The substituted phenylthiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate phenylammonium chloride which is converted to substituted thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, substituted phenylthiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
This presentation summarizes primary metabolites. Primary metabolites are microbial products produced during exponential growth that are essential for growth. They include intermediates and end products of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Commonly produced primary metabolites include amino acids, ethanol, citric acid, and acetic acid. These are often manufactured via microbial fermentation. Primary metabolites have various industrial applications in food production, medicine, and other industries due to their roles in growth, energy production, and substrate utilization.
Investigation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Spruce ...Michal Jablonsky
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using dierent deep eutectic solvents were screened for
their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and
1,5-pentanediol, with dierent molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs
(density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave
as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 C under continuous stirring.
TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as
gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to
596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%.
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic
compounds from spruce bark.
Essential Oils and Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Application on Food Pr...Scientific Review SR
Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic oily liquid substances extracted from different plant organs. The most
common source of essential oils are clove, lavender, cinnamon, lemon grass, coriander, rosewood, cumin, ginger,
oregano etc. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds and serve as antimicrobial and
antioxidant compounds. In addition, essential oils have been used as natural additives for the shelf -life extension of
food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, essential oi ls can be incorporated into
packaging materials to prevent unavoidable microbial spoilage, and to extend shelf-life of the product. The
extraction method of essential oil is most important because inappropriate extraction may damage the chemical
properties. Essential oil can be extracted by several methods such as distillation, steam distillation, expression, and
solvent extraction. This review article covers up the essential oil including sources, chemical composition, extraction
process, antimicrobial activity of EOs, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the
shelf-life extension of food products.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro antioxidant activities of G...ijtsrd
Gongronema latifolium is primarily used as spice and vegetable as well as a herb in traditional medicine in the treatment of malaria, diabetes and hypertension. This study is aimed at providing in vitro laboratory knowledge on Gongronema latifolium leaves.Methods: Minerals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while phyto-nutrients were screened using standard laboratory procedures. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging and reducing power activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Usunobun Usunomena | Igwe V. Chinwe"Analysis of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro antioxidant activities of Gongronema latifolium leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd87.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/87/analysis-of-phytochemicals-minerals-and-in-vitro-antioxidant-activities-of-gongronema-latifolium-leaves/usunobun-usunomena
This document summarizes the synthesis of 1-bromo-2-naphthol from 2-naphthol. It involves selectively brominating 2-naphthol using sodium bromide and oxone. 2-Naphthol, sodium bromide, and oxone are ground together and reacted overnight. Ethyl acetate is then used to extract the crude 1-bromo-2-naphthol product, which is a dark brown solid. The theoretical and practical yields are calculated and the percentage yield is reported.
Comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutrientAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed and compared the phytochemical, nutrient, vitamin, and mineral composition of the seeds and leaves of Plukenetia conophora.
2. Results showed that the leaves generally contained higher amounts of components like fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, tannins, and anthraquinones compared to the seeds.
3. However, the seeds contained higher amounts of moisture, protein, and copper. Both seeds and leaves were found to contain important nutrients and could potentially serve as food sources or in drug formulations.
This research article investigates the bioactivity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Boehmeria macrophylla (BMET). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids in BMET. In vitro assays found the extract exhibited antioxidant, analgesic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities. Specifically, BMET showed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 39.76 μg/mL, comparable to ascorbic acid. In mice, BMET demonstrated 32.91% and 54.2% reductions in acetic acid-induced writhing at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In br
This presentation summarizes primary metabolites. Primary metabolites are microbial products produced during exponential growth that are essential for growth. They include intermediates and end products of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Commonly produced primary metabolites include amino acids, ethanol, citric acid, and acetic acid. These are often manufactured via microbial fermentation. Primary metabolites have various industrial applications in food production, medicine, and other industries due to their roles in growth, energy production, and substrate utilization.
Investigation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Spruce ...Michal Jablonsky
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using dierent deep eutectic solvents were screened for
their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and
1,5-pentanediol, with dierent molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs
(density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave
as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 C under continuous stirring.
TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as
gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to
596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%.
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic
compounds from spruce bark.
