Stress and Crisis - plays important role to deteriorate the physical and mental health of a person, so one should know how to manage it by knowing the condition, causes, sign and symptom and its intervention.
it explain about definition of supervisior, faculty and dual position. role of faculty and supervisior and characteristics of faculty and supervisior. different hospital who started concept of dual position. advantages and disadvantages of dual position.
it explain about definition of supervisior, faculty and dual position. role of faculty and supervisior and characteristics of faculty and supervisior. different hospital who started concept of dual position. advantages and disadvantages of dual position.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
Concept of stress and Stress Adaptation Model and Crisis and Crisis Intervention. These topic should be clear for healt service providers like Psychiatric nurces, Psychiatric social workers. Withoung knowing and understanding about it we can't help our clients.
The biopsychosocial model reflects the development of illness through the complex interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc.), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.) ... A person may have a genetic predisposition for a disease, but social and cognitive factors must trigger the illness.
The health care system and the nursing profession is expanding globally , there fore it is important for nurses to know the trends, issues and challenges in new millennium.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
Concept of stress and Stress Adaptation Model and Crisis and Crisis Intervention. These topic should be clear for healt service providers like Psychiatric nurces, Psychiatric social workers. Withoung knowing and understanding about it we can't help our clients.
The biopsychosocial model reflects the development of illness through the complex interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc.), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.) ... A person may have a genetic predisposition for a disease, but social and cognitive factors must trigger the illness.
The health care system and the nursing profession is expanding globally , there fore it is important for nurses to know the trends, issues and challenges in new millennium.
Stress is very important word of our daily life. In a simple word, it is our response to real or imagined challenges or threats. • Stress influences human biology, physiology, behavior, emotion and cognitive process.
Stress results from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger and can have both positive and negative effects.
The most significant difference between ASD and PTSD is the onset and duration of symptoms. The effects of ASD present immediately and last up to a month, while PTSD symptoms present slower and last longer, up to several years if not treated.
Acute stress disorder and PTSD are similar except that acute stress disorder typically begins immediately after the trauma and lasts from 3 days to 1 month, whereas PTSD lasts for > 1 month, either as a continuation of acute stress disorder or as a separate occurrence that begins up to 6 months after the trauma.
Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life, so you can be happier, healthier, and more productive. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun—and the resilience to hold up under pressure and meet challenges head on.
Youtube link :- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=medic+o+mania
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
Similar to Stress adaptation and crisis intervention (20)
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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1. STRESS ADAPTATION
CRISIS & ITS INTERVENTION
Presented by;
Thangjam Sarjubala Devi
Msc (N) 1st year
Krupanidhi College of
Nursing
2. DEFINITION:
In a medical or biological context:
“ Stress is a physical, mental or emotional
factor that causes bodily or mental tension.
Stresses can be external or internal. Stress
can initiate the ‘fight or flight’ response, a
complex reaction of neurologic and
endocrinologic systems”.
3. “Stress is any situations in which a non-
specific demand requires an individual to
response or take action”
- Selye, 1976
4. “It is a condition in which the human system
responds to changing in its normal balanced
state. Stress result from a change in the
environment that is presided as a challenge a
threat or a danger and can have both negative
and positive effects”.
- Pender & Parsons, 2006
5. Stressors:
“Any event or stimulus that causes an
individual to experience stress. The may be
neither positive or negative but they have
positive or negative effects”.
6. “Person perception or experience of a
major change may initiate the stress
response. The stimuli precipitating the
change are called stressors”
- Selye 1976
9. Genes
Spiritual contentment
Sexual satisfaction
Personal satisfaction
Sensory behaviour
10. External Stressors:
Air pollution
Noise
Lighting
Overcrowd
Lifestyle
Job stress
Event in life.
11. Job insecurity
High demand for performance
Technology
Workplace culture
Personal & family problem
Gender game
12. STAGES OF STRESS:
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
(GAS)
1. Alarm stage
2. Resistance stage.
3. Exhaustion stage
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
1. The reflex pain response
2. The inflammatory response
13. 1) Alarm Stage (min to hour)
“Fight or flight” response for immediate
action.
Characterised by:
Overacting of sympathetic nervous system
release adrenaline & cortisol.
Increase blood flow & blood glucose to
increase energy, increase oxygen for
adaptation.
Increase mental alertness, cardiac output,
respiratory rate, pupils are dilated.
Fear, Pressure & excitement.
14. 2. Resistance stage:
Hormones levels, cardiac output, heart
rate & blood pressure returns to the
normal levels and starts adapting to the
stressor.
Start repairing the damages that has
occured
15. 3. Exhaustion stage:
a. Initial phase:
Due to lack of appropriate measures not
able to concentrate and work effectively.
b. Burnout phase:
Loss all the energy and gets exhausted.
Complete emotional & physical
breakdown.
Required immediate attention as
depression and suicidal attempts are
common.
16. Local Adaptation Syndrome:
1. THE REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE.
Spinal reflex
Involuntary and nearly instantaneous
movement to protect the body from
damage or harm.
17. 2. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.
Voluntary response to a stimulus
Inflammatory response & repair local
tissue injury.
