IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
A Calix [4]Arene Based Chemosensor For Recognition Of Cu2+IOSRJAC
A novel calix[4]arene based chemosensor having two schiff’s base units has been designed, synthesized and characterized by NMR and ESI-MS analysis. It is found to exhibit excellent selectivity for Cu2+ over a wide range of alkali, alkaline earth and other transition metal ions in acetonitrile solution. Its metal binding affinity and binding constant studies revealed a 1:1 binding stocheometry of the ligand with Cu2+ ion.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
chitosan nanoparticles synthesis and application in various fields i.e. biocompatible fruit preservatives, water treatment with non toxic substrate, cotton functionalization, etc.
Background- Chitosan is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and easily available polymer that can be used to prepare nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles can be widely used in pharmaceutical industries as an antimicrobial agent or as drug delivery vehicle. Objectives- Aim of the study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and characterize them. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results- The present study showed that chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method. The obtained chitosan nanoparticles were characterized and study revealed that they are stable spherical in shape. The size of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) at selected concentration was 216 nm and zeta potential 50mV was done by zeta sizer Nano S (Malvern, UK). Conclusion- Chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method.
Key-words- Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles, DLS, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy
Synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical, magnetic properties and super oxid...IOSR Journals
Five new mixed-ligand nickel (II) complexes; viz; [Ni (BHM)(PMDT)]1; [Ni(BHM)(dien)] 2; [Ni(BHM)(L1)]3; [Ni(BHM)(L2)] 4, [Ni(BHM)(L3)] 5; where H2BHM= N’-(1E)-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene] benzoylhydrazide, PMDT= N,N,N’,N,”N”-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine; dien= diethylenetriamine; L1 = N,N- dimethyl-N’ (Pyrid-2-yl-methyl) ethylenediamine; L2= N-methyl-N’-(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine; L3 = N,N-dimethyl-N’-(6-methyl)pyrid-2-ylmethyl) ethylenediamine, have been synthesized and characterized by using elemental analyses, FAB (fast atomic bombardment), magnetic measurements, electronic absorption , conductivity measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and IR- spectroscopy . All the complexes yielded an irreversible couple that can be assigned to a NiII→ NiI redox process. Infrared spectra, ligand field spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements agree with the observed octahedral environment. H2BHM is a diprotic tridentate Schiff base ligand (ONO donor atom) whereas L1-L3 possessing N3 coordination sites. The SOD activities have been measured using alkaline DMSO as a source of superoxide radical (O2–) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) as O2– scavenger.
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
A Calix [4]Arene Based Chemosensor For Recognition Of Cu2+IOSRJAC
A novel calix[4]arene based chemosensor having two schiff’s base units has been designed, synthesized and characterized by NMR and ESI-MS analysis. It is found to exhibit excellent selectivity for Cu2+ over a wide range of alkali, alkaline earth and other transition metal ions in acetonitrile solution. Its metal binding affinity and binding constant studies revealed a 1:1 binding stocheometry of the ligand with Cu2+ ion.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
chitosan nanoparticles synthesis and application in various fields i.e. biocompatible fruit preservatives, water treatment with non toxic substrate, cotton functionalization, etc.
Background- Chitosan is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and easily available polymer that can be used to prepare nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles can be widely used in pharmaceutical industries as an antimicrobial agent or as drug delivery vehicle. Objectives- Aim of the study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and characterize them. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results- The present study showed that chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method. The obtained chitosan nanoparticles were characterized and study revealed that they are stable spherical in shape. The size of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) at selected concentration was 216 nm and zeta potential 50mV was done by zeta sizer Nano S (Malvern, UK). Conclusion- Chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method.