Essential Oils and Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Application on Food Pr...Scientific Review SR
Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic oily liquid substances extracted from different plant organs. The most
common source of essential oils are clove, lavender, cinnamon, lemon grass, coriander, rosewood, cumin, ginger,
oregano etc. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds and serve as antimicrobial and
antioxidant compounds. In addition, essential oils have been used as natural additives for the shelf -life extension of
food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, essential oi ls can be incorporated into
packaging materials to prevent unavoidable microbial spoilage, and to extend shelf-life of the product. The
extraction method of essential oil is most important because inappropriate extraction may damage the chemical
properties. Essential oil can be extracted by several methods such as distillation, steam distillation, expression, and
solvent extraction. This review article covers up the essential oil including sources, chemical composition, extraction
process, antimicrobial activity of EOs, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the
shelf-life extension of food products.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro antioxidant activities of G...ijtsrd
Gongronema latifolium is primarily used as spice and vegetable as well as a herb in traditional medicine in the treatment of malaria, diabetes and hypertension. This study is aimed at providing in vitro laboratory knowledge on Gongronema latifolium leaves.Methods: Minerals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while phyto-nutrients were screened using standard laboratory procedures. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging and reducing power activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Usunobun Usunomena | Igwe V. Chinwe"Analysis of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro antioxidant activities of Gongronema latifolium leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd87.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/87/analysis-of-phytochemicals-minerals-and-in-vitro-antioxidant-activities-of-gongronema-latifolium-leaves/usunobun-usunomena
This document summarizes the synthesis of 1-bromo-2-naphthol from 2-naphthol. It involves selectively brominating 2-naphthol using sodium bromide and oxone. 2-Naphthol, sodium bromide, and oxone are ground together and reacted overnight. Ethyl acetate is then used to extract the crude 1-bromo-2-naphthol product, which is a dark brown solid. The theoretical and practical yields are calculated and the percentage yield is reported.
Comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutrientAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed and compared the phytochemical, nutrient, vitamin, and mineral composition of the seeds and leaves of Plukenetia conophora.
2. Results showed that the leaves generally contained higher amounts of components like fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, tannins, and anthraquinones compared to the seeds.
3. However, the seeds contained higher amounts of moisture, protein, and copper. Both seeds and leaves were found to contain important nutrients and could potentially serve as food sources or in drug formulations.
This research article investigates the bioactivity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Boehmeria macrophylla (BMET). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids in BMET. In vitro assays found the extract exhibited antioxidant, analgesic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities. Specifically, BMET showed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 39.76 μg/mL, comparable to ascorbic acid. In mice, BMET demonstrated 32.91% and 54.2% reductions in acetic acid-induced writhing at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In br
In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the various e...Akhil Gupta
The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum available in Bangladesh.
Natural color pigments used in food processingDarshan Chavan
The document summarizes natural color pigments used in food processing. It discusses 10 common natural colorants including annatto, betanin, caramel, carmine, carotenoids, curcumin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, paprika, and lycopene. For each colorant, it provides information on chemical composition, sources, and applications in food products. In general, natural colors are plant or insect derived pigments that can be used as food additives and colorants. They offer benefits over synthetic colors by being less toxic and hazardous to health. However, their use in foods can be limited by instability during food processing due to sensitivity to factors like temperature, oxygen, light and pH.
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
This document summarizes a review article about pentacyclic triterpenoids found in the medicinal herb Centella asiatica. It discusses how these triterpenoids are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway and accumulated as saponins. The main triterpenoids produced by C. asiatica are asiaticoside, madecassoside, and related compounds. These secondary metabolites have a range of pharmacological activities and protective roles in the plant. The document reviews the biosynthesis of these centelloids, chemotype variations, and potential for biotechnological approaches to increase production.
This document discusses colours, dyes, lakes, emulsifiers and flavourings used in foods. It describes colours as substances that can impart colour to foods, including both natural colours from sources like fruits and vegetables as well as synthetic colours produced chemically. Emulsifiers are described as molecules that bind oil and water together to form stable emulsions, preventing separation. Common emulsifiers include lecithins, mono and diglycerides of fatty acids. Flavourings are added to enhance or alter the taste and aroma of foods. They can be natural extracts from plants and animals or artificial flavouring agents chemically produced to mimic natural flavours.
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms and contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. Examples of biopolymers include starch, cellulose, chitin, DNA and RNA. Starch acts as a natural polymer obtained from plants and is composed of glucose. Cellulose is the most common biopolymer and is composed of glucose, forming plant cellular walls. Proteins are biopolymers formed from bonded amino acid monomers into peptide chains. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are biopolymers made from bonded nucleotide monomers. Biodegradable polymers can decompose naturally through microbial action.
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources and include polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and carbohydrate polymers produced by bacteria and fungi, as well as animal protein polymers like wool, silk, gelatin and collagen. There are four main types of biopolymers based on starch, sugar, cellulose, and synthetic materials. Commercially available biopolymers include polylactic acid, which is an aliphatic polyester made from lactic acid obtained via bacterial fermentation of corn or sugars. While polylactic acid has mechanical properties similar to traditional polymers, its thermal properties are less attractive.
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
Formulation and Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Medicinal Plants for A...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants - Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum. Extracts of the plants were prepared and their total phenol and flavonoid content was quantified. Ointment formulations containing 10% of each plant extract were developed. The ointments were evaluated for various parameters. Two rat models involving carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced edema were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and ointments. The ointment containing A. heterophyllus extract showed the highest inhibition of edema in both models, indicating its potential as an anti
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryAudrey Zahra
The document discusses green solvents used in carbohydrate chemistry. It begins by introducing the 12 principles of green chemistry and then discusses various carbohydrates important as feedstocks. It focuses on cellulose and how ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains. The document describes several green solvents that can dissolve carbohydrates, particularly highlighting ionic liquids which are thermally stable, nonvolatile, and can be reused to dissolve cellulose and other polysaccharides.
