power can be shown to be
Then, the indicated mean effective pressure can be
written as
Similarly, the brake mean effective pressure is given
by
Where
ip = Indicated power (kW)
pim= Indicated mean effective pressure (N/m2)
L = Length of the stroke (m)
A= Area of the piston (m2)
N= Number of power strokes
N/2 for 4 – Stroke engines
K= Number of cylinder
Another way of specifying the indicated mean effec-
tive pressure pim, may be defined as
pim=(Area of the indicator diagram)/(length of the
indicator diagram)
where the length of the indicator diagram is given
by the difference between the total volume and the
clearance volume.
EMISSIONS
Emissions Reduction with Bio-Diesel
Since Bio-diesel is made entirely from veg-
etable oil, it does not contain any sulfur, aromatic
hydrocarbons, metals or crude oil residues. The ab-
sence of sulfur means a reduction in the formation
of acid rain by sulfate emissions, which generate
sulfuric acid in atmosphere. The reduced sulfur in
the blend will also decrease the levels of corrosive
sulfuric acid accumulating in the engine crankcase
oil over time.
Lower Hydrocarbons Emissions
Bio-diesel is comprised of vegetable oil me-
thyl esters, that is, they are hydrocarbon chains of

6. 16
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
the original vegetable oil that have been chemically
split off from the naturally occurring “triglycerides”
and its one end of the hydrocarbon chain are ox-
ygenated. That leads to lowering the hydrocarbon
emissions.
Lower Hydrocarbons Emissions
Bio-diesel is comprised of vegetable oil me-
thyl esters, that is, they are hydrocarbon chains of
the original vegetable oil that have been chemically
split off from the naturally occurring “triglycerides”
and its one end of the hydrocarbon chain are ox-
ygenated. That leads to lowering the hydrocarbon
emissions.
Smoke and Soot Reductions
Smoke (Particulate material) and soot (un-
burnt fuel and carbon residues) are of increasing
concern to urban air quality problems that are
causing a wide range of adverse health effects for
the citizens, especially in terms of respiratory im-
pairment and related illness.
FUEL CONSUMPTION
The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine
are generally expressed in terms of specific fuel con-
sumption in kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour. It
is an important parameter that reflects how good
the engine performance is. It is inversely propor-
tional to the thermal efficiency of the engine.
Sfc = Specific fuel consumption per unit
time/power
Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and indicated
specific fuel consumption (isfc) are the specific fuel
consumption on the basis of BP and IP respectively.
Comparing brake specific fuel consumption and
indicated specific fuel consumption of diesel
with LSOME AND NOME.
brake specific fuel consumption
SL.NO LOAD DIESEL LSOME
B10
LSOME
B20
NOME
B10
NOME
B20
1 0 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 1.0021 0.860 0.83 0.894 0.81
3 4 0.526 0.501 0.42 0.623 0.47
4 6 0.403 0.394 0.36 0.423 0.39
5 8 0.350 0.335 0.312 0.391 0.345
6 10 0.312 0.296 0.28 0.334 0.30
7 12 0.289 0.280 0.261 0.292 0.28
8 14 0.286 0.263 0.25 0.275 0.265
9 16 0.273 0.255 0.24 0.265 0.260
10 17 0.255 0.248 0.254 0.245
Indicated specific fuel consumption (kg/kwh)
SL.NO LOAD DIESEL LSOME
B10
LSOME
B20
NOME
B10
NOME
B20
1 0 0.2719 0.235 0.229 0.255 0.29
2 2 0.2491 0.213 0.196 0.234 0.20
3 4 0.2094 0.199 0.186 0.215 0.191
4 6 0.2010 0.196 0.180 0.204 0.182
5 8 0.1974 0.190 0.176 0.195 0.174
6 10 0.1929 0.189 0.174 0.191 0.168
7 12 0.1905 0.186 0.171 0.188 0.164
8 14 0.1982 0.183 0.177 0.185 0.162
9 16 0.1987 0.183 0.177 0.183 0.60
10 17 0.181 0.180 0.182 0.158
Comparison graphs of BSFCVs load of LSOME
&NOME blends with Diesel
Comparison graphs of ISFC Vs load of LSOME &
NOME with Diesel
After analyzing the brake and indicated specific fuel
consumption (bsfc and isfc) in case of diesel, with
lsome and nome it has been found that the bsfc and
isfc is decreasing for Bio-Diesel when compared to
diesel.