Key-words- Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles, DLS, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy
Synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical, magnetic properties and super oxid...IOSR Journals
Five new mixed-ligand nickel (II) complexes; viz; [Ni (BHM)(PMDT)]1; [Ni(BHM)(dien)] 2; [Ni(BHM)(L1)]3; [Ni(BHM)(L2)] 4, [Ni(BHM)(L3)] 5; where H2BHM= N’-(1E)-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene] benzoylhydrazide, PMDT= N,N,N’,N,”N”-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine; dien= diethylenetriamine; L1 = N,N- dimethyl-N’ (Pyrid-2-yl-methyl) ethylenediamine; L2= N-methyl-N’-(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine; L3 = N,N-dimethyl-N’-(6-methyl)pyrid-2-ylmethyl) ethylenediamine, have been synthesized and characterized by using elemental analyses, FAB (fast atomic bombardment), magnetic measurements, electronic absorption , conductivity measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and IR- spectroscopy . All the complexes yielded an irreversible couple that can be assigned to a NiII→ NiI redox process. Infrared spectra, ligand field spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements agree with the observed octahedral environment. H2BHM is a diprotic tridentate Schiff base ligand (ONO donor atom) whereas L1-L3 possessing N3 coordination sites. The SOD activities have been measured using alkaline DMSO as a source of superoxide radical (O2–) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) as O2– scavenger.
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
المحرك الصاروخي المعدل بقي حقيقه وقفزة علمية
بدأ اعتمادا علي المحاكاة فقط وصلا للنجاح وطبعا تحت مظلة وزاره الدفاع الامريكيه لتأمين الدعم اللازم و...
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وأهم حاجه فيه ان الثرست زاد مع زياده الكفاءه ايضا ده غير ان الثرست نفسه بيعتمد علي الارتفاع
ده هيطور رحلات الذهاب >> والعوده!! كمان بشكل كبير
https://str.llnl.gov/november-2015/burton
Science and Engineering
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Relationships that exist but are not found
Formulas; chemical composition, d=r*t; calories in fats, carbohydrates, proteins; experimentation;
Astrophysics – origins of the universe
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Apply principles of science and mathematics to real needs, commodities, structures, products, etc.
Software Engineering; Software Development
Antioxidant biosensor based on D. radiodurans biofilm has been investigated in this research. The biofilm producing SOD enzymes were immobilized on SPCE surface. Optimization of experimental measurements were carried out by the response surface method. The optimum value obtained was at the buffer pH 7, suspension pH 6, and optical density (OD) 0.5. The morphology of SPCE surfaces was characterized by SEM. The optimum result was used to determinate analytical performance, including linearity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantity (LOQ), precision, selectivity, stability, and repeatability. Linearity was achieved in the xanthine concentration range of 0.1-0.6 mM with the equation y = 40.79x + 57.173 and R² = 0.99. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant KMwas evaluated. It was found that the biosensor had alow KMof 40 μM. LOD and LOQ respectively 40.8 μM and 123.7 μM with sensitivity 40.79 μA mM-1. Precision showed that RSD was less than 5%. Stability was measured for 35 days andretained 90% of current for the period. Repeatability showedRSD ≤ 5%. The selectivity of this method still needs to increase. In conclusion, antioxidant biosensor based on D. radioduransbiofilm may be used to measure the capacity of antioxidant products practically.
In this research in order to produce blood sugar biosensor, an appropriate
membrane for glucose oxidase immobilization by using nanofibers created from
polymers of polyacrylic acid and starch are studied. They are biocompatible and
biodegradable respectively and were prepared by electro-spinning method for
nanofiber fabrication. Dimethylformamide and distilled water were used as solvent for
PAA and starch respectively to get a homogeneous solution. Because nanofibers made
of polyacrylic acid-starch face with enzymes, due to its extremely high hydrophilic
‘OH’ groups may lose their cohesion, crosslinking as chemical surface modification
and for better enzyme immobilization, non-thermal plasma surface modification using
atmospheric pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) were used. Crosslinking was
carried out by APTMS and Glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of electro-spinning process
variables on morphology of nanofibers was examined by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). Nanofibers structure and chemical composition to demonstrate
the successful linking and immobilization of enzymes in the composite membrane was
obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and improved thermal
stability of nanofibers in presence of enzyme and surface modifications was
determined by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).
