1. The document describes an experiment conducted using an "inertia-engine" designed to test theories about the origin of inertia and gravity.
2. Unexpected observations from testing the inertia-engine included an inverse relationship between load on the input motor and output alternator. This violated Newton's third law of motion.
3. The observations are hypothesized to indicate that acceleration of mass causes gradients or curvature in spacetime itself. Both inertia and gravity may originate from disturbances to the spacetime field caused by accelerated or massive bodies.
Electrical Energy Harvesting By Using Pendulum Power Generator IRJET Journal
This document describes a pendulum power generator that converts the oscillating motion of a pendulum into electrical energy. The pendulum is attached to a supporting frame and suspended between two magnets of the same polarity. When displaced and released, the pendulum oscillates back and forth due to gravitational restoring forces. A connecting rod transfers the pendulum's linear motion to a crank disc, which converts it into rotational motion. The rotating crank is coupled to a low RPM generator to produce electricity. Sample calculations estimate the magnetic field strength of the magnets, force generated by the pendulum, torque produced, oscillation period, and electrical power output of 15.39 watts. The pendulum power generator provides a renewable energy source
Theory of machines_static and dynamic force analysisKiran Wakchaure
This document contains information about static and dynamic force analysis in machines. It discusses various topics including:
1) Types of forces such as static loads, dynamic loads, tension, compression, shear force, and torsion.
2) Laws of motion including Newton's three laws of motion.
3) Moment of inertia which is a mass property that determines the torque needed for angular acceleration. It depends on the shape and mass distribution of an object.
4) Analysis of simple and compound pendulums including calculations of their periodic times and frequencies of oscillation based on length, mass, and radius of gyration.
1) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is associated with forces dependent on an object's position.
2) The net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
3) If only conservative forces act, the total mechanical energy in a system remains constant.
BEST PPT FOR DOWNLOADING & SUBMISSION
INFORMATION IN POINTS
When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Now applying D’Alembert principle one may reduce a dynamic system into an equivalent static system and use the techniques used in static force analysis to study the system.
Garcia and Bayo (1994), Wang and Wang (1998), Shi and Mc Phee (2000) were interested in the analytical and
experimental study of the dynamic response of these mechanisms
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS PART-1sachinHR3
This document discusses various topics in civil engineering and engineering mechanics. It begins by listing nine fields of civil engineering including surveying, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, and environmental engineering. It then provides brief descriptions and examples for each of these fields. The document also discusses key concepts in engineering mechanics such as forces, moments, force resolution and composition, Newton's laws of motion, and resultants of coplanar concurrent force systems. Throughout, examples are given to illustrate engineering mechanics principles.
1) Momentum of an object is defined as its mass multiplied by its velocity. According to Newton's second law, the rate of change of momentum is equal to the net force acting on an object.
2) The total momentum of an isolated system of objects is conserved. During collisions, colliding objects can be treated as an isolated system if external forces are small enough to be ignored.
3) In elastic collisions, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. In inelastic collisions, some kinetic energy is lost, such as being converted to heat. Completely inelastic collisions result in the objects sticking together afterwards.
This document provides an overview of engineering physics module 1 on oscillations and waves taught by Dr. Dileep C. S. at Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering. It defines key terms related to oscillations like displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, and equilibrium position. It describes simple harmonic motion and derives the differential equation of motion. It also discusses damped oscillations, natural frequency, forced vibrations, and quality factor Q. The document is intended as course material for the listed subject and module taught by Dr. Dileep to physics students.
How energy relates to work? to know more, read this notes. Suitable for CBSE board students. Sections contains work energy, work energy units, work energy conversion
Electrical Energy Harvesting By Using Pendulum Power Generator IRJET Journal
This document describes a pendulum power generator that converts the oscillating motion of a pendulum into electrical energy. The pendulum is attached to a supporting frame and suspended between two magnets of the same polarity. When displaced and released, the pendulum oscillates back and forth due to gravitational restoring forces. A connecting rod transfers the pendulum's linear motion to a crank disc, which converts it into rotational motion. The rotating crank is coupled to a low RPM generator to produce electricity. Sample calculations estimate the magnetic field strength of the magnets, force generated by the pendulum, torque produced, oscillation period, and electrical power output of 15.39 watts. The pendulum power generator provides a renewable energy source
Theory of machines_static and dynamic force analysisKiran Wakchaure
This document contains information about static and dynamic force analysis in machines. It discusses various topics including:
1) Types of forces such as static loads, dynamic loads, tension, compression, shear force, and torsion.
2) Laws of motion including Newton's three laws of motion.
3) Moment of inertia which is a mass property that determines the torque needed for angular acceleration. It depends on the shape and mass distribution of an object.
4) Analysis of simple and compound pendulums including calculations of their periodic times and frequencies of oscillation based on length, mass, and radius of gyration.
1) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is associated with forces dependent on an object's position.
2) The net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
3) If only conservative forces act, the total mechanical energy in a system remains constant.
BEST PPT FOR DOWNLOADING & SUBMISSION
INFORMATION IN POINTS
When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Now applying D’Alembert principle one may reduce a dynamic system into an equivalent static system and use the techniques used in static force analysis to study the system.
Garcia and Bayo (1994), Wang and Wang (1998), Shi and Mc Phee (2000) were interested in the analytical and
experimental study of the dynamic response of these mechanisms
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS PART-1sachinHR3
This document discusses various topics in civil engineering and engineering mechanics. It begins by listing nine fields of civil engineering including surveying, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, and environmental engineering. It then provides brief descriptions and examples for each of these fields. The document also discusses key concepts in engineering mechanics such as forces, moments, force resolution and composition, Newton's laws of motion, and resultants of coplanar concurrent force systems. Throughout, examples are given to illustrate engineering mechanics principles.
1) Momentum of an object is defined as its mass multiplied by its velocity. According to Newton's second law, the rate of change of momentum is equal to the net force acting on an object.
