The document discusses various types of storage structures for agricultural produce. It begins by explaining the need for storage structures and then describes traditional, improved, and modern storage structures. Traditional structures include Bukharis, Morais, and structures made of mud or bamboo. Improved structures have higher capacities and longer storage times, such as Pusa bins and brick/cement bins. Modern structures include silos, warehouses, controlled atmosphere storage, refrigeration, and cold storage for large-scale, long-term storage. The document provides details on the characteristics and uses of different types of structures.

1. STORAGE STRUCTURES
PRESENTATION
ON
Tejaswini Uppuluri
PG17AGR9136
Department of seed science and technology
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAICHUR
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2. Need of storage structures
Current and future demand of the increasing population.
seeds are stored for varying periods to ensure proper and balanced
public distribution through out the year.
Post harvest losses in India are estimated to be around 10 per cent,
of which the losses during storage alone are estimated to be 6.58
per cent.
But, with the advent of improved agricultural technology, the
producer can afford to store the seeds for longer period with
minimum loss.
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3. For the best performance of storage
structure....
The produce must be thoroughly cleaned and graded.
Dried to the safe storage moisture level of 10-12 % for
cereals and 7-9% for oil seeds (on wet basis) for a safe
storage period of 6-12 months.
Storage structures should to be properly repaired,
cleaned and disinfected.
Structures should bear the load of seeds stored and do
not permit contact/ exchange with outside humid air.
Structures should be constructed in the coolest part of
the house/ farm.
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4. Requirements for An ideal storage
It should provide maximum possible protection from
ground moisture, rain, insect pests, moulds, rodents,
birds, fore etc.,
It should provide the necessary facility for inspection,
disinfection, loading, unloading, cleaning and
reconditioning.
It should protect grain from excessive moisture and
temperature favorable to both insect and mould
development.
It should be economical and suitable for a particular
situation
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5. Factors influencing on selection of storage
structures
Type of grain
Duration of storage
Value of grain
Climate
Transport system
Cost and availability of labour
Cost and availability of bags
Incidents of rodents and certain types of insects
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6. Storage facility should satisfy..
Protection
• From environmental factors & insects, rodents..etc.
Easy handling
• Facility for inspection, loading, unloading, cleaning.
Economical
• Economical and suitable for particular conditions.
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7. 1. Farmer level
2. Trader level
3. Commercial
level
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8. Storage Systems
Stored in Gunny bags
made of jute &
Polypropylene bags
Stored in bulk
quantities
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9. Types of Storage
1. Based on Duration of storage
a. Short term – Upto 6 Months
b. Medium term – Upto 12 Months
c. Long term – Beyond 5 years
2. Based on Size/Scale of storage
a. Small scale – Upto 1 tonne
b. Medium scale – Upto 100 tonnes
c. Large scale – Above 100 tonnes
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10. 3. Based on Principle of storage
a. Physical Storage – Controlling of Temperature,
Moisture & RH
b. Chemical Storage – By using chemicals like wax
c. Biological Storage – Applications of Bio-Technology
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11. Types of storage structures
Traditional storage structures
Improved storage structures
Modern storage structures
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12. Types of traditional storage structures
 Morai type storage structures
 Bukhari type storage
structures
 Kothar type storage structure
 Mud Kothi type storage
structure
 Muda type storage structure
 Kanaj type storage structure
 Kuthla type storage structure
 Metal/ Steel bin type storage
structure
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13. Bukhari:
1.Cylindrical shape
2.Used for storage of
Sorghum,Paddy,Maize, Wheat,
Bengalgram..etc.
3. Capacity – 3.5 to 18 tonnes
4.Madeup of Mud alone or by Mud
and
bamboo, floor made up of Timber
planks
Morai:
1.Used in Eastern and
Southern regions of India
2.Used for storage of Paddy, Maize
and
Sorghum
3. Capacity – 3.5 to 18 tonnes
4.Shape – Inverted truncated cone
5.Made up of wood
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14. Kothar:
• Made up of Wood as
well as Raised Pillars
• Box like structure
• Its height – 1.5m, wall
thickness – 5cm
• Capacity – 9 to 35 tonnes
Mud kothi:
• Made up of Mud mixed with
dung
&
Straw
• Capacity – 1 to 50 tonnes
• Shape - Rectangular and
Cylindrical
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15. Muda :
• State - Bihar
• Made of Narai ropes
• Cylindrical in shape
• Capacity – 1 to 10 tonnes
Kanaj :
• State – Karnataka &
Maharastra
• Made of bamboo splits
• Cylindrical in shape
• Capacity – 1 to 20 tonnes
Kuthla :
• State – Bihar & Uttarpradesh
• Made of Burnt mud
• Cylindrical in shape
• Capacity – 1 to 5 tonnes
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16. Advantages…
• Low cost of construction
• Wood/Mud Structure – Bad Conductors of heat
• Bamboo structures are made on the a raised timber or stone
platform and protect grain from rat damage and prevent
moisture absorption from the ground.
• Regular plastering material, bamboo, straw are locally
available
• Materials used for storage structure are environmentally
suitable, economically viable.
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17. Disadvantages……………
• Short term storage
• Structure construction and digging
is labouries
• Grain aquires permonted smell after
long storage
• Removal of grains is labouries
• Some times Unloading of grains is
dangerous
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18. Traditional storage practices
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Sr.
no
Crop Traditional practices Concentration Advantage
1. Pigeon pea Common salt 200g/kg 6-8 months cost-effective
2. Paddy Wooden platform
Earthen pots with water at
corner of grainary house.
- Corcyra cephalonica
3. Sorghum Ash: seeds 1:4 Sitophilus oryzae, Tatera
indica and mite
4. Pulses and
cereals
Camphor 5g/kg Short storage of 3 months
5. Ragi Neem and thumbai
leaves
- Rhyzoperta domanica,
oryzaphileus surinamemis
6. Pulses Lime powder 10g/kg Strong odour avoids
insects damage
7. Sesamum Paddy grains 100g/kg Ploida interpluctella