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
1. The study developed tinctures from the herb of Satureja montana (winter savory) and evaluated their total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
2. The tinctures were found to be rich in polyphenols, and the technological factors of particle size and extraction mode influenced the levels of total phenolics and flavonoids.
3. High-performance thin-layer chromatography identified several phenolic compounds, including caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, (–)-catechin, and rutin in the tinctures.
Seaweed (Hypnea musciformis) Versus Freshwater Weed (Ipomoea aquatica): A Com...SaadAldin2
An undergraduate Thesis work accomplished in the dept. of Food Engineering and Tea Technology. This is the Defense power-point slide of the main Paper.
Lignin is one of the important components in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin-based materials and chemicals represent potential value-added products for biorefineries.
Lignin products have numerous applications and can be divided into three main groups. Group, in which lignin is fragmentized into smaller aromatic compounds such as phenol or benzene, toluene and xylene, is less developed than group where lignin is used as macromolecule, but has greater potential. Lignin as macromolecule is used as additive or polymer blend. Last group of lignin products are carbon materials, which include carbon fibres.
This research article studied the effect of copper-contaminated culture media on the growth and carotenoid biosynthesis of two Rhodotorula mucilaginosa yeast strains (R1 and R2). The culture media was prepared using aqueous extracts of Asclepias syriaca stems supplemented with different copper ion (Cu2+) concentrations. The results showed that 10 mg/L Cu2+ increased the biomass yield and carotenoid production of strain R1, while 50 mg/L Cu2+ increased the biomass of strain R2. The polyphenols in the A. syriaca extract chelated the Cu2+ ions, reducing their concentration over time. Higher biomass and carotenoid yields
Phytosomes are one of the novel drug delivery system containing hydrophilic bioactive phyto-constituents of herbs surrounded and bounded by phospolipids.
This document describes the synthesis of 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea intermediates. The synthesis involves two steps: 1) reaction of substituted anilines with hydrochloric acid to form substituted-phenylammonium chlorides; and 2) reaction of the chlorides with ammonium thiocyanate to form the 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea products. The products were characterized using techniques like melting point determination, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The final products have potential for use as intermediates in synthesizing the heterocyclic compound 2-aminobenzothiazole.
Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-1. Synthesis of Intermedi...BRNSS Publication Hub
1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the different heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate, substituted-phenylammonium chloride which is converted to 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the various e...Akhil Gupta
The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum available in Bangladesh.
Natural color pigments used in food processingDarshan Chavan
The document summarizes natural color pigments used in food processing. It discusses 10 common natural colorants including annatto, betanin, caramel, carmine, carotenoids, curcumin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, paprika, and lycopene. For each colorant, it provides information on chemical composition, sources, and applications in food products. In general, natural colors are plant or insect derived pigments that can be used as food additives and colorants. They offer benefits over synthetic colors by being less toxic and hazardous to health. However, their use in foods can be limited by instability during food processing due to sensitivity to factors like temperature, oxygen, light and pH.
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
This document summarizes a review article about pentacyclic triterpenoids found in the medicinal herb Centella asiatica. It discusses how these triterpenoids are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway and accumulated as saponins. The main triterpenoids produced by C. asiatica are asiaticoside, madecassoside, and related compounds. These secondary metabolites have a range of pharmacological activities and protective roles in the plant. The document reviews the biosynthesis of these centelloids, chemotype variations, and potential for biotechnological approaches to increase production.
This document discusses colours, dyes, lakes, emulsifiers and flavourings used in foods. It describes colours as substances that can impart colour to foods, including both natural colours from sources like fruits and vegetables as well as synthetic colours produced chemically. Emulsifiers are described as molecules that bind oil and water together to form stable emulsions, preventing separation. Common emulsifiers include lecithins, mono and diglycerides of fatty acids. Flavourings are added to enhance or alter the taste and aroma of foods. They can be natural extracts from plants and animals or artificial flavouring agents chemically produced to mimic natural flavours.
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms and contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. Examples of biopolymers include starch, cellulose, chitin, DNA and RNA. Starch acts as a natural polymer obtained from plants and is composed of glucose. Cellulose is the most common biopolymer and is composed of glucose, forming plant cellular walls. Proteins are biopolymers formed from bonded amino acid monomers into peptide chains. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are biopolymers made from bonded nucleotide monomers. Biodegradable polymers can decompose naturally through microbial action.
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources and include polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and carbohydrate polymers produced by bacteria and fungi, as well as animal protein polymers like wool, silk, gelatin and collagen. There are four main types of biopolymers based on starch, sugar, cellulose, and synthetic materials. Commercially available biopolymers include polylactic acid, which is an aliphatic polyester made from lactic acid obtained via bacterial fermentation of corn or sugars. While polylactic acid has mechanical properties similar to traditional polymers, its thermal properties are less attractive.
