Structure ofmatter fin
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The document provides an overview of the structure of matter from elementary particles to atoms and molecules. It discusses leptons, quarks, hadrons, photons and their properties. Quantum mechanics principles including the Schrodinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and quantum numbers are covered. Atomic structure of hydrogen including energy levels, emission spectra and ionization is summarized. Mass defect and nuclear binding energy are also addressed.
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This document defines various terms associated with elements and their subatomic particles. It then summarizes Rutherford's gold foil experiment and conclusions that led to the nuclear model of the atom. The document continues by describing the key subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons), electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect, atomic spectra, Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, de Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation, shapes of orbitals, filling of orbitals according to Aufbau principle and Hund's rule.
Structure of atom plus one focus area notes
The document discusses the structure of the atom, including:
1) Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom based on alpha particle scattering experiments. This established the atom's small, dense nucleus at the center with electrons in orbits around it.
2) Planck's quantum theory and the photoelectric effect, which demonstrated light behaving as discrete packets of energy called quanta and supported the nuclear model.
3) Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom incorporating Planck's quanta and explaining atomic spectra through electron transitions between discrete energy levels.
4) Later developments including de Broglie's matter waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave mechanical model describing electrons as
Chem chapt 5
The document discusses electrons in atoms and their arrangement. It begins by explaining the wave-particle duality of light and electrons. It then discusses the historical atomic models of Rutherford, Bohr, and the quantum mechanical model. The quantum mechanical model treats electrons as waves and describes their location in terms of probability distributions within orbitals. The document concludes by explaining the rules that determine electron configuration, including the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.
Quantum chemistry
The document discusses key concepts in quantum chemistry including:
- Planck's quantum theory which proposed that energy is emitted and absorbed in discrete quanta or photons.
- Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using the particle nature of light. He proposed that photons eject electrons from metals.
- Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom which explained its spectral lines by proposing electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. Transitions between levels emit or absorb photons of specific frequencies.
introduction to laser and introductory concepts
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Laser matter interaction
this presentation includes basics of laser, introductory concepts of light and its development. contribution of light in laser technology and then introduction to laser.
Chapter_5.pptx .
This document discusses atomic physics concepts including:
1) The quantum model of the hydrogen atom and its wave functions with allowed values for quantum numbers n, l, and ml.
2) Wave functions for the hydrogen atom including the 1s ground state and 2s excited state.
3) Atomic spectra including visible light spectra and x-ray spectra with selection rules and characteristic and continuous parts of x-ray spectra.
4) Population inversion, stimulated emission, absorption and the essential conditions for laser including population inversion, metastable states, and reflecting mirrors.
6. Nanomaterials
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Radiation Interaction.pdf
Radiation interacts with matter through various mechanisms depending on the type of particle. The most common interaction mechanisms are ionization and scintillation. Particles can interact elastically through scattering or inelastically by exciting the target. Electrons interact via ionization, while photons interact via the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, or pair production depending on their energy. Understanding these interaction mechanisms is necessary for building radiation detectors.
Chapter6
This document discusses the electronic structure of atoms and the periodic table. It covers:
- Electrons arranged in energy levels and orbitals defined by quantum numbers
- Atomic spectra produced when electrons change energy levels
- Bohr and quantum mechanical models of the atom explaining electron arrangements
- Electron configurations written using quantum numbers that relate to positions on the periodic table.
Laser matter interaction
The document discusses laser matter interaction and provides an overview of lasers. It defines what a laser is, the mechanism of stimulated emission that allows lasers to function, and the typical components of a laser. It also describes how lasers interact with and affect various materials, including semiconductors, solids, and gases. Several types of lasers are outlined such as diode lasers, gas lasers, fiber lasers, and crystal lasers.