7. 17
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Brake Power, Indicated Power
Comparing Brake power, Indicated Power of Die-
sel with LSOME AND NOME.
Comparison graphs of BP Vs Load of LSOME
&NOME with Diesel
After analyzing the brake power in case of diesel,
LSOME & NOME it is found the brake power is
slightly equal and increasing when compared to
Diesel.
Comparison graphs of IP Vs Load of LSOME
&NOME with Diesel
After analyzing the indicated power in case of diesel,
LSOME AND NOME it has been found that the indi-
cated power is decreasing when compared to diesel.
Mean Effective Pressure
Mean effective pressure is the average pressure in-
side the cylinders of an IC engines based on the
calculated power output. It increases as manifold
pressure increases for any particular engine oper-
ating on given speed and power output there will
be specific indicated mean effective pressure (imep),
and a corresponding brake mean effective pressure
(bmep). Indicated mean effective pressure may be
considered to consist of fmep and bmep, two hy-
pothetical pressures. Friction means effective pres-
sure is that portion of imep, which is required to
overcome frictional losses.
Brake mean effective pressure is the portion, which
produces use full power delivered by the engine.
IMEP = BMEP + FMEP
Comparing brake mean effective pressure, in-
dicated mean effective pressure of Diesel with
LSOME & NOME
Comparison graphs of BMEP Vs Load of LSOME
&NOME with Diesel
Comparison graphs of IMEP Vs Load of LSOME &
NOME with Diesel
After analyzing the brake mean effective pressure
(bmep) and indicated mean effective pressure (imep)
in case of diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found
that mep is increasing and imep is decreasing.
Air-Fuel Ratio
The relative properties of the fuel in the engine are
very important from the stand point of combustion
and the efficiency of the engine. This is expressed ei-
ther as artio of the mass of the fuel to that of the air
or vice-versa. A mixture that contains just enough
air for complete combustion of all the fuel in the
mixture is called a chemically correct or stoichomet-
ric fuel-air ratio.

8. 18
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Comparing the Air-Fuel ratio of Diesel with
LSOME & NOME.
Comparison graphs of A/F Vs B.P of LSOME&
blends and Diesel
After analyzing the Air-Fuel ratio in case of Diesel,
LSOME &NOME it has been found that Air-Fuel
ratio is increasing when compared to Diesel.
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the volume flow
rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate
at which the volume is displaced by the system. This
is one of the very important parameters which de-
cides the performance of 4- stroke engines, 4-stroke
engines have distinct suction stroke and therefore
the volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing
ability of the engine. It is to be noted that utilization
of the air is what going to determine the power out-
put of the engine. Hence, an engine must be able to
take in as much as air as possible
Comparing the Volumetric Efficiency of Diesel
with LSOME & NOME.
Comparison graphs of vol vs load of LSOME &
NOMEwith Diesel
After analyzing the Volumetric Efficiency in case
of Diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found that
Volumetric Efficiency is increasing when compared
to Diesel.
Brake Thermal Efficiency & Indicated Thermal
Efficiency
Indicated thermal efficiency is ratio of energy in the
indicated power (IP) to imput fuel energy in appro-
priate units.
Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in
brake power (BP) to input fuel energy in appropriate
units.
Comparing the Brake thermal efficiency & Indi-
cated thermal efficiency of Diesel with LSOME
& NOME
Comparison graphs of Brake Effvs Load of LSOME
& NOME with Diesel
Comparison graphs of indicated Effvs Load of
LSOME & NOME with Diesel
After analyzing the Brake thermal & indicated ther-
mal efficiency in case of Diesel, LSOME & NOME it
has been found that the Brake thermal efficiency is
increasing, and Indicated thermal efficiency is also
increasing when compared with Diesel.
Mechanical Efficiency
Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake
power to indicated power. It takes into account the
mechanical losses in an engine. Mechanical losses
of an engine may be further sub-divided into follow-
ing groups.
i)Friction losses as in case of pistons, bearings,