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
Formulation and Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Medicinal Plants for A...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants - Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum. Extracts of the plants were prepared and their total phenol and flavonoid content was quantified. Ointment formulations containing 10% of each plant extract were developed. The ointments were evaluated for various parameters. Two rat models involving carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced edema were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and ointments. The ointment containing A. heterophyllus extract showed the highest inhibition of edema in both models, indicating its potential as an anti
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryAudrey Zahra
The document discusses green solvents used in carbohydrate chemistry. It begins by introducing the 12 principles of green chemistry and then discusses various carbohydrates important as feedstocks. It focuses on cellulose and how ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains. The document describes several green solvents that can dissolve carbohydrates, particularly highlighting ionic liquids which are thermally stable, nonvolatile, and can be reused to dissolve cellulose and other polysaccharides.
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
1. The study developed tinctures from the herb of Satureja montana (winter savory) and evaluated their total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
2. The tinctures were found to be rich in polyphenols, and the technological factors of particle size and extraction mode influenced the levels of total phenolics and flavonoids.
3. High-performance thin-layer chromatography identified several phenolic compounds, including caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, (–)-catechin, and rutin in the tinctures.
Seaweed (Hypnea musciformis) Versus Freshwater Weed (Ipomoea aquatica): A Com...SaadAldin2
An undergraduate Thesis work accomplished in the dept. of Food Engineering and Tea Technology. This is the Defense power-point slide of the main Paper.
Lignin is one of the important components in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin-based materials and chemicals represent potential value-added products for biorefineries.
Lignin products have numerous applications and can be divided into three main groups. Group, in which lignin is fragmentized into smaller aromatic compounds such as phenol or benzene, toluene and xylene, is less developed than group where lignin is used as macromolecule, but has greater potential. Lignin as macromolecule is used as additive or polymer blend. Last group of lignin products are carbon materials, which include carbon fibres.
This research article studied the effect of copper-contaminated culture media on the growth and carotenoid biosynthesis of two Rhodotorula mucilaginosa yeast strains (R1 and R2). The culture media was prepared using aqueous extracts of Asclepias syriaca stems supplemented with different copper ion (Cu2+) concentrations. The results showed that 10 mg/L Cu2+ increased the biomass yield and carotenoid production of strain R1, while 50 mg/L Cu2+ increased the biomass of strain R2. The polyphenols in the A. syriaca extract chelated the Cu2+ ions, reducing their concentration over time. Higher biomass and carotenoid yields
Phytosomes are one of the novel drug delivery system containing hydrophilic bioactive phyto-constituents of herbs surrounded and bounded by phospolipids.
This document describes the synthesis of 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea intermediates. The synthesis involves two steps: 1) reaction of substituted anilines with hydrochloric acid to form substituted-phenylammonium chlorides; and 2) reaction of the chlorides with ammonium thiocyanate to form the 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea products. The products were characterized using techniques like melting point determination, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The final products have potential for use as intermediates in synthesizing the heterocyclic compound 2-aminobenzothiazole.
Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-1. Synthesis of Intermedi...BRNSS Publication Hub
1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the different heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate, substituted-phenylammonium chloride which is converted to 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
This document reports on research into the antimicrobial activity of 2-aminothiophene derivatives. It summarizes the Gewald method for synthesizing 2-aminothiophenes, which involves a three-component reaction of a ketone, activated nitrile, and elemental sulfur. The researchers synthesized two 2-aminothiophene derivatives - ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate and 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile - using a solvent-free one-pot Gewald reaction. They characterized the products and report yields and
This document describes the synthesis of 2-aminothiophene derivatives and an evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. Specifically, it details the Gewald method for synthesizing 2-aminothiophenes via a three-component reaction of a ketone, activated nitrile, and elemental sulfur. Several 2-aminothiophene derivatives were synthesized using cyclohexanone or acetaldehyde with various nitriles. The compounds were characterized and their structures confirmed. An evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds found that some demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, or other biological activities, showing potential for further development as pharmaceutical agents.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological evaluation of substituted Pyrazole...SriramNagarajan15
The work presented in this article consists of synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of substituted pyrazole derivatives. Pyrazole derivatives have been shown to have wide variety of pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antiviral, antihistaminic, antitumor, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anticonvulsant. As combination of biologically active moieties into one molecule and synthesis of totally newer moieties have been the methods of research, we present here synthesis of some novel pyrazole derivatives incorporating various biologically active aryl/aryloxy acid derivatives such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, aceclofenac as well as potent antibacterial quinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All the compounds synthesized were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.
Review and calculation of activity co efficient of tea polyphenols and its so...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tea, one of the most popular beverages, has been consumed for thousands of years for their flavors and health benefits. Polyphenols are the flavanoid and phenolic acids in tea that contribute to health benefits. There are more than 45 polyphenols in tea. In this review, the structure, health benefits and suitable solvent selection for extraction of these polyphenols is covered. Further the calculation of activity coefficient of tea polyphenol is also done. This study helps us to understand the suitability of a solvent and its temperature dependency in its extraction process from tea leaves. Keywords: Tea, polyphenols, solvents.
