These mathematical models are presented here as theoretical concepts that may, or not, represent actual workable mechanizes. According to the present, well established view of the existing laws of physics, they will not work. It is the view of this author that the existing laws of physics, which are based on the the Inertial Frame of Reference, need to be modified
in order to reflect the dynamics within the Non-inertial Frame of Reference.
It is to this end that this work is hereby presented for others to evaluate.
Fundamental of Physics "Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy"Muhammad Faizan Musa
8-1 POTENTIAL ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
8.01 Distinguish a conservative force from a nonconservative
force.
8.02 For a particle moving between two points, identify that
the work done by a conservative force does not depend on
which path the particle takes.
8.03 Calculate the gravitational potential energy of a particle
(or, more properly, a particle–Earth system).
8.04 Calculate the elastic potential energy of a block–spring
system.
8-2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
8.05 After first clearly defining which objects form a system,
identify that the mechanical energy of the system is the
sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies of those
objects.
8.06 For an isolated system in which only conservative forces
act, apply the conservation of mechanical energy to relate
the initial potential and kinetic energies to the potential and
kinetic energies at a later instant. etc...
6-1 FRICTION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
6.01 Distinguish between friction in a static situation and a
kinetic situation.
6.03 For objects on horizontal, vertical, or inclined planes in
situations involving friction, draw free-body diagrams and
apply Newton’s second law.
6-2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
6.04 Apply the relationship between the drag force on an
object moving through air and the speed of the object.
6.02 Determine direction and magnitude of a frictional force.
6.05 Determine the terminal speed of an object falling
through air.
6-3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
After reading this module, you should be able to. . .
6.06 Sketch the path taken in uniform circular motion and
explain the velocity, acceleration, and force vectors
(magnitudes and directions) during the motion.
6.07 ldentify that unless there is a radially inward net force
(a centripetal force), an object cannot move in circular motion.
6.08 For a particle in uniform circular motion, apply the relationship between the radius of the path, the particle’s
speed and mass, and the net force acting on the particle. etc...
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.01 Apply the relationship between a particle’s kinetic
energy, mass, and speed.
7.02 Identify that kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.03 Apply the relationship between a force (magnitude and
direction) and the work done on a particle by the force
when the particle undergoes a displacement.
7.04 Calculate work by taking a dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle
or unit-vector notation.
7.05 If multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work
done by them.
7.06 Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to relate the
work done by a force (or the net work done by multiple
forces) and the resulting change in kinetic energy. etc...
12-1 EQUILIBRIUM\
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
12.01 Distinguish between equilibrium and static equilibrium.
12.02 Specify the four conditions for static equilibrium.
12.03 Explain center of gravity and how it relates to center of
mass.
12.04 For a given distribution of particles, calculate the coordinates of the center of gravity and the center of mass.
12-2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
12.05 Apply the force and torque conditions for static
equilibrium.
12.06 Identify that a wise choice about the placement of the origin (about which to calculate torques) can simplify the
calculations by eliminating one or more unknown forces
from the torque equation.
12-3 ELASTICITY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
12.07 Explain what an indeterminate situation is.
12.08 For tension and compression, apply the equation that
relates stress to strain and Young’s modulus.
12.09 Distinguish between yield strength and ultimate strength.
12.10 For shearing, apply the equation that relates stress to
strain and the shear modulus.
12.11 For hydraulic stress, apply the equation that relates
fluid pressure to strain and the bulk modulus. etc...
13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
13.01 Apply Newton’s law of gravitation to relate the gravitational force between two particles to their masses and
their separation.
13.02 Identify that a uniform spherical shell of matter attracts
a particle that is outside the shell as if all the shell’s mass
were concentrated as a particle at its center.
13.03 Draw a free-body diagram to indicate the gravitational
force on a particle due to another particle or a uniform,
spherical distribution of matter.
13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
13.04 If more than one gravitational force acts on a particle,
draw a free-body diagram showing those forces, with the
tails of the force vectors anchored on the particle.
13.05 If more than one gravitational force acts on a particle,
find the net force by adding the individual forces as
vectors. etc...