Hypothalamic- pituitary- adrecortical
response
27. CRISIS:
“Crisis is a state of disequilibrium resulting
from the interaction of an event with the
individual’s or family’s coping mechanism,
which are inadequate to meet the
demand of the situation combined with
the individual’s or family’s perception of
the meaning of the event”
- Taylor 1982
28. “Crisis is a disturbance caused by a stressful
event of a perceived threat. Here the
individual’s conventional way of coping
becomes ineffective in dealing with threat
causing anxiety”
29. STAGES OF CRISIS:
Phase 1: Here the crisis-producing
event has occurred , resulting in anxiety.
This anxiety activates the person’s usual
methods of coping.
Phase 2: Patient experience more
anxiety because previously effective
coping mechanisms are found
inadequate in the current education.
30. Phase 3- patient tries out new coping
mechanisms or the threat is refined so
that old coping mechanisms can work. If
new coping mechanism is effective, the
resolution of the crisis take place. If not
patient progresses to 4th phase.
Phase 4- here patient experiences
severe anxiety i.e panic, resulting in
psychological disorganization.
31. TYPES OF CRISIS:
Maturational crisis
Situational crisis
Social crisis.
32. 1. Maturational crisis:
Stage in a person’s life where adjustment
& adaptation to new responsibilities and
life patterns are necessary.
Developmental events requiring role
changes.
Influenced by role models, interpersonal
resource & the ease of others in accepting
the new role.
Transitional periods for onset of this crisis
are adolescence, parenthood, marriage,
midlife & retirement.
33. 2. Situational crisis:
Precipitated by an unanticipated stressful
event that creates disequilibrium by
threatening one’s sense of biological, social
& psychological integrity.
Eg; loss of job
loss of loved one
unwanted pregnancy
divorce, school problems
change in geographic location
witnessing something very traumatic
34. 3. Social crisis:
It is accidental, uncommon &
unanticipated and results in multiple
losses and radical environmental
changes.
Social crisis include natural disaster like
floods, earthquakes, violence, nuclear
accidents, mass killings, contamination
of large areas by toxic wastes, wars etc.
35. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
A heavy burden of free- floating anxiety.
Depression, anger & guilt- victim will
attempt to get rid of anxiety using various
coping mechanisms, healthy or unhealthy.
Incapable of even taking care of his daily
needs.
May neglect his responsibilities.
May become irrational & blame others for
what has happened to him.
36. FACTORS PREVENTING CRISIS:
Realistic perception of the event.
Adequate situational support.
Adequate coping mechanisms.
37. CRISIS INTERVENTION:
“Crisis intervention is a technique used to
help an individual or family to
understand and cope with the intense
feelings that are typical of a crisis”
38. AIM:
“For the individual to return to pre-crisis
level of functioning”
OBJECTIVES:
To provide a correct cognitive perception
of the situation.
To assist the individual in managing the
intense and overwhelming feelings
associated with the crisis.
39. INTERVENTION:
A) Steps to provide a correct
cognitive perception;
Assessment of the situation
Defining the event
Develop a plan of action
40. B) Steps to assist the victim in managing
the intense feelings;
Helping the individual to be aware of the
feelings.
Help the individual to attain mastery over
the feelings.
41. Role of nurse in crisis
intervention:
NURSING ASSESSMENT.
Precipitating event or stressor
Patient’s perception of the event or
stressor.
Nature & strength of the patient’s
support system coping resource.
Level of psychological stress
Degree of impairment
Previous strengths & coping
mechanism.
42. NURSING DIAGNOSIS:
Ineffective individual coping- refers to
inability to ask help, problem solving or
meet role of expectation.
Ineffective family coping- occurs when
family’s support systems are not
successful and economic or social well
being is threatened.
43. Altered family processes- result when
family members are unable to adopt to
the traumatic experience constructively.
Post- traumatic response- is a sustained
painful response to an overwhelming
traumatic event.
44. PLANNING:
Previously collected data is analyzed
and specific interventions are proposed.
Nurse will undertake the activities like:
Dynamics underlying the present crisis are
formulated.
Alternative solutions to the problem are
explored.
Steps for achieving the solutions are
identified.
Environmental support, coping
mechanisms need to developed &
strengthened are identified.
45. IMPLEMENTATION:
1. Environmental manipulation.
It includes interventions that directly
change the patients physical or interpersonal
situations which may remove stress or
provide situational supports.
2. General supports.
The nurse uses warmth, acceptance,
empathy & reassurance to provide general
supports to the patients.
46. 3. Generic approach:
It is design to reach high risk individuals
and large groups as quickly as possible.
Apply a specific method to all individuals
faced similar type of crisis.
Debriefing is a method of generic
approach.
In this, disaster victims are helped to
recall events and clarify traumatic
experience.
47. It attempts to place the traumatic
experience, allows the individual to
relieve the event in a factual way,
encourages group support and provide
information on normal reaction to critical
events.
The goals of debriefing is to prevent the
maladaptive response that may result if
the trauma is suppressed.
48. 4. Individual approach:
It is a type of crisis intervention similar to
diagnosis & treatment of a specific
problem in a specific patient.
It is particularly useful in combined
situational and maturational crisis, also
beneficial when symptom include
homicidal and suicidal risk.
49. EVALUATION:
Nurse and patient review the changes that
have occurred.
Nurse should give credit for successful
changes to patients so that they realize
their effectiveness and understand what
they learnt from crisis may help in coping
with future crisis.
If goals have not met, return to assessment
and continue through the phases again.