Need for Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Data Generation of Systems Involving Green...IJERA Editor
Much has been said and written over the years regarding green chemistry concept and use of green solvents. The green solvents can potentially replace the traditional or classical solvents in order to reduce the environment footprint or their harmful impact on human being and/or environment. Vapour-liquid equilibrium data is indispensable for the design of distillation columns for separation processes which account for a large percentage of total costs in a typical chemical plant. Though extensive approach has been made for the replacement of traditional solvents, but not enough consideration been given for vapour-liquid equilibrium data, required for designing separation processes in case of replacement with green solvents. So this paper aims at encouraging vapour-liquid equilibrium data generation for design of efficient separation for binary systems involving ethereal green solvents such as cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF). A brief review and outline of procedure for generating vapour-liquid equilibrium data is presented here.
1. Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses but can cause acute liver failure and require transplantation at higher overdose doses due to its intrinsic toxicity.
2. At therapeutic doses, paracetamol is mainly metabolized through non-toxic pathways like sulfation and glucuronidation. However, at overdose levels it is oxidized by cytochrome P450 2E1 to form the toxic metabolite NAPQI.
3. NAPQI is normally detoxified by conjugating with glutathione, but an overdose depletes glutathione reserves allowing NAPQI to accumulate and cause
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the design, synthesis, and evaluation of new derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((phenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one for their anticonvulsant potential. Various derivatives were synthesized through a multi-step process and characterized using techniques like IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The derivatives were then evaluated for anticonvulsant activity using seizure models and compared to reference drugs. Several derivatives showed promising anticonvulsant potential at a dose of 100 mg/kg, with quick onset of action and prolonged duration, suggesting good blood brain barrier penetration.
Design and Synthesis of New Derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((phenylamino)methyl)-1,3...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The objective of the paper was to design and synthesize new derivatives of ((E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one and evaluated for their anticonvulsant potential. Materials and Methods: Various synthesis of (E)-3-(5-(substitutedaminomethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives has been synthesized by reacting 2-substituted benzoxazin-4-one with (E)-2-(4-Substituedstyryl)-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]oxazin-4-one. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by the infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for anticonvulsant potential by subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock seizure model and compared with the reference drug phenytoin and carbamazepine. Neurotoxicity study of the synthesized compounds was also performed. Results and Discussion: The anticonvulsant evaluation of synthesized compound QNM-1, QNM-2, QNM-4, QNM-6, QNM-9, QNM-11, QNM-13, and QNM-15 has shown seizure protection at 100 mg/kg dose after 30 min and 4 h, so they have good onset of action as quickly reach brain and have prolonged action reveal that compound metabolized slowly. Whereas compound QNM-7, QNM-8, and QNM-12 were moderate active and reveal that their high concentration is required to cross blood brain barrier. Compounds QNM-3, QNM-5, QNM-10, and QNM-14 were less active. Compounds having chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and nitro in the phenyl moiety have shown good activity when attached to para group but the addition of meta and ortho group of the same may provide least active compounds and in last fluorine compounds have shown comparative less active compounds. Conclusion: The Pharmacological evaluation suggest that eight synthesized compounds have shown promising anticonvulsant potential and bulkier compounds can easily penetrate BBB to exert their effect.
This document describes the design, synthesis, and evaluation of new derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((phenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one for their anticonvulsant potential. Various derivatives were synthesized through multiple step reactions and characterized using techniques like IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The derivatives were then evaluated for anticonvulsant activity using seizure models and compared to reference drugs. Several derivatives showed promising anticonvulsant potential at 100 mg/kg dose with quick onset and prolonged duration, suggesting they are metabolized slowly. The position and type of substitu
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and resins present in the plant leaves, with the highest amounts in methanolic extracts.
2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified various functional groups in both petroleum ether and methanolic leaf extracts, indicating presence of compounds like phenols, carbonyls, and thioethers.
3. Antioxidant analysis found ethanolic leaf extracts had the highest DPPH radical sc
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and resins present in the leaves, with the maximum amount found in methanolic extracts.
2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of extracts found peaks indicating the presence of various functional groups including O-H, C-H, C=O, C-N, C≡N, N-O, N-H, and C≡C groups.
3. Antioxid
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.BRNSS Publication Hub
The present investigation was focused on the phytochemical screening, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis, and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa using various organic solvent extracts. Ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts from the leaves D. viscosa were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant was carried the qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, thiols, glycosides, resins, and saponins, and was richly present in petroleum ether and methanolic extracts compared to other extracts. The FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of carbonyls (C=O), phenol (C-O), thioethers (C-S), disulfides (S-S), normal polymeric O-H, phenolic compounds, and arylthio ethers. Plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The results revealed that D. viscosa had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of ethanolic extract and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of D. viscosa.