2) The total momentum of an isolated system of objects is conserved. During collisions, colliding objects can be treated as an isolated system if external forces are small enough to be ignored.
3) In elastic collisions, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. In inelastic collisions, some kinetic energy is lost, such as being converted to heat. Completely inelastic collisions result in the objects sticking together afterwards.
This document provides an overview of engineering physics module 1 on oscillations and waves taught by Dr. Dileep C. S. at Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering. It defines key terms related to oscillations like displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, and equilibrium position. It describes simple harmonic motion and derives the differential equation of motion. It also discusses damped oscillations, natural frequency, forced vibrations, and quality factor Q. The document is intended as course material for the listed subject and module taught by Dr. Dileep to physics students.
How energy relates to work? to know more, read this notes. Suitable for CBSE board students. Sections contains work energy, work energy units, work energy conversion
This document summarizes key concepts in vibration of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems. It discusses the generalized model of SDOF systems and provides examples. It then covers the differential equations of motion for SDOF systems using Newton's law and the energy method in the time domain. Specific examples are given for mass-spring, simple pendulum, and cantilever beam systems. Considerations for equivalent mass and stiffness of springs are also addressed.
Me mechanicalengineering.com-glossary of common mechanical termsTajamal Shehzad
This document defines over 50 common mechanical engineering terms, including:
- Acceleration, which is the rate of change of velocity over time and is measured in meters per second squared.
- Components forces, concurrent forces, and non-concurrent forces which describe how multiple forces interact.
- Kinematics, kinetics, and mechanics which are branches of physics that describe motion with and without external forces.
- Machines, mechanisms, linkages, and pairs which are assemblies of connected rigid bodies that transmit motion and force.
- Mechanical advantage, work, power, and efficiency which quantify the output and input of machines and mechanisms.
A paper which analyses the motion of a satellite launch vehicle, a rocket, from the moment it is launched till when it is placed into orbit. The paper contains derivations for equations for thrust, mass, mass loss, distance, velocity, burnout time and burnout velocity
This document provides an overview of dynamics of machines including:
1. It defines force, applied force, constraint forces, and types of constrained motions like completely, incompletely, and successfully constrained motions.
2. It discusses static force analysis, dynamic force analysis, and conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium.
3. It covers concepts like inertia, inertia force, inertia torque, D'Alembert's principle, and principle of superposition.
4. It derives expressions for forces acting on the reciprocating parts of an engine while neglecting the weight of the connecting rod.
The sand increases the coefficient of friction between the tires of a car and the road, making it safer to drive on icy roads. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.
This document provides an overview and review of key topics for an AP Physics B test on momentum and energy, including:
1) Momentum concepts like impulse-momentum theorem and conservation of momentum as well as definitions of center of mass.
2) Energy concepts like work-energy theorem, conservation of energy, and characteristics of elastic and inelastic collisions.
3) Additional topics covered are rotational mechanics, simple harmonic motion, and power.
This document discusses forced harmonic motion modelling. It describes free vibration versus forced vibration, undamped versus damped systems, and common spring, mass, and damping elements. It provides the example of the 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge due to resonant wind forces that matched the bridge's natural frequency. The document outlines modelling a spring-mass system to represent a real system and describes external forcing, base excitation, and rotor excitation models. It concludes with the equation of motion for an externally forced system using Newton's laws of motion.
This document contains lecture notes on various topics related to gravitation and orbital mechanics:
1. It defines Newton's law of gravitation and the gravitational constant G.
2. It discusses the difference between G and g, the acceleration due to gravity, and derives the relation between the two.
3. It then covers concepts like the critical velocity, time period, binding energy, and escape velocity required for a satellite to orbit or escape the gravitational pull of Earth.
4. Additional topics include weightlessness in satellites, variation of g with altitude and depth, and the definition of latitude.
For SHM, the restoring force is proportional to the displacement. The period is the time required for one cycle, and the frequency is the number of cycles per second. Period for a mass on a spring: SHM is sinusoidal. During SHM, the total energy is continually changing from kinetic to potential and back. Waves transport energy and may interfere constructively or destructively; standing waves occur at resonant frequencies on fixed strings.
under the subject of the elements of the mechanical engineering the presentation upon the prime move and its types. the presentation include the prime mover, types of prime mover, force, pressure, work, power and heat definition.
This document summarizes key terms and concepts related to dynamics of machines including:
1. Basic terms like time period, frequency, angular frequency, and phase of vibration.
2. Classifications of vibration such as free vs forced, damped vs undamped, linear vs non-linear, and deterministic vs random vibration.
3. Components of vibrating systems including springs, masses, and dampers. Equations of motion and natural frequency are derived using various methods.
4. Types of damping and classifications of damped systems based on damping ratio are discussed.
This document discusses single degree of freedom systems undergoing free vibration. It defines free vibration as oscillation under an initial disturbance with no external forces acting afterwards. It describes degree of freedom as the number of independent coordinates needed to define a system's configuration. For a single degree of freedom system, only one coordinate is required. The document also discusses natural frequency, equivalent spring systems, energy methods, phase plane analysis, and Newton's method for analyzing single degree of freedom vibratory systems.
This document discusses dynamics of machinery and includes sections on force analysis, balancing, and free vibration. The force analysis section covers static and dynamic force analysis, D'Alembert's principle, and analyzing forces in reciprocating engines. The balancing section discusses static and dynamic balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses. Methods for balancing single, multi-cylinder, and V-engines are presented. The free vibration section introduces concepts of vibration systems including degrees of freedom, undamped and damped free vibration, and natural frequencies of single and multi-rotor shaft systems. Sample problems are provided on balancing multiple rotating masses and analyzing the vibration of a spring-mass system.
The document discusses the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. It defines different types of energy including potential, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, chemical, thermal, electromagnetic, electrical, nuclear, and chemical energy. It provides examples and formulas for calculating work, power, and energy transformations.