Light's Orbital Angular momentum Momentum polariton
The angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. Indeed, a beam of light, while traveling approximately in a straight line, can also be rotating (or “spinning”, or “twisting”) around its own axis. This paper is an excellent and pedagogical review.
Fundamental of Physics "Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy"Muhammad Faizan Musa
8-1 POTENTIAL ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
8.01 Distinguish a conservative force from a nonconservative
force.
8.02 For a particle moving between two points, identify that
the work done by a conservative force does not depend on
which path the particle takes.
8.03 Calculate the gravitational potential energy of a particle
(or, more properly, a particle–Earth system).
8.04 Calculate the elastic potential energy of a block–spring
system.
8-2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
8.05 After first clearly defining which objects form a system,
identify that the mechanical energy of the system is the
sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies of those
objects.
8.06 For an isolated system in which only conservative forces
act, apply the conservation of mechanical energy to relate
the initial potential and kinetic energies to the potential and
kinetic energies at a later instant. etc...
6-1 FRICTION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
6.01 Distinguish between friction in a static situation and a
kinetic situation.
6.03 For objects on horizontal, vertical, or inclined planes in
situations involving friction, draw free-body diagrams and
apply Newton’s second law.
6-2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
6.04 Apply the relationship between the drag force on an
object moving through air and the speed of the object.
6.02 Determine direction and magnitude of a frictional force.
6.05 Determine the terminal speed of an object falling
through air.
6-3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
After reading this module, you should be able to. . .
6.06 Sketch the path taken in uniform circular motion and
explain the velocity, acceleration, and force vectors
(magnitudes and directions) during the motion.
6.07 ldentify that unless there is a radially inward net force
(a centripetal force), an object cannot move in circular motion.
6.08 For a particle in uniform circular motion, apply the relationship between the radius of the path, the particle’s
speed and mass, and the net force acting on the particle. etc...
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.01 Apply the relationship between a particle’s kinetic
energy, mass, and speed.
7.02 Identify that kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.03 Apply the relationship between a force (magnitude and
direction) and the work done on a particle by the force
when the particle undergoes a displacement.
7.04 Calculate work by taking a dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle
or unit-vector notation.
7.05 If multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work
done by them.
7.06 Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to relate the
work done by a force (or the net work done by multiple
forces) and the resulting change in kinetic energy. etc...
12-1 EQUILIBRIUM\
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
12.01 Distinguish between equilibrium and static equilibrium.
12.02 Specify the four conditions for static equilibrium.
12.03 Explain center of gravity and how it relates to center of
mass.
12.04 For a given distribution of particles, calculate the coordinates of the center of gravity and the center of mass.
12-2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
12.05 Apply the force and torque conditions for static
equilibrium.
12.06 Identify that a wise choice about the placement of the origin (about which to calculate torques) can simplify the
calculations by eliminating one or more unknown forces
from the torque equation.
12-3 ELASTICITY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
12.07 Explain what an indeterminate situation is.
12.08 For tension and compression, apply the equation that
relates stress to strain and Young’s modulus.
12.09 Distinguish between yield strength and ultimate strength.
12.10 For shearing, apply the equation that relates stress to
strain and the shear modulus.
12.11 For hydraulic stress, apply the equation that relates
fluid pressure to strain and the bulk modulus. etc...
13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
13.01 Apply Newton’s law of gravitation to relate the gravitational force between two particles to their masses and
their separation.
13.02 Identify that a uniform spherical shell of matter attracts
a particle that is outside the shell as if all the shell’s mass
were concentrated as a particle at its center.
13.03 Draw a free-body diagram to indicate the gravitational
force on a particle due to another particle or a uniform,
spherical distribution of matter.
13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
13.04 If more than one gravitational force acts on a particle,
draw a free-body diagram showing those forces, with the
tails of the force vectors anchored on the particle.
13.05 If more than one gravitational force acts on a particle,
find the net force by adding the individual forces as
vectors. etc...
