The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and resins present in the leaves, with the maximum amount found in methanolic extracts.
2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of extracts found peaks indicating the presence of various functional groups including O-H, C-H, C=O, C-N, C≡N, N-O, N-H, and C≡C groups.
3. Antioxid
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wal...BRNSS Publication Hub
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae, and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their claimed medicinal property.
Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and HPLC Analysis of Daucus Caro...ijsrd.com
Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wal...BRNSS Publication Hub
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae, and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their claimed medicinal property.
Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and HPLC Analysis of Daucus Caro...ijsrd.com
Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
Phytochemicals are a wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and treatment of the major ailments. The present study focuses on screening and comparative analysis of secondary metabolites, fluorescence and physiochemical analysis of two major medicinal plants; Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf samples from these medicinal plants were subjected to sequential cold percolation method using Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Methanol. Bioactive compounds like Cardioglycosides, Flavonoid, Quinones, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Steroids are present in high concentration in Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Extractive value was high in Methanol extract when compared to other solvent extracts.
Article Citation:
Florida M and Sekar T.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 109-115.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0033.pdf
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Rudraksh...Pratyush Kumar Das
Since time immemorial plants have played a vital role in the
field of health care and medicines. There are many plants with high medicinal values among which Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksh) holds utmost importance, both scientifically as well as spiritually. The different parts of a rudraksh tree have high concentrations of important phytochemical constituents thus adding to its medicinal value. This work is focused on phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from the epicarp, endocarp of the seed and bark sample of rudraksh tree and their comparison to justify the high medicinal efficacy of the plant.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
Phytochemicals are a wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and treatment of the major ailments. The present study focuses on screening and comparative analysis of secondary metabolites, fluorescence and physiochemical analysis of two major medicinal plants; Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf samples from these medicinal plants were subjected to sequential cold percolation method using Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Methanol. Bioactive compounds like Cardioglycosides, Flavonoid, Quinones, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Steroids are present in high concentration in Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Extractive value was high in Methanol extract when compared to other solvent extracts.
Article Citation:
Florida M and Sekar T.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 109-115.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0033.pdf
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Rudraksh...Pratyush Kumar Das
Since time immemorial plants have played a vital role in the
field of health care and medicines. There are many plants with high medicinal values among which Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksh) holds utmost importance, both scientifically as well as spiritually. The different parts of a rudraksh tree have high concentrations of important phytochemical constituents thus adding to its medicinal value. This work is focused on phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from the epicarp, endocarp of the seed and bark sample of rudraksh tree and their comparison to justify the high medicinal efficacy of the plant.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Preparation of extracts and phytochemical
studies
The leaves were cleaned and shade dried.The dried
leaf was ground into fine powder. The powder
was subjected to extraction with petroleum ether,
methanol using Soxhlet apparatus for 24 h, and
extract was condensed to remove the solvent.[11]
The petroleum ether and methanol extracts were
subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis
tests to determine the group of secondary
metabolites present in the powder followed by the
method of Harborne.[12]
The Fourier transform-
infrared (FT-IR) spectrum analysis carried out in
petroleum ether and methanol extracts.
Antioxidant analysis of D. viscosa
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
scavenging activity
The antioxidant activity of the methanolic and
ethanolic extraction of D. viscose was measured
the method described by Brand Williams et al.[8]
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical analysis in leaves
of D. viscosa
Preliminary phytochemical study on D. viscosa
was carried out to find out the presence of
phytochemical constituents D. viscosa is a small
shrub, which is distributed in throughout India.
The plants were also screened for antioxidant
responses. In this phytochemical evaluation,
initially, physical constants were evaluated
for its presence as well as for its quantity.
The petroleum ether and methanolic extracts
were found to contain flavonoids, saponins,
glycosides, steroids, and phenolic compounds.
In the present study, leaves were collected for
the preliminary phytochemical analysis FT-IR,
and antioxidant work of the plant leaves was
undertaken. The phytochemical constituents are
mainly responsible for the medicinal properties of
the plant. The leaves were extracted with Soxhlet
apparatus using petroleum ether and methanol.