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis of bromo and chloro derivatives of Baylis–Hillman adducts derived from nitroolefins. The researchers developed a simple protocol to synthesize these derivatives in good yields. They treated Baylis–Hillman adducts derived from nitroolefins with hydrobromic acid or iron chloride to obtain the bromo or chloro derivatives. The derivatives were characterized using NMR, IR and mass spectrometry. The novel bromo and chloro derivatives were shown to have potential as building blocks for a wide variety of organic compounds.
Microbial biotransformation uses microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes to modify organic compounds through enzymatic reactions. Key reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and others. These transformations are used commercially to produce pharmaceuticals, vitamins, antibiotics, and other chemicals. For example, microbes can hydroxylate steroids through oxidation or reduce ketones and aldehydes. Biotransformation offers advantages like selectivity and mild reaction conditions compared to chemical synthesis.
Facial and Simple Synthesis of Some New (Pyrazole and Triazole) Coumarin Deri...IOSRJAC
2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (2) which prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2Hcoumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine mixture consider a good and available starting intermediate for synthesis of series of functionalized coumarins. So, compound (2) was utilized as a key for the synthesis of some new (pyrazole, triazole)-2H- coumarin-2-one derivatives by the reaction with some selected reagents.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Similar to Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-2. Synthesis of Intermediates -Substituted Phenylthiourea using Ammonium Thiocyanate (20)
ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses the alpha logarithm transformed semi-logistic distribution and its maximum likelihood estimation method. It introduces the distribution, provides its probability density function and cumulative distribution function. It then describes generating random numbers from the distribution and outlines the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the distribution's unknown parameters. This involves deriving the likelihood function and taking its partial derivatives to obtain equations that are set to zero and solved to find maximum likelihood estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SPLIT AND NON-SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER OF TENEMENT GRAPHSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs. It defines tenement graphs and provides basic definitions of domination, split domination, and non-split domination. Formulas for the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs are presented based on the number of vertices. Theorems are presented stating that the mid vertex set of a tenement graph is always a split dominating set, but its size is not always equal to the split domination number.
This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
2) The Holder exponent of generalized Cantor sets is shown to be logn/s where n is the base and s is the number of subintervals.
3) Lower and upper densities are defined for the measure on generalized Cantor functions and their properties are
SYMMETRIC BILINEAR CRYPTOGRAPHY ON ELLIPTIC CURVE AND LIE ALGEBRABRNSS Publication Hub
1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
2) Key concepts covered include the Weil pairing as a symmetric bilinear pairing on elliptic curves, its properties of bilinearity and non-degeneracy, and efficient computation. Applications of elliptic curves in cryptography like ECDH and ECDSA are also summarized.
3) The security of protocols like ECDH and ECDSA relies on the assumed difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The document proves various mathematical aspects behind symmetric bilinear pairings and their use in elliptic curve cryptography.
SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
1) AI can help diagnose and treat mental health issues through virtual therapists and chatbots, improving access and reducing stigma.
2) Technologies like machine learning and big data allow personalized interventions and more accurate diagnoses.
3) The COVID-19 pandemic has increased need for mental health support, and AI may help address gaps by providing remote services.
A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
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This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
2. Patil, et al.: Studies on aminobenzothiazole and derivatives: Part-2. synthesis of intermediates -substituted phenylthiourea
using ammonium thiocyanate
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 10/Issue 3 227
selective analytical reagents, especially for the
determination of metals in complex interfering
materials.[11,12]
As one of important thiourea
derivatives is benzoyl thiourea compound which
have a wide range of biological activities including
antiviral,[13]
antibacterial,[14]
antifungal,[15]
antitubercular,[16]
herbicidal,[17]
insecticidal,[18]
and pharmacological properties[19]
and acting as
chelating agents.[20]
Thiourea derivatives and their
transition metal complexes have been known since
the beginning of the 20th century.[21]
Furthermore,
these complexes display a wide range of biological
activity including antibacterial and antifungal
properties.[22]
The complexes of ligands containing
sulfur as donor atoms are known to possess
antifungal and antibacterial activities.[12]
Thiourea
and its derivatives coordinate to several transition
metal ions to form stable complexes. Thiourea
is versatile ligands, able to coordinate to metal
centers either as neutral ligands, monoanions,
or dianions.[22]
In addition, benzoyl thiourea
derivatives were often used in analytical and
biological applications.[23]
These molecules
serve as an intermediate for the synthesis of
2-aminobenzothiazoles.[24]
2-Aminobenzothiazole
is a vital intermediate to form many Schiff bases,[25]
thiazolidinones,[26]
and azetidinones.[26]
Chemistry of the synthesis of thiourea
derivatives
Thiourea derivatives, 3 can be synthesized by direct
reaction of isocyanate, 2 with amine, 1. The reaction
mechanism involved nucleophilic attack at the
electrophilic carbon of thiocyanate ion by amine.
[27-29]
The general mechanism is shown in Scheme 1.
