stress and strain terminology and its concepts
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This document presents information on stress and strain terminology related to plants. It discusses key terms including stress, strain, elastic strain, plastic strain, stress resistance, elastic resistance, and plastic resistance. It provides examples of how different crops and grasses are affected by saline or brackish water conditions. It also summarizes the effects of gypsum and leaching with various amendments on soil properties of coastal saline soils.
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This document discusses Zhou Yan's research interests in plant physiology, specifically stress physiology. It provides an overview of stress types in plants, including biotic, abiotic, chilling, freezing, heat, and drought stresses. It also discusses resistance mechanisms in plants, such as stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Zhou Yan's current research focuses on the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on soybean seedlings. The research examines impacts on growth factors and ionic balance, as well as the mechanisms plants use to adapt, such as osmotic regulation and ion regionalization.
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Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway.
The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour.
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Sink source relationship refers to the process of translocating photosynthetic products in plants. Sugars and other organic/inorganic substances produced in source regions like mesophyll cells are actively loaded into phloem sieve tubes and transported to sink regions of utilization or storage through a process called mass flow. Mass flow is driven by a hydrostatic pressure gradient created when water enters sieve tubes by osmosis due to a higher solute potential. The substances are then unloaded from phloem into sinks through transfer cells. The rate of transport depends on factors like the strength and connection of sources and sinks as well as environmental conditions.
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2. Stress can cause direct injury to plants through damage to proteins, membranes and other structures, as well as indirect injury by disrupting metabolism.
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The external signals that affect plant growth and development include many aspects of the plant’s physical, chemical, and biological environments. Some external signals come from other plants.
Many signals interact cooperatively and synergistically with each other to produce the final response. Signal combinations that induce such complex plant responses include red and blue light, gravity and light, growth regulators and mineral nutrients .
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Mechanism of uptake and transport of nutrient ions in plants
Nutrient ions are taken up by plant roots and transported throughout the plant. There are two primary methods of uptake: passive absorption, which does not require energy, and active transport, which transports ions against a concentration gradient by expending metabolic energy. Passive absorption occurs through mechanisms like mass flow, ion exchange, and diffusion. Active transport uses carrier proteins and ion pumps in the cell membrane to transport ions against their gradient, powered by ATP hydrolysis. Ions move within plant tissues through both symplastic and apoplastic pathways.
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This document discusses how the DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) gene regulates both seed dormancy and flowering time through microRNA pathways. It finds that DOG1 influences seed dormancy and flowering in lettuce and Arabidopsis by affecting the expression of microRNA156 and microRNA172. Specifically, DOG1 delays flowering by increasing miR156 levels, which target SPL transcription factors, and influences seed thermoinhibition by impacting genes involved in ABA biosynthesis like NCED and those encoding miRNA processing proteins.
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Stress and strain terminology, Nature of stress injury, resistance and causes of stress
1. Stress refers to adverse environmental conditions that negatively impact plant growth and development, while strain refers to the physical or chemical changes that occur in plants in response to stress.
2. Stress can cause both direct injury through factors like membrane damage as well as indirect injury through metabolic disorders and nutrient deficiencies.
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Lab #11 – EcotoxicologyPrelab DiscussionT.docx
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Lab #11 –
Ecotoxicology
Prelab Discussion
Today’s Lab ObjectivesTo apply your knowledge of ecosystems, population ecology, and ecotoxicology to a case study of the impact of pollution on Daphnia populations and what that might indicate for ecosystems as a whole.
To learn more about the sources and impacts of pollutants on the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, particularly the impacts of organic pollution, acid pollution, and salinity.
To learn more about the use of indicator species and to understand why Daphnia are used as such a species.
Understand what lethal dose/concentration means and how it is specific for each pollutant type.
To practice using credible sources on (at least 2 peer-reviewed) to support your arguments.
Synthesize this information into a final lab report.
In Today’s Lab
Review of Ecosystem BasicsEcosystem: All of the interacting organisms (populations) and abiotic factors that occur in a particular place at a given time
Components of an Ecosystem:
Abiotic - nonliving components e.g. Sunlight, temperature, precipitation, soil/water chemistry
Biotic - all the living things that affect an organism in its environment e.g. Organisms
Example of an Ecosystem
*
Looking at the image below…
how would you define pollution?
*
What is pollution?Definition – unnatural by-products of human activities accumulating in the environment at levels that are harmful to living organism.
Sources of pollution vary
Some specific types of pollution:AcidOrganic ThermalPharmaceuticalSalinity
Acid PollutionDefinition:
sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with air in the atmosphere (and potentially the terrestrially via run-off) to form sulfuric and nitric acids which will reenter the environment via rain.
Acid pollution is extremely detrimental to all organisms (auto- or heterotrophic) in the environment
Acid Rain is a prime example of Acid Pollution.Rainwater with a pH <5.6 = acidic.Side effect of air pollution from industry.
Basic Example of the
Creation of Acid Pollution
*
Organic PollutionDefinition:
compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
Examples: Pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, sewage, farm run-off
Organic pollutants canBe persistent in the environment for a long period of timeThey accumulate in human/animal tissues and magnify in food chains.a.k.a. They have significant impacts on human health and the environment as a whole.Are capable of long-range transportCan provide large quantities of of organic compounds and limiting nutrients, which act as substrates (food) for microorganisms, are released into water sources (algal blooms)
Examples of Organic Pollution
*
EutrophicationThe process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates.
These typically promote excessive growth of algae.Algae die, decompose, increase organic material…therefore resulting in oxygen depletion.
The Process of Eutrophication
Bioaccumulati ...
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Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological process
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
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- 1. Stress and strain terminology and its concepts PRESENTS BY K.VENKATKIRAN REDDY RAD/17-01. TERM PAPER ON PRESENT TO G.E.C.H VIDYASAGAR PROFESSOR DEPT.AGRONOMY.
- 2. Stress terminology • Any environmental factor potentially unfavorable to plant is termed as stress. • The effect of stress on plant condition is called strain. • Stress is the action and whereas strain is the reaction. • A body of a plant subjected to stress is in a state of strain.
- 3. Strain terminology • Strain may be elastic or plastic strain. • Elastic strain:- • Up to a point, a strain may be completely reversible and when the stress is relieved, the plant becomes normal. • Plastic strain:- • Beyond the point of elastic strain, the strain may be partially reversible or partially irreversible, which is called plastic strain or permanent set.
- 4. • Stress resistance • Ability of the plants to survive under adverse environmental condition is termed as stress resistance. • The stress resistance of biological organisms is of two main types. • Elastic resistance • Ability of the organism to prevent reversible or elastic strain (physical or chemical change) when exposed to a specific stress. • Plastic resistance • Plastic resistance is the ability of an organism to prevent irreversible or plastic strain. • The term resistance to environmental stress has been used for plastic resistance and elastic resistance is not clearly recognized.
- 6. Maheswari, M. (et al.)
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- 13. 2. Green forage yield (t/ha) of grasses under saline soil condition Grasses Canal water experiment Saline water experiment 1984 1985 1984 1985 Para grass 26.6 33.1 16.8 14.5 Gatton panic 16.8 18.1 10.5 9.1 Karnal grass 16.6 18.5 9.0 7.1 Blue panic 13.5 14.5 5.6 5.5 Rhodes grass 14.8 15.3 4.2 4.0 Coastal Bermuda 12.7 14.0 3.7 3.5
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