Photochemical crosslinking of collagen and Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel ...IOSR Journals
Photochemical crosslinking is a best alternative method when compared to conventional crosslinking methods such as chemical and physical methods, by using vitamins like riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photochemical initiators to enhance the physicochemical properties of collagen poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend without any toxic by products. Collagen and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Swelling studies, Tensile testing and the surface properties were studied by Contact angle measurements and Microscopy. Collagen and PVP blended samples were irradiated with the UV light wavelength λ=300nm for 30 minutes by using 0.03% riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photosensitizers and the samples were air dried at room temperature. Collagen- PVP blended hydrogels showed good swelling properties and the lower contact angles indicate their hydrophilic nature. The photochemical crosslinking also improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels which can be confirmed by broad endothermic peak between 80-1800C in the thermoscan. The FTIR spectral changes clearly exhibited that these two polymers were strongly crosslinked and miscible.
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Doped wi...IJERA Editor
The polyaniline were prepared by using different inorganic and organic acids via oxidative polymerization
method. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, the peaks are found to be at 507 cm˗1, 592 cm˗1, 798
cm˗1, 1138 cm˗1, 1244 cm˗1, 1302 cm˗1, 1471 cm˗1 and 1556 cm˗1. These predominant peaks may be
confirming the formation of polyaniline. The structural analysis was studied by employing XRD; found that
polyaniline is amorphous in nature. The SEM studies reveal that they are agglomerated, irregular and size of
these grain increases with increasing amount of polyaniline with different organic and inorganic acids. The dc
conductivity (dc) as a function of temperature (T) for polyaniline is studied in the temperature range from 30 to
1600C. At higher temperature it is found that conductivity increases because of hopping of polarons from one
localized states to another localized states. The ac conductivity of polyaniline was prepared by oxalic acid show
high conductivity at 106 Hz. This is due to the space charge polarization and electrode polarizations.
— Processes based on immobilized enzymes have been studied extensively in the last few decades and today are also applied to the safeguard of environmental parameters. In this work, zeolite composite flat membranes with different chemical composition, transition metal, and microporous structures were prepared using in situ and secondary growth crystallization synthesis methods in/on stainless steel porous disks. All zeolite materials were been used in catalase adsorption to analyze the zeolite behavior andthe effect of chemical composition and structure on interaction with the enzyme. This study shows that the electrostatic type of interaction seems to be of the utmost importance in influencing immobilization, while the zeolite Brönsted acidity of the support is the subordinate parameter, which differentiates the adsorption performances of different zeolite structures (that distinct for chemical composition of the framework). Moreover, it permits to conclude that transition metal-containing membranes adsorb a higher percentage of the enzyme with respect to no-exchanged membranes and that, for all materials synthesized, the amount of catalase adsorbed onto the zeolite crystals and membranes increases with the temperature.
Polypyrrole/PZT Thermistor: An Effective pre-cursor towards sensor designIJERA Editor
Pristine Polypyrrole was prepared by employing inverse emulsion polymerization technique using
Methanesulfonic acid as a dopant and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant. Oxidizing agent used was
Potassium Persulfate. An attempt was made to formulate a Polypyrrole device by blending Polypyrrole with
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoceramic powder which showed characteristics akin to a Thermistor thereby
formulating its use as a pre-cursor to a temperature sensor upon Current vs. Voltage as well as Temperature vs.
Conductivity studies. Characterization studies of Polypyrrole/PZT blends using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies yielded satisfactory and confirmatory
results. Extensive conductivity studies were carried out from 298 K - 383 K and Conductivity as high as 3.97
S•cm-1 was obtained at a surfactant and dopant concentration of 9.0 g and 11.0 g respectively. Liquid Phase
Sintering of Ppy/PZT blends with Tin (Sn) metal powder offers exciting opportunity towards formulation of a
temperature sensor, the diffusivity studies of which are still underway.