The document presents information about the scientific definition of work in physics. It defines work as being done when a force causes an object to be displaced, and gives the formula for calculating work as W=FScosθ. It discusses different cases where the direction of force and displacement are the same, opposite, or perpendicular. It also introduces related concepts like energy, power, and units used to measure them like joules, watts, and horsepower. Common forms of energy like kinetic, potential, chemical and others are briefly explained.
Vibration is defined as mechanical oscillations of a system about an equilibrium position. There are three main components of a vibratory system: a spring or elasticity, a mass or inertia, and a damper. Vibrations can be classified in several ways, including by the direction of motion as longitudinal, transverse, or torsional vibrations. Vibrations can also be classified as free or forced depending on whether an external force is applied. Additionally, vibrations can be classified as undamped, damped, linear, or nonlinear depending on factors like energy loss and the behavior of system components.
Tripura joint entrance exam is conducted by TBJEE board for admission to engineering courses in Tripura State.
https://www.entrancezone.com/engineering/tripura-jee-2019-tjee/
The document describes the design and fabrication of a motorized automated object lifting jack. Key components include a DC motor coupled via gears to a lead screw, which converts rotational motion to linear motion for lifting objects. Limit switches and control switches automate the lifting process. The system is powered by batteries and intended to increase efficiency and reduce labor compared to manual screw jacks. The three sentence summary is: The document outlines the design of a motorized object lifting jack, which uses a DC motor and lead screw to automate lifting of vehicles and heavy objects, increasing efficiency over manual screw jacks through components like limit switches and batteries for power.
EEEYassin imwt 1479 introduction to mechanical power transmissionmedoyassin
Mechanical power transmission involves the transfer of energy to do work. Mechanical advantage is the ratio between the output and input forces or distances. A compound machine combines two or more simple machines. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy in an object used to do work. Potential energy depends on mass and height, while kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. Work results from a force causing displacement or hindering motion, and power is the rate at which work is performed such as transmitting electrical energy through wires to power a motor.
This document appears to be an assignment on momentum and collisions submitted by a student named AFGAAB. It includes definitions of key concepts like momentum, impulse, Newton's second law of motion, and the law of conservation of momentum. It also provides examples of calculating momentum and solving problems involving collisions between objects using the conservation of momentum principle. The assignment contains diagrams and solutions to sample problems.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document presents theoretical models for reactionless propulsion and an Earth gravity generator. It discusses inertial and non-inertial frames of reference and how the laws of physics vary between them. The reactionless propulsion model uses a pendulum within a rotating reference frame, where the centrifugal force vectors could potentially cancel out. Calculations determine the system energy and centrifugal forces for different parameters. The Earth gravity generator model places a bob on a spinning axis, where the centrifugal force counteracts gravity at a specific equilibrium RPM.
This document summarizes key concepts in vibration of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems. It discusses the generalized model of SDOF systems and provides examples. It then covers the differential equations of motion for SDOF systems using Newton's law and the energy method in the time domain. Specific examples are given for mass-spring, simple pendulum, and cantilever beam systems. Considerations for equivalent mass and stiffness of springs are also addressed.
Me mechanicalengineering.com-glossary of common mechanical termsTajamal Shehzad
This document defines over 50 common mechanical engineering terms, including:
- Acceleration, which is the rate of change of velocity over time and is measured in meters per second squared.
- Components forces, concurrent forces, and non-concurrent forces which describe how multiple forces interact.
- Kinematics, kinetics, and mechanics which are branches of physics that describe motion with and without external forces.
- Machines, mechanisms, linkages, and pairs which are assemblies of connected rigid bodies that transmit motion and force.
- Mechanical advantage, work, power, and efficiency which quantify the output and input of machines and mechanisms.
A paper which analyses the motion of a satellite launch vehicle, a rocket, from the moment it is launched till when it is placed into orbit. The paper contains derivations for equations for thrust, mass, mass loss, distance, velocity, burnout time and burnout velocity
This document provides an overview of dynamics of machines including:
1. It defines force, applied force, constraint forces, and types of constrained motions like completely, incompletely, and successfully constrained motions.
2. It discusses static force analysis, dynamic force analysis, and conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium.
3. It covers concepts like inertia, inertia force, inertia torque, D'Alembert's principle, and principle of superposition.
4. It derives expressions for forces acting on the reciprocating parts of an engine while neglecting the weight of the connecting rod.
The sand increases the coefficient of friction between the tires of a car and the road, making it safer to drive on icy roads. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.
This document provides an overview and review of key topics for an AP Physics B test on momentum and energy, including:
1) Momentum concepts like impulse-momentum theorem and conservation of momentum as well as definitions of center of mass.
2) Energy concepts like work-energy theorem, conservation of energy, and characteristics of elastic and inelastic collisions.
3) Additional topics covered are rotational mechanics, simple harmonic motion, and power.
This document discusses forced harmonic motion modelling. It describes free vibration versus forced vibration, undamped versus damped systems, and common spring, mass, and damping elements. It provides the example of the 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge due to resonant wind forces that matched the bridge's natural frequency. The document outlines modelling a spring-mass system to represent a real system and describes external forcing, base excitation, and rotor excitation models. It concludes with the equation of motion for an externally forced system using Newton's laws of motion.
This document contains lecture notes on various topics related to gravitation and orbital mechanics:
1. It defines Newton's law of gravitation and the gravitational constant G.
2. It discusses the difference between G and g, the acceleration due to gravity, and derives the relation between the two.
3. It then covers concepts like the critical velocity, time period, binding energy, and escape velocity required for a satellite to orbit or escape the gravitational pull of Earth.
4. Additional topics include weightlessness in satellites, variation of g with altitude and depth, and the definition of latitude.