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Traditional storage practices
Sr.no Crops Traditional
practices
Concentration Advantage
8. Pulses Neem oil 20 ml/kg Tribolium castneum,
Weevils, fig moth
9. Pulses,
oilseeds,
cereals
Use of NSKE to
dip jute gunny
bags
10 kg seeds in
100 L of water
Repellant and seeds are
good performers in terms
of germination and
quality.
10. Pulses,
oilseeds
Neem leaves - Rhyzopertha dominica,
Callsobruchus maculatus
11. Tamarind Salt 10g/kg Ploida cautella

20. Improved Storage Structures
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 This type of storage structures there are some improvements
made in traditional storage structures.
 This type of storage structures having a higher storage capacity
and long term storage of food grains than traditional storage
structures.
 Improved type of storage structures having capacities is generally
1.5 to 150 tonnes.
 The storage of grain is generally done in one of the following
storage structures in the different rural and urban regions of India
in bulk, bag as well as bag and bulk storage.

21. Types of improved storage structures
a. Bulk OR open storage b. Bag storage
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22. Bulk or Open grain storage
• Large quantities of food grain can
be stored
• No difficulty in loading and
unloading of grain
• No need to purchase storage
containers like gunnies
• Insect incidence is less than bag
storage, even this can be
eliminated by fumigation in situ
• Avoids waste from leaking bags
• Easy inspections- saves labour
and time.
Bag storage
• Commodities are mostly stored in gunnies.
Storage in bags requires considerable
labour, but the minimum investment is
enough on permanent structures and
equipment. The storage in bags has the
advantage of being short-term storage.
• Bag storage can be done under a roof
galvanized iron sheets, a plastic covering
where grain is intended for very early
onward movement. Bags can be easily
handled for marketing purpose.
• There is no sweating of bags as they are
arranged in racks with proper inter bag
space, but, initial cost is high and they can
easily pickup infestation and retain even
after treatment.
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Types of improved storage structures

23. Difference between bulk and bag
storage
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Bag storage Bulk storage
1. Flexibility of storage 1. Inflexible storage
2. Partly mechanical 2. Mechanical
3. Slow handling 3. Rapid handling
4. Considerable spillage 4. Little spillage
5. Low capital cost 5. High capital cost
6. High operating cost 6. Low operating cost
7. High rodent loss potential 7. Low rodent loss potential
8. Reinfestation occurs 8. Little protection against
reinfestation