Light's Orbital Angular momentum Momentum polariton
The angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. Indeed, a beam of light, while traveling approximately in a straight line, can also be rotating (or “spinning”, or “twisting”) around its own axis. This paper is an excellent and pedagogical review.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
12. kinetics of particles impulse momentum methodEkeeda
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes.
https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
11. kinetics of particles work energy methodEkeeda
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
Study on Inertia through Experiment on Inertia-Engine Designed and Built to F...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Most noticeable scientists of the time, the Galileo, Newton and Albert Einstein has spent a lot on Gravity and Inertia but their origins remains mystery till now. This paper tries to reveals the origin cause of inertia and gravity (two greatest mysteries of science). An experimental setup named ‘inertia-engine’ has been designed and built in order to perform the tests on inertia and find out the true nature of inertial forces. The results found out of the experiment highly amazed and could not be explained through our well established laws of physics. The observations explore the new concept of ‘variable (gradient)’ field of spacetime (ST). The test results along with Noether’s theorem and theory of relativity together help to hypothesis the origin mystery of Inertia & Gravity. The observational characteristic of inertia-engine leads major modification to the Newton’s 3rd law of motion and explores the concept where spacetime (field) gets ‘gradient’ or ‘curve’ due to the acceleration of Mass. The experiment explores the relation of Energy generation/destruction with variable spacetime field. The paper resolves the controversy on ‘inertial force’ in classical mechanics to modify the foundation of physics to include inertia as real force. This experiment will explore a new era of fundamental inventions and discovery which was supposed impossible earlier.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
12. kinetics of particles impulse momentum methodEkeeda
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes.
https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
11. kinetics of particles work energy methodEkeeda
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
Study on Inertia through Experiment on Inertia-Engine Designed and Built to F...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Most noticeable scientists of the time, the Galileo, Newton and Albert Einstein has spent a lot on Gravity and Inertia but their origins remains mystery till now. This paper tries to reveals the origin cause of inertia and gravity (two greatest mysteries of science). An experimental setup named ‘inertia-engine’ has been designed and built in order to perform the tests on inertia and find out the true nature of inertial forces. The results found out of the experiment highly amazed and could not be explained through our well established laws of physics. The observations explore the new concept of ‘variable (gradient)’ field of spacetime (ST). The test results along with Noether’s theorem and theory of relativity together help to hypothesis the origin mystery of Inertia & Gravity. The observational characteristic of inertia-engine leads major modification to the Newton’s 3rd law of motion and explores the concept where spacetime (field) gets ‘gradient’ or ‘curve’ due to the acceleration of Mass. The experiment explores the relation of Energy generation/destruction with variable spacetime field. The paper resolves the controversy on ‘inertial force’ in classical mechanics to modify the foundation of physics to include inertia as real force. This experiment will explore a new era of fundamental inventions and discovery which was supposed impossible earlier.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
LECTURE 1 PHY5521 Classical Mechanics Honour to Masters LevelDavidTinarwo1
Classical mechanics, a well-organized introductory lecture. This is easy to follow, and a must-go-through lecture. UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system, Difficulties introduced by imposing constraints on the system, Examples of constraints, Introduction of generalized coordinates justification. Lagrange’s equations; Linear generalized potentials, Generalized coordinates and momenta & energy; Gauge function for Lagrangian and its gauge invariance, Applications to constrained systems and generalized forces.
Theory of Vibrations: Introduction to the theory of vibrations in multi-degree-of-freedom systems, Normal modes and modal analysis, Nonlinear oscillations and chaos theory.
Canonical Transformations: Properties and classification of canonical transformations, Action-angle variables and their applications in integrable systems, Canonical perturbation theory and perturbation methods.
Poisson's and Lagrange's Brackets: Definitions and properties of Poisson's brackets, Relationship between Poisson's brackets and Hamilton's equations, Lagrange's brackets and their applications in dynamics. UNIT-III : Cyclic coordinates, Integrals of the motion, Concepts of symmetry, homogeneity and isotropy, Invariance under Galilean transformations Hamilton’s equation of motion: Legendre’s dual transformation, Principle of least action; derivation of equations of motion; variation and end points; Hamilton’s principle and characteristic functions; Hamilton-Jacobi equation.
UNIT-IV : Central force fields: Definition and properties, Two-body central force problem, gravitational and electrostatic potentials in central force fields, closure and stability of circular orbits; general analysis of orbits; Kepler’s laws and equation, Classification of orbits, orbital dynamics and celestial mechanics, differential equation of orbit, Virial Theorem.