For SHM, the restoring force is proportional to the displacement. The period is the time required for one cycle, and the frequency is the number of cycles per second. Period for a mass on a spring: SHM is sinusoidal. During SHM, the total energy is continually changing from kinetic to potential and back. Waves transport energy and may interfere constructively or destructively; standing waves occur at resonant frequencies on fixed strings.
under the subject of the elements of the mechanical engineering the presentation upon the prime move and its types. the presentation include the prime mover, types of prime mover, force, pressure, work, power and heat definition.
This document summarizes key terms and concepts related to dynamics of machines including:
1. Basic terms like time period, frequency, angular frequency, and phase of vibration.
2. Classifications of vibration such as free vs forced, damped vs undamped, linear vs non-linear, and deterministic vs random vibration.
3. Components of vibrating systems including springs, masses, and dampers. Equations of motion and natural frequency are derived using various methods.
4. Types of damping and classifications of damped systems based on damping ratio are discussed.
This document discusses single degree of freedom systems undergoing free vibration. It defines free vibration as oscillation under an initial disturbance with no external forces acting afterwards. It describes degree of freedom as the number of independent coordinates needed to define a system's configuration. For a single degree of freedom system, only one coordinate is required. The document also discusses natural frequency, equivalent spring systems, energy methods, phase plane analysis, and Newton's method for analyzing single degree of freedom vibratory systems.
This document discusses dynamics of machinery and includes sections on force analysis, balancing, and free vibration. The force analysis section covers static and dynamic force analysis, D'Alembert's principle, and analyzing forces in reciprocating engines. The balancing section discusses static and dynamic balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses. Methods for balancing single, multi-cylinder, and V-engines are presented. The free vibration section introduces concepts of vibration systems including degrees of freedom, undamped and damped free vibration, and natural frequencies of single and multi-rotor shaft systems. Sample problems are provided on balancing multiple rotating masses and analyzing the vibration of a spring-mass system.
The document discusses the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. It defines different types of energy including potential, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, chemical, thermal, electromagnetic, electrical, nuclear, and chemical energy. It provides examples and formulas for calculating work, power, and energy transformations.
The document presents information about the scientific definition of work in physics. It defines work as being done when a force causes an object to be displaced, and gives the formula for calculating work as W=FScosθ. It discusses different cases where the direction of force and displacement are the same, opposite, or perpendicular. It also introduces related concepts like energy, power, and units used to measure them like joules, watts, and horsepower. Common forms of energy like kinetic, potential, chemical and others are briefly explained.
Vibration is defined as mechanical oscillations of a system about an equilibrium position. There are three main components of a vibratory system: a spring or elasticity, a mass or inertia, and a damper. Vibrations can be classified in several ways, including by the direction of motion as longitudinal, transverse, or torsional vibrations. Vibrations can also be classified as free or forced depending on whether an external force is applied. Additionally, vibrations can be classified as undamped, damped, linear, or nonlinear depending on factors like energy loss and the behavior of system components.
Tripura joint entrance exam is conducted by TBJEE board for admission to engineering courses in Tripura State.
https://www.entrancezone.com/engineering/tripura-jee-2019-tjee/
The document describes the design and fabrication of a motorized automated object lifting jack. Key components include a DC motor coupled via gears to a lead screw, which converts rotational motion to linear motion for lifting objects. Limit switches and control switches automate the lifting process. The system is powered by batteries and intended to increase efficiency and reduce labor compared to manual screw jacks. The three sentence summary is: The document outlines the design of a motorized object lifting jack, which uses a DC motor and lead screw to automate lifting of vehicles and heavy objects, increasing efficiency over manual screw jacks through components like limit switches and batteries for power.
EEEYassin imwt 1479 introduction to mechanical power transmissionmedoyassin
Mechanical power transmission involves the transfer of energy to do work. Mechanical advantage is the ratio between the output and input forces or distances. A compound machine combines two or more simple machines. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy in an object used to do work. Potential energy depends on mass and height, while kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. Work results from a force causing displacement or hindering motion, and power is the rate at which work is performed such as transmitting electrical energy through wires to power a motor.
This document appears to be an assignment on momentum and collisions submitted by a student named AFGAAB. It includes definitions of key concepts like momentum, impulse, Newton's second law of motion, and the law of conservation of momentum. It also provides examples of calculating momentum and solving problems involving collisions between objects using the conservation of momentum principle. The assignment contains diagrams and solutions to sample problems.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document presents theoretical models for reactionless propulsion and an Earth gravity generator. It discusses inertial and non-inertial frames of reference and how the laws of physics vary between them. The reactionless propulsion model uses a pendulum within a rotating reference frame, where the centrifugal force vectors could potentially cancel out. Calculations determine the system energy and centrifugal forces for different parameters. The Earth gravity generator model places a bob on a spinning axis, where the centrifugal force counteracts gravity at a specific equilibrium RPM.
Aerospace Reactionless Propulsion and Earth Gravity GeneratorElijah Hawk
These mathematical models are presented here as theoretical concepts that may, or not, represent actual workable mechanizes. According to the present, well established view of the existing laws of physics, they will not work. It is the view of this author that the existing laws of physics, which are based on the the Inertial Frame of Reference, need to be modified
in order to reflect the dynamics within the Non-inertial Frame of Reference.
It is to this end that this work is hereby presented for others to evaluate.
Equation of a particle in gravitational field of spherical bodyAlexander Decker
1. This academic article presents an analysis of the motion of particles in the gravitational field of a spherical body based on a new theory of classical mechanics proposed by the authors.
2. The authors derive equations of motion for particles in the equatorial plane of the spherical body that contain corrections for relativistic effects up to all orders of c-2, where c is the speed of light.
3. They show that their equation for radial motion, to first order in c-2, is identical to Einstein's equation from general relativity for planetary motion in the solar system, and correctly predicts the anomalous orbital precession observed astronomically.