The result is shown in the table. The compounds
such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids,
phenols, tannins, saponins, and resins are the
preliminary phytochemical present in this plant
leaves. Maximum amount of all the compounds in
leaves was present in methanolic extracts that the
petroleum ether extracts. In leaves of D. viscosa
showed more amount of phenolic content in
Methanolic extract when compare to the other
compounds [Table 1].
FT-IR spectrum analysis of D. viscosa
Result obtained shows that the D. viscosa leaf
extract yield was higher when methanol was used
as the extracting solvent; however, petroleum
ether extract yield was the second methanol was
used as the extracting solvent. On the hand, the
result also indicated that there was variation in
yield with other solvent used for extraction. The
differences in the extract yields from the extracted
plant materials in the present analysis might be
attributed to the different availability of extractable
components, resulting from the varied chemical
composition of plant. The FT-IR spectroscopic
analysis showed the presence of phytoconstituents.
The FT-IR gives broad peaks at petroleum ether
3576, 3495, 3441, and 3205/cm. The Methanolic
extract of D. viscosa showed 3687/cm, 3630/
cm, 3529/cm, 3459/cm, 3190/cm, and 3143/cm
which indicated the presence of OH stretching.
The peak obtained at petroleum ether 3950 and
3344/cm. The Methanolic extract of D. viscosa
showed stretch with 3390/cm which indicated the
presence of N-H stretching. It gives a strong peak
at petroleum ether 3896, 2920, and 2854/cm in
methanol 2970 and 2854/cm which indicated the
presence of C-H stretching. The peak obtained at
the petroleum ether 1917 and 1720/cm. Methanol
3919, 3888, 3811, 3784, 3749, 1654/cm. The peak
obtained at the petroleum ether 1917, 1720/cm
methanol 3919, 3888, 3811, 3784, 3749, 1654/cm
which indicated the presence of C꞊O stretching.
The peak obtained at petroleum ether 3668, 1168,
1037/cm. Methanol 1215, 1145 /cm. Which
indicated the presence C-N stretching. The peak
obtained at petroleum ether 2360, 2306, 2129/cm.
Methanol 2565, 2357/cm. Which indicated the
presence of C≡N stretching. The peak obtained at
petroleum ether 3722, 1257/cm. Methanol 157/cm
which indicated the presence of N-O stretching.
The peak obtained at petroleum ether 3792/
cm. Which indicated the presence of N-H bend.
The peak obtained at petroleum ether 3140/ cm.
Methanol 3340, 3309/cm which indicated the
presence of - C≡C꞊H stretching The peak obtained
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at methanol 1076, 1006/cm. Which indicated the
presence of ꞊C-H bend. The peak obtained at
petroleum ether 2773, 2708, 2619/cm. Methanol
2684, 2638/cm which indicated the presence of
H-C-O stretching. The peak obtained at petroleum
ether 2233/cm. Methanol 2333, 2303, 2256,
2160, 1963, 1917, 1886, 1843, 1806/cmwhich
indicated the presence of -C≡C stretching. The
peak obtained at petroleum ether 1558/cm which
indicated the presence of C-C stretching. The
peak obtained at petroleum ether 137, 729/cm.
Methanol 1365/cm which indicated the presence
of C-H rock. The peak obtained at petroleum ether
1257/cm. Methanol 1527 cm. which indicated the
presence of N-O synthetic stretching. The peak
obtained at petroleum ether 875, 786/cm methanol
798, 756/cmwhich indicated the presence of C-CL
stretching. The peak obtained at petroleum ether
1454/cm. Methanol 1435/cm which indicated the
presence of C-H bend [Table 2].