UNIT-V : Canonical transformation; generating functions; Properties; group property; examples; infinitesimal generators; Poisson bracket; Poisson theorems; angular momentum PBs; Transition from discrete to continuous system, small oscillations (longitudinal oscillations in elastic rod); normal modes and coordinates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. PROLOGUE
These mathematical models are presented here as theoretical concepts
that may, or not, represent actual workable mechanizes. According to
the present, well established view of the existing laws of physics, they will
not work. It is the view of this author that the existing laws of physics,
which are based on the the Inertial Frame of Reference, need to be modified
in order to reflect the dynamics within the Non-inertial Frame of Reference.
It is to this end that this work is hereby presented for others to evaluate.
3. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Distinction
Inertial Frame of Reference
vs
Non-inertial Frame of Reference
Mathematical Model
Reactionless Propulsion
Mathematical Model
Earth Gravity Generator
4. “The only way of discovering the limits
of the possible is to venture a little way
past them into the impossible.”
Arthur C. Clarke (Clarke's second law)
“In order to do the impossible,
you must see the invisible”
David Murdock
“Conventional wisdom leads to stagnation.
Unconventional wisdom leads to advancement.”
Elijah Hawk
6. Inertial Frame of Reference
In physics, an inertial frame of reference (also inertial
reference frame or inertial frame or Galilean reference
frame or inertial space) is a frame of reference that
describes time and space homogeneously,
isotropically, and in a time-independent manner.
Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1960). Mechanics. Pergamon Press. pp. 4–6.
9. Rotational Frame of Reference
Non-Inertial Frame 3 Centrifugal Force
3000 ft 3000 ft
1 rpm
1g1g
12,000 ft @ ½ rpm
48,000 ft @ ¼ rpm
10. Centrifugal Force (Rotating Reference Frame)
In classical mechanics, the centrifugal force
is an outward force which arises when
describing the motion of objects in a
rotating reference frame. Because a rotating
frame is an example of a non-inertial
reference frame, Newton's laws of motion do
not accurately describe the dynamics within
the rotating frame. (John Robert Taylor)
11. Einstein's Principle of Equivalence
The equivalence principle was properly introduced by Albert Einstein in
1907, when he observed that the acceleration of bodies towards the
center of the Earth at a rate of 1g (g = 9.81 m/s2 being a standard
reference of gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface) is
equivalent to the acceleration of an inertially moving body that would
be observed on a rocket in free space being accelerated at a rate of 1g.
Einstein stated it thus:
“We assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field
and a corresponding acceleration of the reference system”.
—Einstein, 1907
12. The Hawk Principle of Equivalence
All Three Frames of Reference Affect Mass Proportionately the Same
Inertial Frame 1 Earth Gravity
Inertial Frame 2 Rocket Acceleration
Non-Inertial Frame 3 Centrifugal Force
The Hawk Equivalency
13. Newton's Laws/Inertial Frames
The laws of Newtonian mechanics do not always hold in
their simplest form.... Newton's laws hold in their simplest
form only in a family of reference frames, called inertial
frames. This fact represents the essence of the Galilean
principle of relativity: ”The laws of mechanics have the
same form in all inertial frames”.
Milutin Blagojević: Gravitation and Gauge Symmetries, p. 4
14. The Laws of Physics Vary
Physical laws take the same form in all inertial frames. By
contrast, in a non-inertial reference frame the laws of
physics vary depending on the acceleration of that frame
with respect to an inertial frame, and the usual physical
forces must be supplemented by fictional forces.
Milton A. Rothman (1989). . Courier Dover Publications. p. 23
Sidney Borowitz & Lawrence A. Bornstein (1968). A Commentary View of Physics
15. Spiral Galaxies
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a hypothesis
advanced by Mordehai Milgrom (Milgrom, 1993) in order to
explain the anomalous rotation of spiral galaxies. Many
such galaxies do not appear to obey Newton's law of
gravitational attraction....
EarthTech International Website http://earthtech.org/mond/ Harold Puthoff, Ph.D
16. Inertial vs Non-Inertial Frames of Reference
Inertial
Frame of Reference
Non-Inertial
(Rotating)
Frame of Reference
vs
Newton's Laws Fully Apply
Laws of Physics Well Established
Newton's Laws do not Necessarily Apply
Laws of Physics Vary
Laws of Physics not Well Established (Yet)
(Non-Rotating)
18. Pendulum Definitions
1) Displacement: At any moment, the distance of
bob from mean position. It is a vector quantity.