Thiourea, (4a) (and isothiourea, [4b]) is a
compound which consists of sulfur and nitrogen
and a chemical formula of CSN2
H4
. The basic
structure of thiourea is shown in Figure 1. Thiourea
has become intensely synthesized due to its ability
to undergo structural modifications. It is a unique
compound having three different functional groups
which are amino, imino, and thiol and it can occur
in tautomeric forms as shown in Figure 2. There is a
lot of possible reactions that can lead to the synthesis
of new derivatives that may be applicable.[5]
Solvent in synthesis of thiourea derivatives
Solvent plays a crucial role in the synthesis of
thiourea. Several types of solvent have been
Scheme 1: General mechanism to synthesis thiourea
Figure 1: Thiourea
Figure 2: Tautomeric forms of thiourea
Table 1: Physical and analytical data for the compound synthesized PTU‑I to PTU‑V
S. No. Compound ID Aniline used M. wt. of product Color of product M.P. (°C) Wt. in gram (ml) Yield (%)
1 PTU‑I 3‑Methoxyaniline 182 Light gray 136–138 1.30 10.32
2 PTU‑II 4‑Ethylaniline 180 Regatta 129–131 4.17 38.00
3 PTU‑III 2‑Chloroaniline 185 White 146–148 6.85 42
4 PTU‑IV 2‑Fluoroaniline 170 Pale pink 137–139 3.69 22.82
5 PTU‑V 2,6‑Dimethylaniline 180 Regatta 196–198 1.43 9.94
PTU: Phenylthiourea
3. Patil, et al.: Studies on aminobenzothiazole and derivatives: Part-2. synthesis of intermediates -substituted phenylthiourea
using ammonium thiocyanate
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 10/Issue 3 228
Table 2: Recrystallized photographic representation of PTU‑I to
PTU‑V
S. No. Compound ID Aniline used Purified product
1 PTU‑I 3‑Methoxyaniline
2 PTU‑II 4‑Ethylaniline
3 PTU‑III 2‑Chloroaniline
4 PTU‑IV 2‑Fluoroaniline
5 PTU‑V 2,6‑Dimethylaniline
Scheme 2: Step 1 - Preparation phenylammonium chloride, Step 2 - preparation of phenylthiourea
reported to be used in the synthesis of thiourea
derivatives [Scheme 2]. Acetone is commonly
used as a solvent to synthesize thiourea and their
derivatives and produces higher yield compared to
other solvents such as THF and benzene.
Recently, we have communicated[30]
the studies
on synthesis of intermediates 1,3-di(substituted-
phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate.
Looking to all literature survey, we have
undertaken the synthesis of an intermediate
phenyl ammonium chloride and further to
substituted phenylthiourea (PTU) derivatives
using ammonium thiocyanate.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAIL
Materials and methods
All the melting points were determined in
open capillaries. Infrared (IR) spectra (KBr)
were recorded on Fourier-transform IR (FTIR)
spectrophotometer (Shimadzu PC, 4000–400
cm−1
). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
were recorded on dpx-300 spectrophotometer in
dimethyl sulfoxide; tetramethylsilane was the
internal reference, chemical shift is express in
δ ppm.
4. Patil, et al.: Studies on aminobenzothiazole and derivatives: Part-2. synthesis of intermediates -substituted phenylthiourea
using ammonium thiocyanate
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 10/Issue 3 229
Table 4: FTIR spectral frequencies of the synthesized, substituted phenylthiourea compounds, PTU‑I‑PTU‑V
S. No. FTIR frequencies in (cm−1
) Structure of substituted phenylthiourea name with ID
1 C = C
= 1592.58
‑N‑H
= 3370.51
‑C = S
= 1113.47
‑C‑NH2
= 1611.38
‑C‑O‑C
= 1235.61
HN
C
S
H2N
OCH3
m-Tolyl-thiourea
PTU-I
PTU-I
2 ‑C = S
= 1113.47
‑NH2
= 1611.38
‑C = C
= 1513.11
‑N‑H
= 3429.43
‑C‑CH3
= 2960.78
‑C‑N
= 1235.61
HN
C
S
H2N C2H5
(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-thiourea
PTU-II
PTU-II
3 ‑C = S
= 1129.10
‑C‑NH2
= 1603.22
‑C = C
= 1540.51
‑N‑H
= 3340.91
‑C‑Cl
= 757
‑C‑N
= 1320.74
HN
C
S
H2N
Cl
(2-Chloro-phenyl)-thiourea
PTU-III
PTU-III
4 ‑C = S
= 1099.17
‑N‑H
= 3412.60
‑C‑N
= 1305.45
‑C‑F
= 1362.41
‑NH2
= 1617.41
‑C = C
= 1523.50
HN
C
S
H2N
F
(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-thiourea
PTU-IV
PTU-IV
5 ‑C = S
= 1065.33
‑C = C
= 1494.93
‑N‑H
= 3408.02
‑C‑CH3
= 2922.51
‑C‑NH2
= 1607.92
‑C‑N
= 1281.68
HN
C
S
H2N
H3C
H3C
(2,6-Dimethyl-phenyl)-thiourea
PTU-V
PTU-V
FTIR: Fourier transform infrared, PTU: Phenylthiourea
Table 3: The UV‑Vis data for the phenylthiourea compounds, PTU‑I‑PTU‑V
S. No. Compound ID UV max Conc. Absorbance ε
1 PTU‑I 265.00
258.60
214.00
1.6 × 10−6
3.514
3.465
3.469
21,962
21,656
21,681
2 PTU‑II 339.80
248.20
211.20
1.6 × 10−5
0.008
1.819
3.418
484.84
110,242.42
207,151
3 PTU‑III 374.00
341.00
255.40
1.7 × 10−6
0.012
0.029
1.139
7058.82
17,058.82