Hollow-Polyaniline-Sphere-Coated Sensor For Measuring Gas-Phase OH Radicals A...IJERA Editor
In advanced oxidation processes, OH radicals play a crucial role in enhancing the removal efficiency of volatile
organic compounds. In this paper, hollow polyaniline (PANI) spheres were coated onto a conducting ceramic
honeycomb substrate to form a PANI sensor for detecting the concentration of OH radicals in the amorphous
phase. The hollow PANI spheres were effectively synthesized through a double-surfactant-layer-assisted
polymerization process by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle as the core template. The PANI shell thickness, morphology
characterizations and specific surface area were controlled by altering the weight of aniline monomers. The
electrical conductivity served as a function of the operating temperature and specific surface area, which is a
characteristic behavior of conductive polymer materials in the atmosphere. At an optimized temperature of
125°C and specific surface area of 1435 m2
/g, the PANI sensor reacted with a high amount of OH radicals
generated from the decomposition of ozone over α–FeOOH nanoparticles. The conductometric response after the
OH radical attack increased exponentially with the concentration of the OH radicals.
Preparation and Characterization of Lithium Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Elec...IJERA Editor
Solid Polymer electrolyte films have been prepared from Starch-Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) blend a well acknowledged biodegradable material. Solution cast technique was employed for the preparation of solid polymer electrolyte films added with Lithium Bromide (LiBr) salt. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the prepared films portrayed the evolution of an amorphous structure with increasing content of salt which is an important factor that leads to the augmentation of conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis revealed noticeable ionic conductivity ~ 5x 10-3 S/cm for 20 wt% of salt at ambient conditions. Ionic conductivity showed an increasing trend with salt content at ambient conditions. Transference number measurements confirmed the ionic nature of the prepared solid polymer electrolyte films. Dielectric studies revealed a sharp increase in the number of charge carriers which contributed to enhancement in conductivity. Low values of activation energy extracted from temperature dependent conductivity measurements could be favorable for device applications. For the composition with highest conductivity a temperature independent relaxation mechanism was confirmed by electric modulus scaling.
A Novel Polymeric Prodrugs Synthesized by Mechanochemical Solid-State Copolym...inventionjournals
:We developed the novel polymeric prodrugs synthesized by mechanochemical solid-state copolymerization of glucose-based polysaccharides (dextran orglycogen) and the methacryloyloxy derivative of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The copolymerization proceededreadily and each polymeric prodrug was quantitatively obtained within8 h reaction. The number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (H) of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextran was 24,000 g/mol and 5.10, respectively. The number average particle diameter of the polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen was 14.9 nm. The hydrolysis profiles of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextranapparently followed the first-order kinetics, and 100% drug release was observed under the experimental condition used. The polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen also continued to release 5-FU at the first-order rate up to 5 h, followed by its rate constant decreased gradually. These results suggest that lower accessibility of water molecules for the synthetic polymer chains inside the glycogen particle might cause the gradual decrease of drug release rate.
Similar to Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde for determination of glucose (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde for determination of glucose
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 8, Issue 12 Ver. I (Dec. 2015), PP 55-62
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 55 |Page
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine
composite film by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde for
determination of glucose
More Suresh1
, Paithankar Kiran1
, Vikas Gade2
, Sunil Mirgane3
*
1
(Department of General Science, Jaihind polytechnic kuran, India )
2
(Department of Physics , shree Anand College pathardi , pune University pune,India)
3
(Department of Chemistry , J.E.S.College Jalna , Dr.BAMU Aurangabad ,India)
Abstract: The PANI-2AP-GOD biosensor for determination of glucose has been described. The enzyme,
glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde on a polyaniline–2amino pyridine
(PANI-2AP) composite film. The PANI-2AP film was electrochemically synthesized on Indium–tin-oxide (ITO)
coated glass plate. We have synthesized PANI-2AP film with 0.1 M aniline, 0.025 M 2-AP at 3.0 pH and 1
mA/cm2
current density. The immobilization was done by cross-linking 2 mg/ml GOD via 0.1% glutaraldehyde
at 0.1 M phosphate buffer with 7.0 pH. The synthesized composite films were characterized using galvanostatic
electrochemical technique, electrical conductivity, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cross-linking of enzyme and porous
morphology of the polymer film leads to high enzyme loading and an increase in lifetime, stability and fast
response time of the enzyme electrode. Amperometric response was measured as a function of different
concentration of glucose. It was observed that current increases with increasing glucose concentration in the
range 1–50 mm.
