The document introduces two structured methodologies for problem-solving: PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) and DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control), demonstrating their phases and associated tools. It emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to reduce assumptions and recurring issues. By employing these methodologies, organizations can achieve continuous improvement in processes, products, or services through careful planning, testing, and sustaining changes.

1. Structured Approach to Problem Solving
– PDCA & DMAIC
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2. Intent of Session
This section is designed to:
• Introduce two simple methodologies for problem-solving
projects
• Demonstrate how the tools and techniques fit into the
phases of the methodologies

3. Why use structured approach?
• It is in our nature to see patterns and jump to
conclusions (MOW - generalise)
Typical result
Same problem reoccurs
• By adhering to a structured process, we reduce the
assumptions and avoid jumping to damaging
conclusions

4. PDCA Cycle
Recognise an opportunity and
Plan a change:
Define problem
Establish objectives
Focus on desired outcome
Identify solutions
Test the changes on small scale.
- minimise disruption and limit
exposure
Check whether results are achieving desired
outcome.
Identify new problems as they arise
Implement on larger scale
if successful.
Make part of routine.
Begin the cycle again.
If didn’t work, skip Act and
go back to Plan to come
up with new ideas.
PLAN
DO
CHECK
(study)
ACT
P
DC
A
1
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4

5. PDCA Cycle – Stage tools
Plan for changes to bring
about improvement:
Brainstorming
Flowcharting
Pareto analysis
Solution/Fault tree
Cause & Effect diagrams
Do changes on a small scale
first:
Project Management skills
Small-group leadership
Conflict resolution
On-job training
Check to see if changes are
working:
Check sheets
KPIs
Control charts
Act to get the greatest benefit
from the changes:
Standardisation
Training
PLAN
DO
CHECK
(study)
ACT
P
DC
A

6. When to use Plan-Do-Check-Act
• As a model for continuous improvement.
• When starting a new improvement project.
• When developing a new or improved design of a process, product or
service.
• When defining a repetitive work process.
• When planning data collection and analysis in order to verify and prioritize
problems or root causes.
 When implementing any change.

7. Example PDCA
– PLAN create meeting TOR
– DO test the TOR in a selected meeting
– CHECK analyse effect of using TOR
– ACT roll-out TOR to other meetings
• return to Plan for continuous improvement of TOR
• Effective Meeting TORs

8. DMAIC Methodology
Six Sigma methodology built on PDCA
Stage Description Example Tools
Define Define the problem and project
elements: goals, form the
team, set improvement target
Project Charter, Loss Analysis (OEE & Six
Loss), Stakeholder Analysis/SIPOC,
Process mapping
Measure Determine method of
measurement and gather
current baseline data
Value Stream Mapping, Check sheets,
LineView Data, FMEA, Pareto charts
Analyse Analyse the data to identify
root cause(s)
5 Whys, Fishbone, Cause & Effects
matrix, Scatter plots, Hypothesis testing
Improve Generate improvement ideas
to address root cause(s) &
implement
Initiative Priorisation (Bubble Chart),
Brainstorming, Ease & Effect
Control Confirm goals reached and
implement actions to measure
and sustain
One-Point Lessons, Control charts, SIC
reviews, Milestone Planning
Large no.
inputs
Vital Few

9. Impact of structured approach to problem-solving
• Step by step project methodology ensures fact-based
decisions, rather than conjecture
• Simple tools & techniques to apply at each step
• Building in a control element provides for sustaining
improvement and enabling on-going measurement