This document provides an outline for a course on Mechanical Vibrations. The course will be taught in Semester 1 of 2023 by Dr. E. Shaanika. It will cover fundamental concepts of vibrations including single and multiple degree-of-freedom systems, forced and free vibrations, and damping. Students will learn vibration analysis procedures and applications such as vibration isolation and balancing of rotating machines. The goal is for students to understand vibration fundamentals, analyze vibration problems, and apply concepts to machine and structural design for vibration control. The prescribed textbook is Mechanical Vibrations by Singiresu S. Rao.
The Modified Theory of Central-Force MotionIOSR Journals
Everybody is in the state of constant vibration, since vibration is the cause of the entire universe.
Consequent upon this, a body under the influence of attractive force that is central in character may also vibrate
up and down about its own equilibrium axis as it undergoes a central-force motion. The up and down vertical
oscillation would cause the body to have another independent generalized coordinates in addition to the one of
rotational coordinates in the elliptical plane. In this work, we examine the mechanics of a central-force motion
when the effect of vertical oscillation is added. The differential orbit equation of the path taken by the body
varies maximally from those of the usual central- force field. The path velocity of the body converges to the
critical speed in the absence of the tangential oscillating phase.
Ekeeda Provides Online Civil Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
This document discusses analyzing the motion of particle systems using Newton's laws of motion. It defines a particle as a point mass with no orientation or rotational inertia, and discusses describing particle position, velocity, and acceleration using Cartesian components of position, velocity, and acceleration vectors. It presents Newton's three laws of motion and provides everyday examples. It also discusses calculating forces required to cause prescribed particle motions using free body diagrams and Newton's second law, and deriving and solving equations of motion for particle systems.
Fundamental of Physics "Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy"Muhammad Faizan Musa
The document discusses potential energy and conservation of energy. It defines potential energy as the energy associated with the configuration of a system where conservative forces act. Gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy are examined for particle-Earth and spring-block systems. Work done by a conservative force results in a change in potential energy, not depending on the path taken between points. The gravitational and spring forces are identified as conservative forces.
1 February 28, 2016 Dr. Samuel Daniels Associate.docxoswald1horne84988
This report summarizes the procedures and results of an impact force lab experiment. The lab setup included wiring a strain gauge in a half-bridge configuration and using LabView to program sensors and collect data. Data was collected at angle increments of 5 degrees from 5 to 120 degrees and converted from strain to force. The experimental force values followed a sinusoidal trend when plotted against angle. The natural frequency was calculated and compared to the period of oscillation determined from raw waveform graphs, showing similar values between theoretical and experimental results. Some sources of error are noted, including noise in the raw waveform graphs and an incomplete angle range for the data.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to dynamics and kinematics. It defines dynamics as the study of motion considering the causes that produce it, such as forces and mass, while kinematics is the study of motion in terms of space and time without considering causes. It also defines key concepts like force, mass, Newton's laws of motion. Specifically, it states that Newton's first law is that an object at rest stays at rest or an object in motion stays in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force. Newton's second law relates the net force on an object to its acceleration.
LECTURE 1 PHY5521 Classical Mechanics Honour to Masters LevelDavidTinarwo1
Classical mechanics, a well-organized introductory lecture. This is easy to follow, and a must-go-through lecture. UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system, Difficulties introduced by imposing constraints on the system, Examples of constraints, Introduction of generalized coordinates justification. Lagrange’s equations; Linear generalized potentials, Generalized coordinates and momenta & energy; Gauge function for Lagrangian and its gauge invariance, Applications to constrained systems and generalized forces.
Theory of Vibrations: Introduction to the theory of vibrations in multi-degree-of-freedom systems, Normal modes and modal analysis, Nonlinear oscillations and chaos theory.
Canonical Transformations: Properties and classification of canonical transformations, Action-angle variables and their applications in integrable systems, Canonical perturbation theory and perturbation methods.
Poisson's and Lagrange's Brackets: Definitions and properties of Poisson's brackets, Relationship between Poisson's brackets and Hamilton's equations, Lagrange's brackets and their applications in dynamics. UNIT-III : Cyclic coordinates, Integrals of the motion, Concepts of symmetry, homogeneity and isotropy, Invariance under Galilean transformations Hamilton’s equation of motion: Legendre’s dual transformation, Principle of least action; derivation of equations of motion; variation and end points; Hamilton’s principle and characteristic functions; Hamilton-Jacobi equation.
UNIT-IV : Central force fields: Definition and properties, Two-body central force problem, gravitational and electrostatic potentials in central force fields, closure and stability of circular orbits; general analysis of orbits; Kepler’s laws and equation, Classification of orbits, orbital dynamics and celestial mechanics, differential equation of orbit, Virial Theorem.
UNIT-V : Canonical transformation; generating functions; Properties; group property; examples; infinitesimal generators; Poisson bracket; Poisson theorems; angular momentum PBs; Transition from discrete to continuous system, small oscillations (longitudinal oscillations in elastic rod); normal modes and coordinates.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Work involves the transfer of energy when a force causes an object to move. There are different types of energy, including kinetic energy (related to motion) and potential energy (stored). Elastic potential energy is the potential energy stored when an object is compressed or stretched. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant. Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts. Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration felt by an object moving in a circular path towards the center of the circle.
This document provides information about the ME 101 Engineering Mechanics course offered by the Department of Civil Engineering at IIT Guwahati. It includes the course schedule, syllabus, textbook information, tutorial groups, and grading policy. The course covers topics in statics and dynamics including equilibrium of rigid bodies, structures, friction, virtual work, kinematics and kinetics of particles and rigid bodies. The document also provides background on fundamental concepts in mechanics such as Newton's laws of motion and gravitational attraction.
This document discusses the origin of inertia and how gravity can account for inertial reaction forces. It summarizes Dennis Sciama's 1953 argument that showed how the gravitational interaction of local matter with distant matter, modeled similarly to electric charges and electromagnetic fields, can produce inertial forces. Later work by D.J. Raine and others showed this is true in general relativity. However, subtleties remain regarding how distant matter could "know" to produce the right reaction forces instantaneously, as inertia is observed. Possible explanations involving instantaneous or retrocausal interactions are discussed.