Keywords: Immobilization; Composite film; Glucose-oxidase; Cross-linking; Biosensor
I. Introduction
Glucose is a bio-molecule that is known to play a variety of roles in the welfare of mankind. The
development of amperometric glucose biosensors is extensively investigated research area because of its
importance in the treatment of diabetes mellitus health care, food and environmental monitoring and process
industries, etc. [1–3]. In the last decade various types of biosensors have been reported with many applications
[4,5].The fabrication of enzyme-based biosensors can be carried out by immobilization of enzymes as a bio
recognition element during electrochemical transduction [6,7]. This is one of the best methods for technical
development of biosensor based on oxido reductase enzymes because of its simplicity and low cost. Conducting
polymers have recently been used as electroactive materials in chemical structure and redox characteristics
[8,9].Electrochemically polymerized conducting polymers had received considerable attention over the last two
decades. The remarkable switching capability of these electroactive materials between the con-ducting oxidized
(doped) and the insulating-reduced (undoped) state is the basis of many applications. Among others, the poly-
conjugated conducting polymers have been recently proposed for biosensing applications because of a number
of favorable characteristics, such as: (1) direct and easy deposition on sensor electrode by electrochemical
oxidation of monomer; (2) control of thickness; and (3) redox conductivity. The polyelectrolyte characteristic of
the polymer is also useful for sensor application. Aniline fulfills above requirements together with having the
characteristics of easy oxidation and high chemical stability [10–15]. Aniline molecular configuration is
responsible for increase in electrical conductivity. The ion exchange process in Aniline leads to morphological
changes; one can therefore utilize this process as a tool for controlling the morphology [16].Various methods to
hybridize Aniline with other materials have been attempted to increase mechanical strength of Aniline film for
various applications such as functional electrodes, electrochromic devices, sensors, etc. [17,18]. Doping other
materials can increase the stability and mechanical strength of Aniline matrix. The materials, which can be
doped with Aniline to increase stability and mechanical strength are Nafion, polyvinyl alcohol, poly
(methylmethacrylate), polystyrene sulphonate, polyvinyl sulpho-nate, dodecylbenzenesulphonate and p-toluene
sulphonate, etc. [19,20]. It has been reported that use of polyelectrolyte in polymerization solution with aniline
causes to increase growth rate, higher compactness of the synthesized film and improved environmental stability
[19,21]. The ion exchange properties and stability of polyaniline (Aniline), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP),
polyaniline (Aniline)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyaniline (Aniline) polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) composites
have been studied by some authors [22]. However, it is still important to find high quality polymers and active
dopants showing their desirable properties. The stability of polymer matrix depends on anions. The
incorporation of a large size dopant anion, such as 2 amino pyridine (2-AP), p-toluene sulphonate (pTS), and
2. Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 56 |Page
dodecylbenzenesulphonate (DBS) into Aniline films during electropolymerization makes Aniline film more
porous [23]. The porosity is an important factor for the facile immobilization of enzyme. We have immobilized
enzyme on large anion-doped porous PANI-2AP film by cross-linking technique for biosensor application.Long
lifetime stability of the enzyme over the matrix is the vital factor in the development of bio-sensor. This is
beneficial to biosensor transport as well as reduces measurement cost. The major cause of poor stability is the
desorption (leaching out) of enzyme from immobilization materials. Therefore cross-linking method via
glutaraldehyde has been chosen for the immobilization of enzyme in the present investigation. The method of
electrochemical entrapment of enzyme has been described which is induced by polymerization of the monomer
in the presence of the bioactive moiety [24]. This method is simple and can be used to localize the bioactive
component. However, as the biological component is randomly oriented within the polymer matrix it is often
inaccessible to the target analyte [25,26].Therefore in the present investigation, we have initially
electrochemically synthesized PANI-2AP composite film and then GOD was immobilized. We have described
the results of our systematic studies related to the electrochemical preparation and characterization of the PANI-
2AP-GOD electrode for determination of glucose. The advantage of using the composite PANI-2AP films lies
in the electrostatic rejection of anions [27]. The PANI-2AP composite films provide a charged surface for
electrostatic interaction between the enzyme and the surface [28]. We have immobilized enzyme on large anion
(2-AP) doped porous Aniline film by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde for development of glucose biosensor.