2) Amplitude: Maximum displacement on either
side of the mean position.
3) Vibration: Motion from the mean position to one
extreme, then to the other extreme and then back
to the mean position. (Time Period = “T”)
4) Oscillation: Motion from one extreme to the
other extreme. One Oscillation is half Vibration.
19. Rotational Frame of Reference
Non-Inertial Frame 3 Centrifugal Force
3000 ft 3000 ft
1 rpm
1g1g
12,000 ft @ ½ rpm
48,000 ft @ ¼ rpm
20. Rotational Frame of Reference
ROOM
TETHER
TEST STAND
PENDULUM
1g
T = 2(pi) L
g
21. KE 1
KE 2
PE 1
PE 2
KE 1
PE 2
KE 2
EDGE VIEW
KE 1PE 1KE 2
PE 2 PE 2
TOP VIEW
CF=0
CF=0
CF=0
CF=MAXCF=MAX
Pendulum Motion in Rotation
Plot of Pendulum CF Vectors (Oscillation only)
Note: There are two centrifugal forces superimposed along the pendulum
arm. One from the rotation about the spin axis. The other from the pendulum
oscillation only as shown in the “Top View” sketch above.
27. Calculations 2
Given:
Determine Gravity
Spin Radius=25 cm
(Spin Diameter=50 cm)
STEP 2:
Centrifuge Gravity Formula
F=5.59 X 10 DN
-6 2
5.59 X 10 (50 cm) (1000 rpm) =279.5 g’s
2-6
279.5 X 9.8 m/sec = 2739.1 m/sec
2 2
28. Calculations 3
Given:
Determine Pendulum Length
Spin Radius=25 cm
Gravity 2739.1 m/sec
STEP 3:
2
Pendulum Formula
T=2(pi)
L
g
L=
g
4(pi)
2739.1 X .0144
= 1 m
0.12 sec (For One Vibration)
(@ 1000 rpm)
Spin Axis/Pendulum Length = 1:4 (Constant)
T
2
2
4 X 9.869
29. Calculations 4
Given:
Determine Pendulum “h”
Length = 1 m
Displacement = 0.1 m
STEP 4:
Pythagorean Theorem
L - (L - D ) = h2
1 - (1 - .1 ) = 5.013 mm
L
D
h
LFormula for Angle
= ASIN ( )D
L
ASIN ( ) = 5.74 Degrees
.1
1
2
2 2
30. Calculations 5
Given:
Determine System Energy
Mass = 25 kg
Gravity = 2739.1 m/sec
“h” = 5.013 mm
STEP 5:
Formula for Energy:
P.E. = K.E.
P.E. = mgh
P.E. = 25 X 2739.1 X .005013 = 343.25 Joules
K.E. = 1/2 mv
2
2
V = = 5.24 m/sec (Max. Pen. Velocity)343.25
25
2( )
31. Calculations 6
Given:
Determine Centripital Force @ K.E. Max.
Mass = 25 kg
Max. Pen. Velocity = 5.24 m/sec
Pen. Length = 1 m
STEP 6:
Formula for Centripital Force:
CF =
2
mv
R
25 X (5.24)
1 m
= 686.44 N (154.32 LBf)
2
37. Continuous 1g Space Travel
Destination Time MPH @ Mid Point
Moon 3.5 Hrs 136,947 MPH
Mars 2.08 Days 1,956,445 MPH
Jupiter 5.88 Days 5,540,258 MPH
Saturn 8.38 Days 7,897,326 MPH
Uranus 12.23 Days 11,523,886 MPH
Neptune 15.46 Days 14,567,166 MPH
Pluto 17.17 Days 16,748,180 MPH
39. g g
Fulcrum
Fulcrum
PE 1 PE 2
KE2
KE1
SPIN
AXIS
Earth Gravity
Earth Gravity Generator
AC Output
Generator
CF CF
Note:
System at Equilibrium
RPM. (CF = g)
Motor