670,000
4 PTU‑IV 377.20
341.20
249.60
1.6 × 10−5
0.014
0.014
3.729
848.48
848.48
2260.00
5 PTU‑V 344.40
340.00
248.60
1.6 × 10−5
0.005
0.006
3.366
303.030
363.630
204,000
UV: Ultraviolet, PTU: Phenylthiourea
5. Patil, et al.: Studies on aminobenzothiazole and derivatives: Part-2. synthesis of intermediates -substituted phenylthiourea
using ammonium thiocyanate
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 10/Issue 3 230
General method for the synthesis of substituted
phenylammonium chloride (6a-j)
In a 250 ml beaker No. (a) take (0.1 M)
3-methoxyaniline and in another 250 ml beaker
No. (b) take 10 ml conc. HCl. When beaker No.
(a) put in ice bath an add conc. HCl slowly drop by
drop to obtain solid mass in beaker and filtered in
suction pump, 6a (“y” g, % yield). Similarly, other
compounds (6b-j) were synthesized.
General method for the synthesis of
phenylthiourea
The ammonium thiocyanate (0.1 M) was
dissolved in 15 ml of water, added to 0.1 mol of
the 1st
stage compound, in R.B. flask. The content
was refluxed on rotamantle for 1.30 h (clear thin-
layer chromatography [TLC]), then poured down
into the 150 g ice water under vigorous stirring.
The product which separated out was collected by
filtration, washed with water, and dried. Further, it
is recrystallized from ethanol so as to obtain pure
substituted PTU compound, PTU-I. Similarly, other
compounds, PTU-II to PTU-V, were synthesized.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the synthesis or substituted aniline is reacted with
ammonium thiocyanate to give thio compound.
These are colored product and gave experimental
yields in the range of 42–4%, their physical
constants are determined and given in Table 1.
The photographs of the products as they are
observed after purification by different method are
as given in Table 2.
The TLC of reactant aniline and the final purified
product id monitored, indicated the single spots.
The ultraviolet-Vis data of the phenylthiourea
compound are shown in Table 3.
In general the compounds exhibits the expected
features of the standard FTIR spectra for this type.
The spectra of PTU-I and the other compounds,
PTU-II to PTU-V, show that absorption at about
3475–3340 cm−1
indicates the presence of N-H
stretching frequency. The absorption at about 2960–
2920 cm−1
indicated the presence of C-CH3
stretching
frequency. The absorption at 1617–1595 cm−1
indicatedthepresenceofC-NH2
stretchingfrequency.
The band at 1592–1446 cm−1
indicated the presence
of C = C aromatic ring. The absorption at about
1320–1230 cm−1
indicated the presence of C-N
stretching frequency. The band at 1402–1248 cm−1
indicated the presence of C-F stretching frequency.
Band at 1175–1065 cm−1
indicated the presence of C
= S stretching frequency. The absorption at 770–715
cm−1
, ~ 685, and ~ 650 cm−1
indicated the presence of
C-Cl, C-CH3
, and C-S stret. frequency, respectively.
The FTIR spectra of the studied compounds
were recorded and their assigned frequencies are
depicted in Table 4.
CONCLUSION
The substituted phenylthiourea is used as
intermediate in different reactions because they play
an important role in synthesizing the heterocyclic
compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of
an intermediate phenylammonium chloride which is
converted to substituted thiourea using ammonium
thiocyanate. In the present piece of work, we have
reached an intermediate phenylammonium chloride
which is converted to substituted thiourea using
ammonium thiocyanate. TLC method developed in
this reaction, for more research to be done in this field.
Scope
The final product formed has potential to use as an
intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for
the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
There is a future scope for using these compounds
for the organic transformations and screening of
these compounds against different microorganism
and the data obtained will be useful for the society
to study their further studies for budding organic
and the other researchers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to their respective
management and principal of their college for
availing the laboratory and the permission of the
present work. Thanks to Mr. Kishor V. Patil for
their involvement in the work.
6. Patil, et al.: Studies on aminobenzothiazole and derivatives: Part-2. synthesis of intermediates -substituted phenylthiourea
using ammonium thiocyanate
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 10/Issue 3 231
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