Cross-linking via glutaraldehyde has lead to greater stability of the enzyme in the PANI-2AP films. An attempt
has been made to investigate the effect of pH and potential on the activity of the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode.
II. Experimental
Preparation Of Poly Aniline/ 2 Amino Pyridine (Pani-2ap) Composite Films
PANI-2AP films were synthesized from an aqueous solution of distilled 0.1 M aniline (Spectrochem)
and 0.025 M Two amino pyridine (25% by weight) (Aldrich) using electro-chemical deposition method. It was
carried out by galvanostatic technique at room temperature in a one-compartment three-electrode glass cell. The
ITO coated glass plate was used as a work-ing electrode, graphite as a counter electrode and Ag/AgCl was used
as a reference electrode. The electrolyte solution was prepared in deionized water. The applied current density 1
mA/cm2
and the 3.0 pH were kept constant during synthesis of composite films. After synthesis the polymer
coated electrodes were rinsed thoroughly in deionized water dried in cold air and then use for subsequent
characterization.
Immobilization Of God On Polyaniline 2 Amino Pyridine (Pani-2ap)
Composite Films
The enzyme GOD (SISCO) was immobilized by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde (LobaChemie) on
composite PANI-2AP films, thus restricting the leaching of the enzyme from the film. These films were
subsequently dipped in 0.1% glutaraldehyde solution, left for 30 min and washed 2–3 times with phosphate
buffer. The stock solution of GOD (2 mg/ml) prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was adsorbed onto
the surface of PANI-2AP films. The enzymatic incorporation was done in glutaraldehyde media. This kind of
immobilization results in a greater physical and chemical stability of the catalytic material due to the cross-
linking formed with the glutaraldehyde and enzyme. In this case, the active sites of the enzyme could be more
accessible for the enzymatic reaction. The lifetime of the biosensor was studied when it was kept at (4 0
C) in
phosphate buffer. An adequate concentration of GOD and glutaraldehyde in cross-linking mixture were chosen
so that it will ensure higher enzyme loading and provide excellent amperometric response with an ancient
retention of the enzyme.
III. Results And Discussion
The amount of glucose can be determined by measuring the anodic current of oxidation of hydrogen
peroxide, produced in the reaction as given below
GOD
Glucose + O2 Gluconic acid + H2O2
And formation of hydrogen peroxide is detected by the amperometric current method during electrode potential
H2O2 O2 + 2H + 2e-
In order to construct the amperometric enzyme sensor, GOD is used as an example of a redox protein.
The enzyme catalyses in the presence of molecular oxygen, lead to the oxidation of glucose into gluconic acid
and hydrogen peroxide. The conversion of glucose to gluconic acid involves the transfer of two protons and two
3. Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 57 |Page
electrons from the substrate to the flavin moiety of the enzyme [29]. The electron transfer from the redox
cofactor to the sensing electrode is also facilitated by the presence of a polymeric conducting material.