Antioxidant activity of D. viscosa
The antioxidant activities of D. viscosa leaf extract
of methanol and ethanol extracts were assessed by
DPPH activity. The DPPH activity of different
concentrations methanol and ethanol extract
(50–250
µg/ml) along with standard ascorbic
acid is presented in the table. With the increasing
concentrations, positive scavenging activity was
noted. The percentage of scavenging activity is
increasingwiththeincreasingconcentrationinboth
theextracts.Amongthefivedifferentconcentration
(50–250 µg/ml) of both extracts tested, the higher
percentage of inhibition (90 ± 0.83) was observed
in 250
µg/ml of ethanol extract followed by
(67 ± 0.46) 250 µg/ml of methanol extract against
the standard ascorbic acid (93 ± 0.40) followed
by percentage of inhibition (88 ± 0.45) 200 µg/ml
of ethanol extract and (63.8 ± 0.69) of methanol
extract observed in 200 µg/ml against the standard
ascorbic acid (90 ± 0.44) 200
µg/ml. From the
result, when compare the scavenging activity,
percentage of the ethanolic extract shows higher
antioxidant activity [Table 2].
DISCUSSION
Preliminary phytochemical analysis in leaves
of D. viscosa
In phytochemical studies, it has evaluated in
all extracts remarkable presence of steroids,
flavonoids, tennis, and alkaloids. Others
metabolites and bioactive compounds were
identified such as saponosides and tannins. They
are present in petroleum ether/methanol extracts,
whiletheyareabsentintheotherextracts[Table 1].
The presence of flavonoids in all extracts is likely
to be responsible for the free radical scavenging.[6]
All D. viscosa effects observed. Flavonoids are
phenolic compounds and plant phenolics are a
major group of compounds that act as primary
antioxidants or free radical scavengers.All thymus
satureioïde extracts were also revealed to contain
steroids, which are known to produce an inhibitory
effect on inflammation,[6]
and alkaloids that have
been reported to exert analgesic, antispasmodic,
and antibacterial activities.[6]
The phytochemical
screening results of the extracts are consistent
with the results reported by for Thymus vulgaris
from Egypt. Arunprasath and Gomathinayagam[2]
reported that maximum amount of all the
Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical analysis in leaves of
Dodonaea viscosa
Name of the
secondary metabolite
Petroleum
ether
Methanolic
solvent
Alkaloids _ _
Flavonoids ++ ++
Saponins _ ++
Glycosides ++ ++
Steroids + _
Phenols +++ +
Tannins _ _
++: Highly present, +: Present, _: Absent
Table 2: Antioxidant DPPH activity of Dodonaea viscosa leaf extracts in different concentrations
Sample 0% of inhibition Comparison of activity
50 µg/ml 100 µg/ml 150 µg/ml 200 µg/ml 250 µg/ml Ethanolmethanol
Ethanolic extract 81±0.58 83±0.67 85±0.89 88±0.45 90±0.83
Methanolic extract 58.7±0.79 59.4±0.58 60±0.70 63.8±0.69 67±0.46
Ascorbic acid 83±0.55 86±0.77 88±0.63 90±0.44 93±0.40
DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
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compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids,
glycoside, steroids, phenols, tannins, saponins,
and resins in leaves was present in methonolic
extract that the petroleum ether extract.
FT-IR spectrum analysis of D. viscosa
FT-IRspectroscopicanalysisinthedifferentsolvent
extracts of D. viscosa has revealed the existence of
various chemical constituents [Figures 1 and 2].
The absorption bands, the wavenumber (cm−1
)
of prominent peaks obtained from absorption
spectra, were described. FT-IR spectrum can
be used to confirm the functional constituents
present in the medicinal plant materials and also to
evaluate the qualities of phytoconstituents.[23]
The
result of the present study FT-IR spectral analysis
of D. viscosa spectrum reveals the presence of
petroleum ether (35), methanol (43) peaks, which
functional groups are present in large quantity.
Many researchers applied the FT-IR spectrum as
a tool for distinguishing the medicinal plant based
on their chemical constituents.[3]
Florence and
Jeeva;[9]
Florence et al. (2015); Lincy et al.;[19]
and
Joselin et al., 2013[17]
.