NUCLEAR PHY.pdf
This document discusses the discovery of artificial radioactivity by Curie and Joliot in 1934. When boron and aluminum were bombarded with alpha particles, the target nuclei continued emitting radiation even after the alpha source was removed. Through experiments, they determined the radiation consisted of positrons, positively charged particles with mass equal to electrons. Curie and Joliot explained that bombarding the elements created unstable nuclei that spontaneously disintegrated. For boron, this produced radioactive nitrogen that decayed to stable carbon with a half-life of 10.1 minutes by emitting a positron. For aluminum, it produced radioactive phosphorus with a half-life of about 3 minutes that decayed to stable phosphorus. This demonstrated the
ATOMIC STRUCTURE.docx
The document provides information about various physics concepts related to atomic structure:
1) It defines the photoelectric effect and gives the formula for maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
2) It discusses atomic spectra and the Rydberg formula for calculating wavelengths of emitted/absorbed photons. It also defines various atomic spectral series.
3) It summarizes Rutherford's atomic model and its limitations, as well as concepts like isotopes, isotones, isobars, radioactive decay, and the functions of moderators and coolants in nuclear reactors.
Chemistry 11
1. The document summarizes the structure and components of an atom according to John Dalton's atomic theory from 1808. Atoms are the smallest indivisible particles of matter and contain subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons.
2. It describes the properties of these subatomic particles, including their relative masses and electric charges. Electrons were discovered through cathode ray experiments, protons through anode ray experiments, and neutrons by James Chadwick in 1932.
3. The document also summarizes the historical progression of atomic models from Thomson's plum pudding model to Rutherford's nuclear model to Bohr's model of electron orbits to the modern quantum mechanical model developed by Schrodinger and He
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Structure ofmatter fin
- 1. Lectures on Medical Biophysics Dept. Biophysics Medical faculty, Masaryk University in Brno
- 2. Structure of matter http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html Lectures on Medical Biophysics Dept. Biophysics, Medical faculty, Masaryk University in Brno
- 5. The Four Fundamental Energy / Force Fields Strong : weak : electromagnetic : gravitational = 10 40 : 10 15 : 10 3 : 1 (for interaction distance of 10 -15 m, i.e. approx. the diameter of atom nucleus) gravitational electromagnetic strong weak
- 9. Quantum Mechanics tunnel effect :
- 11. Schr ödinger equation (to admire) „ one-dimensional “ S. equation Radial co-ordinates of an electron in a hydrogen atom - wave function S. equation for the electron in the hydrogen a tom according http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/hydsch.html
- 14. Ionisation of Atoms Example of ionisation: photoelectric effect h.f = E b + m.v 2 /2 The binding energy of an electron E b is the energy that would be required to liberate the electron from its atom – depends mainly on the principal quantum number. Secondary electron Primary photon excitation ionisation
- 15. Emission Spectra De xcitations between discrete energy levels result in emitted photons with only certain energies, i.e. radiation of certain frequencies / wavelengths. Visible emission spectrum of hydrogen . http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/bohr.html slits prism Hydrogen discharge tube
- 16. Hydrogen spectrum again magenta , cyan and red line according h ttp://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/CH07/FG07_19.JPG Excitation of electrons Emission of light
- 17. Excitation (absorption) Spectra for Atoms Absorption lines in visible spectrum of sun light . Wavelengths are given in Angstr öms (Å ) = 0.1 nm http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/07.html Transitions between discrete energy states !!
- 18. Excitation ( A bsorption) Spectrum for Molecules According : http://www.biochem.usyd.edu.au/~gareth/BCHM2001/pracposters/dyeZ.htm A bsorption spectrum of a dye Absorbance Wavelength
- 19. Atom nucleus Proton ( atomic ) number – Z Nucleon ( mass ) number – A Neutron number – N N = A - Z Atomic mass unit u = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg, i.e. the 1/12 of the carbon C-12 atom mass Electric charge of the nucleus Q = Z x 1.602 x 10 -19 C If r elative mass of electron = 1 Relative mass of proton = 1836 Relative mass of neutron = 1839
- 22. Isotope composition of mercury % of atoms vs. isotope nucleon number According to: http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/CH07/FG07_08.JPG
- 24. Author: Vojtěch Mornstein Content collaboration and language revision: Carmel J. Caruana Presentation design: Lucie Mornsteinová Last revision: March 200 8 Author: Vojtěch Mornstein Content collaboration and language revision: Carmel J. Caruana Presentation design: Lucie Mornsteinová Last revision: March 200 8