1) The document discusses Nikola Tesla's discovery of the rotating magnetic field, which allows production of rotary force without commutators.
2) It explains that arranging coils connected to alternating electromagnetic forces (EMFs) out of phase by 90 degrees produces a traveling magnetic pole that rotates and causes the field magnet to rotate as well.
3) This rotating magnetic field principle underlies all periodic electric waves and enabled many later inventions beyond just electric motors.
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Study on Inertia through Experiment on Inertia-Engine Designed and Built to Find out the origin Mystery of Inertia and Gravity
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2017 | 23 |
Study on Inertia through Experiment on Inertia-Engine Designed
and Built to Find out the origin Mystery of Inertia and Gravity
Aklesh Kumar1
, C. S. Verma2
1
Jto Ntr, Bsnl, Ghazipur, Up, India, 2
regional Officer, Aicte, Bhopal, India
I. INERTIAL FORCES AS REAL FORCE
As per the Newton‟s 3rd
law of motion, all real forces must exist in pairs whereas „inertial forces‟ do
not exist in pairs. The „possible real‟ nature of inertial forces will lead the violation of Newton‟s famous law of
action–reaction and it is one of major reasons for the modern physics to consider inertial forces as fictitious
force. Secondly, inertia being so fundamental that there exist almost no explanation in physics for its origin, so
its origin is supposed to exist due to accelerated reference frame only.
It is to be noted that fundamental forces of nature like electromagnetic or Gravitation forces always
requires atleast two body and acts intermediately on the bodies. The end forces are always being inertial ones. In
other words we can say that fundamental forces are only interaction which requires two or more bodies
(massive) whereas inertial forces can act on single body too. For inertial forces, it has been hypothesized that as
the Mass gets accelerated, some mysterious kind of quantum field must get disturbed which resists the
acceleration in form of Inertia. One thing is important here for the distinguishably between these that „inertial
forces‟ are generated by that field (only) without source1-5
whether the „fundamental forces‟ are exist due to both
the „field‟ with its „source(massive)‟.
If the origins of inertial forces are by some quantum field, then inertial forces should be real. To verify
the concept we have designed and built an experimental set-up called „Inertia-Engine‟ to perform tests on inertia
in which the setup utilize the „inertial force (centrifugal)‟ to drive the output load. The surprising observation
leads to conclude that it is the „spacetime‟ field which gets disturbed by acceleration of mass. In other words,
symmetry of spacetime gets broken due to the mass acceleration and (the disturbed) spacetime field resist this
symmetry- breaking (same as in higgs mechanism) in form of force which called as Inertia (inertial force).
Inertial forces originates when Mass accelerated and same way Centrifugal force originates due to surface-
acceleration of body (mass). When the object accelerates and decelerates sinusoidally along (x) and (y) axis,
ABSTRACT: Most noticeable scientists of the time, the Galileo, Newton and Albert Einstein has spent
a lot on Gravity and Inertia but their origins remains mystery till now. This paper tries to reveals the
origin cause of inertia and gravity (two greatest mysteries of science). An experimental setup named
‘inertia-engine’ has been designed and built in order to perform the tests on inertia and find out the
true nature of inertial forces. The results found out of the experiment highly amazed and could not be
explained through our well established laws of physics. The observations explore the new concept of
‘variable (gradient)’ field of spacetime (ST). The test results along with Noether’s theorem and theory
of relativity together help to hypothesis the origin mystery of Inertia & Gravity. The observational
characteristic of inertia-engine leads major modification to the Newton’s 3rd law of motion and
explores the concept where spacetime (field) gets ‘gradient’ or ‘curve’ due to the acceleration of Mass.
The experiment explores the relation of Energy generation/destruction with variable spacetime field.
The paper resolves the controversy on ‘inertial force’ in classical mechanics to modify the foundation
of physics to include inertia as real force. This experiment will explore a new era of fundamental
inventions and discovery which was supposed impossible earlier.
2. Study On Inertia Through Experiment On Inertia-Engine Designed And Built To Find Out The ….
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2017 | 24 |
vector sum of inertial forces of both axis results into a force directed radial outward which we know as
centrifugal force.
II. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE WITH NON-FIX CENTRE
When an object rotates about a fixed centre say in clockwise direction with a string, the object (mass)
try to go radically outward direction and object always accelerates towards the centre. A (centripetal) force
requires here as per the Newton‟s 2nd
law of motion and the tension developed in the string is considered equal
to the centripetal force. But which force causes tension in the string remains unknown.
People generally don‟t consider the significance of word „fixed centre‟ in the rotation. The centre being
„fixed‟ means here that the centre is firmly connected with the Earth (where Earth is considered a rigid body).
When object rotates, centrifugal force developed pulls the „centre‟ radically outward direction (pulls away from
centre). As centre is fixed to Earth means centrifugal force pull out the whole Earth. When (Earth as big mass)
is acted by this force, it accelerated tiny, in fact rotated (surface accelerated) in counter clockwise direction at a
negligible small radius (say point radius) due to Earth‟s heavy mass as compared to object‟s mass. The rotation
of Earth‟s mass at this small radius generates centrifugal force in equal and opposite direction of centrifugal
developed by object‟s rotation. This is similar to the binary stars (two bodies) system, but only difference is that
one body (object) is too small in comparison to the other body (Earth).
Hence we can see here that the tension in the string developed is actually due to the centrifugal force
generated by Earth„s (point-radius) rotation, in fact tension developed between two equal and opposite
centrifugal forces. Conclusively we can say that centrifugal force due to object‟s rotation provides centrifugal
force to the earth and vice versa. We can also calculate the amount of energy require to accelerate any object. In
this way, the energy needed for the rotation of object is provided by Earth and same way, equal energy needed
for the rotation of Earth is provided by the object. And net energy in or out of the „Earth-object‟ system remains
zero.