FT-IR spectroscopy has demonstrated to be a
reliable and sensitive method for finding out the
biomolecular composition of plant samples. FT-IR
analysis of D. viscosa revealed that all functional
groups. The study revealed that at temperatures
below 200°C, hemicellulose in bamboo was
decomposed and a large number of hydroxyl
groups were dislocated from hemicellulose and
cellulose, accompanied by the release of water; at
Figure 1: Fourier transform-infrared spectrum analysis in petroleum ether leaf extract of Dodonaea viscosa
Figure 2: Fourier transform-infrared spectrum analysis in methanolic leaf extract of Dodonaea viscosa
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200–250°C, cellulose in bamboo was drastically
decomposed, whereas the net structure of lignin
was stable, with the exception of the dislocation of
methoxyl groups from lignin; at 250–400°C, the
net structure of lignin collapsed, and above 400°C,
more positions in aryl groups were substituted
determined the structure and thermal property
of alkaline hemicelluloses from steam-exploded
Phyllostachys pubescens using FT-IR analysis.
In a related study, phyllostadimers A and B, two
bis-lignans in which the two lignan units are
directly connected by a C–C bond, were isolated
from stems of bamboo, Phyllostachys edulis, of
these, compound phyllostadimer A significantly
inhibited liposomal lipid peroxidation.[22]
Plants
have been a source of novel drugs as plant-derived
medicines have made significant contributions
toward human health as per the method of
Florence et al.,[10]
Joselin et al.,[14]
and Sakthidevi
et al. (2014). Antimicrobial properties of plants
are due to various chemical compounds including
volatile oils, alkaloids, tannins, and lipids present
in the tissue.[14,24]
Tanaka et al.[24]
examined the
antibacterial activity of P. pubescens (moso
bamboo) shoot peel against Staphylococcus
aureus, and suggested the possibility of
deriving effective antibacterial compounds from
bamboo shoot peel that are mostly discarded
at present. The antibacterial activity is due
to the active constituents, stigmasterol and
dihydrobrassicasterol.[25]
The leaf decoction of
D. strictus is used as an abortifacient; the siliceous
matter present in the leaves is used as a tonic and
astringent by the Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh,
India.
Antioxidant activity of D. viscosa
Antioxidants due to their scavenging activity
are useful for the management of those diseases.
DPPH stable free radical method is a sensitive
way to determine the antioxidant activity of plant
extracts.[16,18]
Ascorbic acid acting as a chain-
breaking antioxidant impairs with the formation
of free radicals in the process of formation of
intracellular substances throughout the body,
including collagen, bone matrix, and tooth
dentine.[4,1]
The quantitative determination of
ascorbic acid in plant extracts shows that they are
good source of ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity
of the antioxidants is concerning with those
compounds capable of protecting the organism
system against the potential harmful effect of
oxidative stress.[8]
Superoxide anion is one of the most representative
free radicals. In cellular oxidation reaction,
superoxide radicals have their initial effects
magnified because they produce other kinds of
cell-damaging free calls and oxidizing agent, for
example, radio hydroxyl radicals. The phenolic
compounds are one of the largest and most
important group of plant metabolites groups
of plant metabolic.[21]
Flavonoids are effective
antioxidant and show strong anticancer activities.
The leaves of D. viscosa revealed that the presence
of 3-D-galactoside of quercetin is a triterpenoid
compound leads to anticancer activities. The plant
extracts were also revealed to contain saponins,
tannins, and steroids which are known to produce
inhibitory effect on inflammation, ulcerated tissues
just Gafner et al.[11]
Steroids have been reported
to have antibacterial properties.[7]
Scavenging
activity for free radicals of DPPH has been widely
used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural
products from plant and microbial sources. Plant
extracts from 26 medicinal plants listed in Table 2
were prepared for investigation of their antioxidant
activities. As the data shown in Table
3, the
inhibitory effect of the five test plant extracts on
DPPH radicals followed dose-dependent manner.
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