Galvanostatic Studies Of Pani-2ap Composite Films
The potential time curves of the galvanostatically synthesized PANI-2AP a composite film is shown in
Fig. 1.The PANI-2AP film was synthesized on ITOcoated glass plate from 0.1 M concentration of polyaniline
and 0.025 M of 2-AP with 1 mA/cm2
current density at 3.0 pH. This has resulted in high conductivity, with very
good and porous surface morphology. The behaviour of the galvanostatic synthesis overshoot during first few
seconds probably indicates difficult formation of dimmers and oligomers. After this, potential remains constant
suggesting that building up of the film proceeds according to the same reaction along the full thickness of the
polymer. It was found that a blackish polymeric film on ITO coated glass electrode was deposited with very
good uniformity. The electrical conductivity of synthesized composite PANI-2AP films was measured by
Keithley 6514 Electrometer and it is 2.412 · 10 3
S/cm.
Fig.1 Current–time curve during the synthesis of PANI-2AP film in aqueous solution At current density
1 mA/cm2
and pH 3.0
Uv–Visible Studies Of Pani-2ap Composite Films
UV–Vis spectrum of synthesized PANI-2AP film is shown in Fig. 2. UV spectrum was recorded using
UV Visible 1601 spectrophotometer, Shimadzu in the range of 400–1100 nm. It showed absorption at around
900 nm as bipolaron charge transfer bands indicate high conductivity and absorption at around 460 nm indicates
p–p*
. This indicates that higher sulphonate group introduction to the polymer system leads to the stabilized
doped state of the Aniline. More doped Aniline has resulted in to stronger absorption at 900 nm, which is
responsible for bipolaron state [30]. This shows very good resemblance with the polymerization potential. The
absorption spectra observed for synthesized composite films gives good agreement with the earlier reported
work [30,31].
Fig 2 UV–Vis spectra of PANI-2AP film in aqueous solution at current density 1
mA/cm2
and pH 3.0.
Fig 2 UV–Vis spectra of PANI-2AP film in aqueous solution at current density 1 mA/cm2
and pH 3.0.
4. Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 58 |Page
Ft-Ir Studies Of Pani/2ap Composite Films
The FT-IR spectrum of synthesized composite PANI-2AP is shown in Fig. 3. The FT-IR spectrum was
recorded using Shimadzu FT-IR-8400 series, using KBr pellets in the region 350–4000 cm 1
. Spectrum show
broad peak at 3423 cm 1
corre-sponds to N–H stretching. The incorporation of the counter anion in the polymer
is evidenced by the peaks at 2924 and 2854 cm 1
assigned to aliphatic –CH3 and –CH2, related to the sulphonate
anion. Further evidence of the presence of this anion in the polymer film is revealed by peaks at 1382 and 1635
cm 1
which may be assigned to SO2 stretch in sulphonates. The vibration bands are observed at 1728 cm 1
(CO),
1527 cm 1
(N–H bending). These bands correspond to the characteristic bands for Aniline; it shows very good
agreement.
Fig 3 . FT-IR spectra of PANI-2AP film in aqueous solution at current density 1 mA/cm2
and pH 3.0.
Sem Studies Of Pani-2ap Composite Films
The scanning electron micrograph of synthesized PANI-2AP composite film is shown in Fig. 4. The
scanning electron micrograph was recorded, using JEOL JSM-6360A SEM machine. It can be seen that the
surface morphology is more porous, uni-form with globular or cauliflower like structure [34].It shows very
good agreement with earlierreported work [35,36].