In the experiment of „inertia-engine‟, the centre of rotation is not connected firmly with the Earth;
instead it is connected with a „damping unit‟ of the engine which provides damping force as centripetal force for
the rotation of object. The centre thus can move only of some degree of freedom. In this case net energy is not
equal to zero of the system.
III. DESIGN OF INERTIA-ENGINE (EXPERIMENTAL SETUP)
The working principal of inertia-engine in block diagram is shown in Fig.1a. In the design of inertia-
engine, shaft of an electric motor (input power) is connected to rotate a metal-body of mass (m) as centrifugal
generator. The job of the motor is only to rotate the metal-body at angular speed of (ω) and radius (r). The
centre of rotation is not made fixed but connected with two „spring-damper-mass (SDM)‟ system along (x) and
(y) axis. The output section consists of alternator and flywheel with gear mechanism. We know rotational
3. Study On Inertia Through Experiment On Inertia-Engine Designed And Built To Find Out The ….
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2017 | 25 |
motion requires two type of acceleration, one is radial and another is angular acceleration which are
perpendicular to each other. Actually power dissipation of the alternator causes damping effect which is used to
provide centripetal force for „radial acceleration‟ for the rotation of metal-body. On other hand input power
(motor) only provides „angular acceleration‟ which increases angular speed of the metal-body. Rotation
generates centrifugal force and this centrifugal force drives the output mechanism and alternator. The image of
experimental set up of inertia-engine is shown in Fig.1b and rear side in Fig.1c.
IV. OBSERVATION OF THE EXPERIMENT
When motor starts and rotates the metal-body (m), centrifugal force developed at the centre is tapped
by mass-spring-damper (SDM) system along both axis and extracted power is fed towards the alternator through
flywheel and gear-mechanism. The test was performed to figure out the speed–torque and Load characteristic
[input (motor) vs output (alternator)]. The following shaking observation was found:-
4.1 As the load (current) on output alternator increase, it causes decrease in load on motor and vice-
versa.
A very strange behavior of the engine has been seen. As the load (current) on alternator (output) is
made to increase, the load (current) on driving motor (input) decreases. In inertia-engine, motor-shaft is neither
connected and nor drive the output mechanism directly. As already said „centrifugal force‟ generated due to
metal-body rotation drives the output mechanism. Increasing the load on output section (alternator) increases the
damping (effect) force through SDM system at centre of rotation. This damping force acts as „centripetal force‟
requires for the metal-body rotation. As we know that rotation is a kind acceleration and this needs force in form
of centripetal force. In the above experiment increase of load on alternator caused to increase the centripetal
force which finally forced rotation speed of metal-body to increase. It becomes the compulsion of the rotation
that speed must have to increase in order to compensate the increase of centripetal force. Finally the rotation
speed increase due to its own caused load (current) to decrease on motor.
This is the most surprising and peculiar observation has been seen in the experiment tests in the inertia-
engine. As the rotation speed increases, centrifugal force also gets increases which handle the extra load
increase at alternator. So the increase load on alternator is handled by inertial (centrifugal) force, not by motor
shaft torque. In fact inverse loading effect has been seen in the engine. Thus the prototype of inertia-engine acts
like ‘passive load inverter’. This type of characteristic is seen in case of electronic transistors which are active
devices where extra DC power source requires. In this case action-reaction force relation of Newton‟s 3rd
law of
motion gets violated and observed experimentally. It can be stated that when any system is acted by inertia
(inertial forces), the action force (Fa) on system is inversely proportional to the reaction force (Fb).
Mathematically it can be expressed as,
Fa =
1
Fb
(1)
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In other way, Newton‟s 3rd
law of motion gets modified in „variable field of spacetime‟. The
observation results have been plotted in the graph shown in Fig. 2 for load torque of input driving motor shaft
versus load torque at alternator shaft.
We can call the equation (1) as ‘inverse action-reaction law’. The equation explores the law behind
the energy conservation in the vicinity of (spacetime) spacetime field which will be further explained in section
4.3. It has three statements viz.
1) Energy gets destroyed when work is done against force of inertia or in decreasing spacetime field wrt
observers reference frame. [(1<Fb<∞) →(1<Fa≤0)]
2) Energy gets generated when work is done by the force of inertia or in increasing spacetime field wrt
observers reference frame. [(0≤Fb<1) →(∞<Fa<1)]
3) Energy conservation law holds when above two statements occur adjacently or the observer is said to be
situated in „uniform‟ spacetime field which are common cases seen everyday life. [Fb =Fa]
4.2 Torque developed at the alternator shaft is proportional to the square of motor shaft speed and
motor torque needed is proportional to the square of alternator shaft speed.
The load torque (τo) at output section observed proportional to the square of input angular speed (ωin)
of motor shaft which rotates the metal body (mass), i.e.
τo α ωin
2
(2)
While load torque (τin) at the motor shaft observed proportional to the square of output angular speed
(ωo) of alternator, i.e.
τin α ωo
2
(3)
In the experiment on inertia-engine, the efficiency of the Engine with on increasing of load as well as
decreases of speed of alternator gets increase and vice versa. The speed torque characteristic is non-linear in
nature.
4.3 Observational Conclusion
Not any machine or system shows such type of characteristic in the world in which output load of the
machine becomes inversely proportional to the input load. The observation in fact directly indicates violation of
Law of Energy & Momentum Conservation6-10
. This can only happen when „space-time‟ symmetries get
broken10-13
. As per Noether‟s theorem, conservation of Energy & Momentum can follows only in „invariant‟ or
flat space-time fabric11-13
. This means the rotation (acceleration) of mass have made the spacetime curve or
symmetries of space-time to break here in this experimental setup when „inertial forces‟ get involved.