9. 19
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
gears, valve mechanisms etc.
ii)Power is absorbed by the engine auxiliaries such
as fuel pump, radiator, magneto and distributor,
electric generator for battery charging, radiator fan
etc.
iii)Ventilating action of flywheel.
iv)Work of charging the cylinder with fresh charge
and discharging the exhaust gases during the ex-
haust stroke.
Comparing the Mechanical efficiency of Diesel
with LSOME & NOME
Comparison graphs of MechEffvs Load of LSOME
& NOME with Diesel
After analyzing the Mechanical efficiency in case of
Diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found that the
mechanical efficiency is equal when compared to
Diesel
A slight drop of efficiency was found with methyl
esters (bio-diesel) when compared with diesel. This
drop in thermal efficiency must be attributed to the
poor combustion characteristics of methyl esters
due to high viscosity. It was observed that the brake
thermal efficiency of B10 and B20 are very close to
brake thermal efficiency of diesel. B20 methyl ester
had equal efficiency with diesel. So B20 can be sug-
gested as best blend for bio-diesel preparation.
ADVANTAGES
From the review of literature available in the field
of vegetable oil usage, many advantages are notice-
able. The following are some of advantages of using
vegetable oil as I.C. engine in India.
•Vegetable oil is produced domestically which helps
to reduce costly petroleum imports.
•Development of the bio-diesel industry would
strengthen the domestic and particularly the rural,
agricultural economy of agricultural based coun-
tries like India.
•It is biodegradable and non-toxic.
•It has 80% heating value compared to that of die-
sel.
•It contains low aromatics.
•It has reasonable cetane number and hence pos-
sesses less knocking tendency.
•Low sulphur content and hence environment
friendly.
•Enhanced lubricity, there by no major modifica-
tions is required in the engine.
•It is usable within the existing petroleum diesel in-
frastructure (with major or no modification in the
engine.
CHALLENGES
The major challenges that face the use of vegetable
oil as IC engine fuels are listed below.
•The price of vegetable oil is dependent on the feed
of stock price.
•Feed stock homogeneity, consistency and reliabil-
ity are questionable.
•Storage and handling is difficult (particularly sta-
bility in long term storage)
•Flash point in blends is unreliable.
•Compatibility with IC engine material need to be
studied further.
•Cold whether operation of the engine is not easy
with vegetable oil.
•Acceptance by engine manufacturers is another
major difficulty.
•Continuous availability of the vegetable oil needs
to be assured before embarking on the major use of
it in IC engines.
TECHNICAL DIFFICULTS
The major technical areas (with respect to the use
of vegetable oils as fuels in IC engines.) which need
further attention are the following.
•Development of less expensive quality tests.
•Study of the effects of oxidized fuel on engine per-
formance and its durability.
•Emission testing with a wide range of fed stocks.
•Co-products development like the recovery of glyc-
erol at reduced cost.
•Efforts to be focused on responding to fuel system
performance, material compatibility petroleum ad-
ditive compatibility and low fuel stability under long
term storage.
•Continued engine performance , emissions and du-
rability testing in a variety if engine types and sizes
need to be development to increase consumer and
manufacturer confidence.
•Environmental benefits offered by vegetable oil
over diesel fuel needs to be popularized.
•Studies are needed to reduce the production cost,
develop low cost feed stocks and identity potential
markets in order to balance cost and availability.
•Development of additives for improving cold flow
properties, material compatibility and presentation
of oxidation in storage etc.
CONCLUSIONS
•Researchers in various countries carried out many
experimental works using vegetable oils as IC en-
gine fuel substitutes.Based on the result of this

10. 20
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
study i.e physical and chemical properties of linseed
oil and neem oil suggest that it cannot be used di-
rectly as CI engine fuel due to higher viscosity and
density which will result in low volatility and poor
atomization of oil injection in combustion chamber
causing incomplete combustion and carbon depos-
its in combustion chamber.The physical and chemi-
cal properties results of all blends show that of 20%
straight LSOME and NOME have a value of viscos-
ity and density equivalent to range of CI engine
fuel,therefore it can be concluded that 20% blend
for LSOME and NOME can be used to run the CI
engine satisfactorily at short term basis.The use of
vegetables oils as IC engine fuel can play a vital role
in helping the developed world to reduce the envi-
ronment impact of fossil fuel.
•Transesterification process is a methos to reduce
viscosity of vegetable oil with low production cost.
•Blending of 20% LSOME and NOME resulted in
an improvement in brake power,brake thermal
efficiency,indicated thermal efficiency,volumetric ef-
ficiency and mechanical efficiency
•Using LSOME and NOME as fuel additive to diesel
causes an improvement in engine performance and
reduction in exhaust emissions.
•A diesel engine can perform satisfactorily on bio-
diesel blends(B20) without any engine hardware
modification
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AUTHORS
Pampana Devi supriya
Research Scholar
(mtech in Thermal Engineering)
Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,
Eg Dt,Ap,India.
K.koteswara Rao.
Assistant professor
Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,
Eg Dt,Ap,India.
Y Dhana Shekar,
Assistant Professor ,
Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,
Eg Dt,AP, India