Fig 4 SEM image of PANI/2AP composite film
Current Response Of Pani-2ap-God Electrodes
The change in response current of the active device glucose oxidase is the parameter of interest for
sensor applications. The response current of the device depends on several factors; such as: (1) the contact
resistance between the metal electrodes and the polymer film; (2) the geometric factor of the film; and (3) the
film conductivity. The film conductivity is dependent on several factors such as analyte pH, temperature,
polymer film potential, substrate concentration and enzyme loading.The current–time relationship when the
potential of the enzyme electrode was set at 0.7 V is as shown in Fig. 5. It was found that the response current of
the enzyme electrode easily reaches to steady state. The relationship between response current and glucose
concentration in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, at 7.0 pH, is shown in Fig. 6. It was found that, current increases with
increasing glucose concentration in the range 1–50 mM. In the present case, assuming that the enzyme is
uniformly distributed throughout the film, the reaction takes place predominantly on the surface of the film in
the lower concentration. However, the reaction on the surface of the film and the diffusion occurring
5. Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 59 |Page
simultaneously at higher concentrations delays the response time. With increasing concentrations of glucose, the
response current also increased and finally reached to steady state value.
Fig 5. Current–time curve during the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode at 0.7 V and pH 7.0 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer
for different glucose solution of 1–50 mM.
Fig 6 The relationship between response current and glucose concentration for the PANI-2AP-
GOD electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0
Michaelis–Menten Constant (K0
m)
The apparent Michaelis Menten constant (K0
m) was calculated for the immobilized enzyme by an
amperometric method as suggested by Shu and Wilson [37]. The relationship between 1/current against
1/Glucose concentration in 0.1 M phosphate buffer is shown in Fig. 7. The maximum current (Imax) = 42 lA and
Michaelis Menten constant ðK0
mÞ ¼ 6:25 were calculated from intercepts. The value of K0
m depends on
immobilization of enzyme and lesser the K0
m gives the faster response of the electrode to glucose.
Fig 7 . The determination of apparent Michaelis–Menten con-stant (K0
m) for the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode
in 0.1 M phosphate buer, pH 7.0.
6. Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 60 |Page
Effect Of Ph
In an optimized polymerization the value of pH of reaction medium allow an efficient entrapment of
the enzyme. It also prevents the loss of the enzyme activity under polymerization conditions [38].Therefore
enzyme sensor response depends on the working pH of the sampling solution. The effect of pH on the behavior
of the enzyme electrode was studied with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with 5 mM glucose. The steady state
currents at 0.7 V as a function of pH values is shown in Fig. 8. The electrochemical response is quite good at pH
ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 and the maximum current occurred at pH 7.0 [39,40].
Fig 8 . Effect of pH on the GOD electrode response of PANI-2AP. Steady currents measure at 0.7 V in 5 mM
glucose solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer
Effect Of Potential
The response current increases rapidly with increase in potential, which indicates that the response of
the enzyme electrode was controlled by the electrochemical methods (Fig. 9). It is well known that the velocity
of an electrode reaction is related to the concentration of electro active species, the pH value of solution and
applied potential [41,42].Above the potential 0.7 V, the response was almost steady, which could be explained
by the rate-limiting process of enzyme kinetics, diusion control of H2O2 and substrate [43]. Considering the
decrease in response of the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode at higher potential, which also has acted the
electrochemical response of the enzyme electrode, we preferred to set the potential at 0.7 V for the further
studies of PANI-2AP-GOD electrode. The stability and lifetime of the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode have been
studied. It shows very good stability and excellent response for 38–40 days (Fig. 10)
Fig 9 Current–potential curves for the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.
7. Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by cross-linking…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081215562 www.iosrjournals.org 61 |Page
Fig 10 Stability of the PANI-2AP-GOD electrode on storage in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0
IV. Conclusion
This study has demonstrated the feasibility of development of a conducting polyaniline based bio-
sensor for monitoring glucose. The conducting Aniline– 2-AP having amine functional groups can be utilized as
a suitable matrix for the cross-linking via glutaraldehyde entrapment of enzyme (GOD). This e-cient cross-
linking of the amine functionalized porous 2-AP doped Aniline film; lead to the enzyme electrode to exhibit a
good performance in terms of dynamic range of detection, short response time and long lifetime and stability.
The cost effectiveness and simple method of fabrication of PANI-2AP-GOD electrode is an additional
advantage as com-pared with conventional electrodes.
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