Stress is a normal physiological response to perceived threats or challenges in the environment. The document discusses stress and adaptation in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. It also covers types of stressors, effects of stressors on individuals, and coping mechanisms used during psychological adaptation to stress. Adaptation involves cognitive appraisal of stressors and use of coping resources and mechanisms to achieve either an adaptive or maladaptive response. Nursing interventions aim to reduce anxiety and promote stress management techniques.
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR - UNIT 3 PSYCHOLOGY FOR NURSES, GNM 1ST YR. Ar...Arun Beborta
In this unit we shall discuss about different aspects of human behavior, the what, why, how, when where of human behavior. We will also see the basic needs of man according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. We shall discuss the dynamics of human behavior, motives and drives.
In this topic the student will be easily learn about how to collect history from the patient and also helpful nursing students to write their care plan and care study.
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
This content is regarding body mind relationship which is part of nursing students syllabus. This topic will be useful for those who are studying psychology and other medical science subjects.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
We all feel stressed at times, but what one person finds stressful may be very different from what another finds stressful. An example of this would be public speaking. Some love the thrill of it and others become paralyzed at the very thought.
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR - UNIT 3 PSYCHOLOGY FOR NURSES, GNM 1ST YR. Ar...Arun Beborta
In this unit we shall discuss about different aspects of human behavior, the what, why, how, when where of human behavior. We will also see the basic needs of man according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. We shall discuss the dynamics of human behavior, motives and drives.
In this topic the student will be easily learn about how to collect history from the patient and also helpful nursing students to write their care plan and care study.
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
This content is regarding body mind relationship which is part of nursing students syllabus. This topic will be useful for those who are studying psychology and other medical science subjects.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
We all feel stressed at times, but what one person finds stressful may be very different from what another finds stressful. An example of this would be public speaking. Some love the thrill of it and others become paralyzed at the very thought.
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
Stress and Crisis - plays important role to deteriorate the physical and mental health of a person, so one should know how to manage it by knowing the condition, causes, sign and symptom and its intervention.
Stress is a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psycho social and/or behavioral response due to various factor that have to managed so that it may not lead into fatal psychiatric conditions
A disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences from the internal or external environments
A condition in which the person responds to changes in the normal balanced state
A biological, psychological, social or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may be a factor in the etiology of certain illnesses.
Introduction:
Understanding pharmacology related to skin and mucous membrane health is crucial for nursing students in providing comprehensive care to patients with dermatological and mucosal conditions. This guide offers essential knowledge on pharmacological interventions, including medications, treatments, and nursing considerations, to promote skin and mucous membrane wellness and manage various dermatological and mucosal disorders effectively.
Title: Exploring Respiratory System Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction:
The respiratory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. Understanding the pharmacology of respiratory medications is essential for healthcare students to effectively manage respiratory conditions and optimize patient outcomes. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory system pharmacology, covering key medications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Stress is a part of life. Everyone feels stress at one
time or another. The experience of stress & the way
one response to it are unique to each individual. The
process of responding to stress is constant & dynamic
& is essential to the person’s physical, emotional &
social well being.
3. TERMINOLOGY:
STRESS
“ It is a condition in which the human
system responds to changing in its normal
balanced state .stress result from a change in
the environment ,that is presided as a
challenge a threat or a danger and can have
both negative and positive effects.”
- Pender and Parsons (2006)
4. C ONTI…
2) STRESSOR
“ stressor are themselves neither
positive nor negative but they can have
positive and negative effects as the
persons responds to the changes.”
5. CONTI….
ADAPTATION
“ when person is in a threatening
situation immediate response occur
.those response are often involuntary
,are called coping response. The change
that take places as a result of the
responses to a stressor is adaptation .”
6. HOMEOSTASIS
“The various physiologic mechanism
within the body responses to internal
changes to maintain relative constancy
in the internal environment is called
homeostasis.”
PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
P SYC H O LO G IC HOMEOSTASIS
7. PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine
system primarily control homeostasis
mechanisms.
self regulatory, occur without
thought, & usually function to
conscious
correct
abnormal conditions.
Short term & long term stress can threaten the
physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,
11. ALARM RESPONSE
This is the “ Fight or Flight”
response that prepares the body for
immediate action
12.
13.
14. STAGE OF ADAPTATION / RESISTANCE
PHASE
If the source persists, the body prepares for long-term
protection, secreting hormones to increase blood sugar levels.
This phase is common and not necessarily harmful, but must
include periods of relaxation and rest to counterbalance the
stress response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and
lethargy result as the stress turns negative.
15. STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the
exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and mental resources
suffer heavily, the body
experiences ‘ adrenal exhaustion’leading to decreased stress
tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness
and collapse.
16. PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS
Each person needs to feel loved & a
sense of belonging, to feel safe & secure & to
have self-esteem. When these needs are not met
or a threat to need fulfillment occurs homeostatic
measures in the form of coping or defense
mechanisms help return the person to emotional
balance.
18. NEGATIVE STRESS
It is a contributory factor in minor
conditions, such as headaches, digestive
problems, skin complaints, insomnia and ulcers.
Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can
have a harmful effect on mental, physical and
spiritual health.
19. POSITIVE STRESS
Stress can also have a positive effect,
spurring motivation and awareness, providing
the stimulation to cope with challenging
situations.
Stress also provides the sense of urgency and
alertness needed for survival when confronting
threatening situations.
26. MIND BODY INTERACTION
humans react to threats of danger as if they were physiologic
threats of a person perceives the threat on an emotional
level& the body prepares itself to either resist the danger or
to run away from it. Each person reacts in Backache
Constipation
Diarrhea
Dilated pupils
Dry mouth
Headache nausea
Sleep disturbances
29. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE
ANXIETY
a). Exercise:-
Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health.
b). Rest and sleep:-
Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis & restore
energy levels.
c). Nutrition:-
It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s homeostatic mechanisms
& in increasing resistance to stress. Obesity & malnutrition are major stressors &
greatly increase the risk of illness.
d). Encouraging the use of support system:-
Support system provides emotional support that helps a person identify &
verbalize feelings associated with stress.
30. STESS AS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL & THE
ENVIRONMENT
PRECIPITATING EVENT
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
GENETIC INFLUENCE
EXISTING CONDITION
PAST EXPERIENCES
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
PRIMARY
IRRELEVANT BENIGN POSITIVE STRESS APPRAISAL
NO RESPONSE PLEASURABLE
RESPONSE
HARM THREAT C H A L L E N G E
SECONDARY
Availability of coping strategies
Perceived effectiveness of coping strategies
Perceived ability to use coping strategies effectively
QUALITY OF R E S PO N S E
ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE
31. STUART STRESS ADAPTATION M O DEL
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
BIOLOGICAL PPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL
PRECIPITATING STRESSORS
NATURE ORIGIN TIMING NUMBER
APPRAISAL OF STRESSOR
COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL
COPING R E S O U RC E S
PERSONAL ABILITIES SOCIAL SUPPORT MATERIAL ASSETS POSITIVE BELIEFS
COP I NG MECHANISMS
CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE
CONTINUUM O F COP I NG RE S PONS E S
ADAPTIVE
RESPONS E
MALADAPTIVE
RESPONS E
N URS IN G DIAGNOSIS