If we hypothesized space-time fabric as quantum field of spacetime, the conservation laws of energy
and momentum will follows in „uniform‟ spacetime field only. The practical observation results indicates that
spacetime field must gets „varied or gradient‟ in the process of generation of inertial (inertia) force. In other
words, Inertia is actually caused by „varied or gradient‟ spacetime field or curve spacetime fabric. Einstein in his
General theory of relativity explains origin of gravity is due to curvature of spacetime14-20
and thus we can
conclude the same „variable‟ field of spacetime reveals the origin mysteries of both inertia & gravity which is
explained in section 5 and 6.
V. ORIGIN MYSTERY OF INERTIA
Let an object of mass (m) is being accelerated at (a) in spacetime field. It is hypothesized that the
phenomena breaks (make gradient) of the uniform spacetime field and intensity of field in forward direction get
stronger. The gradient field of spacetime is depicted by using arrows which may call as „inertial lines of forces‟
similar to magnetic lines of forces. As the body (mass) gets accelerated, the spacetime field quanta in front
facing hits more and puts resistance for the acceleration of mass as shown in Fig.3. In other words, the
spacetime field intensity in the front portion of mass (body) increases (become stronger temporarily as far as
acceleration present) whereas in back portion intensity decreases (get weaker). Hence the concentration of
spacetime field particles (quanta) is higher in front side and creates a force pressure across mass which tends to
push the mass in back direction of the acceleration. It can be understood as the field pressure (opposite of
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acceleration) multiplied by the mass of accelerated body creates inertial force which is equal and opposite of the
initial force applied upon the body. This difference in „spacetime field intensity‟ creates a pressure across the
accelerated mass (object) which puts resistive force in the direction of the accelerated object, known as „inertial
force‟. This phenomenon is temporal as far as the body is accelerated.
Mathematically inertial force (fi) is equal to the negative of Change of momentum of the object i.e.
𝒇𝒊 = −
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒕
(4)
The „inertial force‟ given in equation (4) is hypnotized as the first „fundamental force‟ of nature. When
a body accelerates inertia puts a resistive force in opposite direction to that of acceleration mediated by
spacetime field quanta and hence inertial forces have to consider as real.
VI. ORIGIN MYSTERY OF GRAVITY
This is the important section which explained the origin mystery of gravity. The gravity is considered
to be the fundamental force of nature but in this paper, gravitation force is proposed to be a same force as of
inertial force. Difference is only that gravitation is of permanent nature whereas inertial forces are of temporary
nature. Gradient spacetime field is responsible for both gravity as well as inertia. It can be understood like the
relation of electrostatic and magnetic force. Previously these two forces are known as separate forces but
Maxwell unified these two forces and termed as „Electromagnetic Force‟ whose mediating field quanta (boson)
is „photon‟. Same ways gravitational force can be unified with inertial force and may call it „Gravitoinertia
Force‟ whose field quanta will be „spacetime field quanta‟.
Inertial force arises due to temporal deformation of „uniform spacetime field‟ because of acceleration
of matter whether „Gravitational force‟ arises due to permanent deformation of the spacetime field (get
gradient) in the presence of „fermions‟ (matter). The matter (fermions) situated in „spacetime‟ field and in this
process field intensity of „spacetime field‟ near the „fermions‟ gets weaker. For example in the case of any
planet, near the surface of planet intensity of spacetime field becomes weaker but gets stronger as go farther
from the centre of planet. In the outer space the intensity of spacetime field approaching maximum with uniform
intensity where gravitational field approaching zero as shown in Fig.4 and it is depicted through density of dots
as supposed the density of spacetime field quanta. The field of gravitation and spacetime are inversely
proportional to each other. We can say gravity field is nothing but the „gradient‟ field of spacetime. Near the
surface of any planet there exist different values of spacetime field at different points. Across any object the
difference of this spacetime field intensity across the object (mass) puts pressure on the object (mass) towards its
centre and we call this force, arising due to difference in spacetime field intensity, as „gravitational force‟.
Mathematically, gravitational field is written as
Gravitational field =
𝟏
𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
or gf =
𝟏
𝜱
(5)
Where ‘gf’ be the gravitational field‟ and ‘φ’be the spacetime filed‟
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General theory of relativity explains gravity as the curvature of spacetime in 2D (two dimension)
flexible fabric whereas this theory explains the gravity in 4D assuming spacetime as quantum field whose
intensity may be stronger or weaker at different points (stronger or weaker will always be relative). When
intensity of the field is not uniform it can be said as curve spacetime. And the same curve or variable spacetime
is responsible for inertial forces too. Mass have a property by which it makes the spacetime field weaker nearby
it and hence spacetime field get stronger in outward (farther) side. This creates just a pressure which pushes the
mass inwards (towards centre) and this way generates gravitational force. We can see that for gravity we need
pressure from spacetime from large number of field particles hence gravity will be negligible at quantum scale
of space. This way the theory eliminates hypothesis of „graviton‟ particles for gravity to exist. The unification
of gravity with inertia because of variable spacetime field would be the possible reason for equivalence of
inertial and gravitational mass (principle of equivalence).
VII. CONCLUSION
The experimental observation on inertia leads to the violation of the laws of momentum and energy
conservation. This paper explains several fundamental concepts which summarize in the followings points-
1) The most fundamental constituent of the universe is „spacetime‟ field‟ and it is flexible. The intensity of
spacetime gets varied (get gradient) by acceleration of „mass‟. Fundamental laws of physics changes as the
intensity of spacetime changes. Most of the physics law deals only in fixed (non-variable) spacetime field.
The current physics does not have any concrete and complete theory (except relativity) which could deals
with variable field of spacetime.
2) The paper explains the origin of inertia as a resistance offered by gradient spacetime field to the mass and
origin of gravity as the pressure exerted by gradient spacetime field upon the mass. Spacetime field being
the reason behind both inertia and gravity also explains the principle of equivalence (reason behind inertial
mass and gravitational mass to be equivalent).
3) The inverse action-reaction law tells how energy can be generated, destroyed or remains conserved in
spacetime field.
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