24. Pusa bin:
Pusa bin is like other traditional storage structures made
of mud. To make the storage structure moisture proof a
plastic film is used in all the inner sides of the bin.
Made of Mud bricks, 700 gauge PVC sheet
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Brick and cement bin:
These type of storage structures are very strong and effect of
seasons on these is minimum.
• Capacity - 1.5 to 60 tonnes, with 23cm thickness
Types of improved storage structures

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Brick and cement bin

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Bunker Storage:
These type of storage structure is used for long term storage and
a larger volume of grains storage.
• Long term Storage
• Larger Volume Storage
• Controlling Moisture levels & insects
• Losses reduction – 0.5%
Types of improved storage structures

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BUNKER

29. Types of improved storage structures
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'CAP' Storage structures:
The word 'CAP' is used for cover and plinth, plinth from the
bottom and cover from the top.
This type of open storage is considered as transit storage and
serves the purpose of storage of food grains in bags for short
period.

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CAP STORAGE STRUCTURE
• Short period storage
• Cover – Polyethylene film – 1000
gauge
• Capacity – 150 tonnes
• Space for stack – 9.11×6.1 m
• Cover dimensions – 9.4×6.4×5.5 m
• Weight of cover – 52 kgs

31. IMPROVED RURAL LEVEL STORAGE
STRUCTURES:
Bitumen/ coal tar
drum:
• An alternate model of
metal bin,
• low cost
• Dimensions – 52 cm dia
and 90 cm height
• Capacity-1.5 q of wheat
and 1.2 q of Bengal gram.
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32. IMPROVED RURAL LEVEL STORAGE
STRUCTURES:
Hapur bin:
• Circular bins
• Capacities- 2, 5, 7.2
and 10 q
• Potential to meet
requirements of even
large farmers.
32
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33. Modern Storage Structures
• Ware house
• Silo
• Controlled
atmosphere
storage
system
• Refrigeration
• Cold storage
• Evaporative
coolant system
(ECS)
• Hermetic storage
Larger capacity
Long term storage
Best regulation
Improved &
reinforced
materials
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34. Modern Storage Structures
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In India, for larger volume of food grains are to be stored in bulk
is 'silo' and conventional godowns (Shed) designed for bagged
storage.
The godowns side walls are of brick or stone masonry and
sloped roofing in asbestos or Corrugated Galvanized Iron (CGI)
sheets over steel trusses.
Silos are constructed from steel or reinforced concrete. There
are a cluster of adjoining silos in any modern large/ capacity
processing plant.
The modern permanent storage system should be selected for
the safe keeping of stored grains and other products.

35. The modern storage structures should be selected on the basis
of first on quality and then on cost considerations. There are
following types of modern storage structures.
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1. Silo type of storage structures – a) Deep bins
b)Shallow bins
2. Sheds

36. Silo
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It is also called as grain bin, grain
storage silo, It is a large cylindrical
grain storage container.
Grain silo is widely used to store
grains like rice, corn, wheat,
soybean, sunflower, peanut, rye,
flour, feed, minor cereals and other
bulk granular crops, etc.
Types of Silos:
1. Concrete silo
2. Plastic silo
3. Steel silo.
4. Tower silo
5. Low oxygen tower silo
6. Bunker Silo
7. Bag Silo

37. Silo
Silo is a Cylindrical shaped
structure
Constructed from Steel or
Reinforced concrete
Used for bulk storage of shelled grains in large
scale
Used for long term storage
Silo require high level of skill & technicalities in
design, operation & maintenance
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38. CONCRETE SILO
STEEL SILO
38
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39. • LOW OXYGEN TOWER
SILO
PLASTIC SILO
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40. BAG SILO
40
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41. BUNKER SILO
41
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42. • Commercial building for
storage of goods.
• For wholesale
distribution to other
wholesalers.
• Store, pack, & ship
fresh fruit &
vegetables.
Ware house
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43. • Controlling of CO₂ and O₂levels in
storage
• Considerable reduction in respiration rate
• An extension in storage life….. Even it can be doubled
• The preservation of an excellent firmness of flesh
• Physical alterations such as chill injuries, spot,
decay, browning are prevented
• Moulds can be reduced in particular under low O2 and
high CO2 atmospheres
• CA is successful when only applied at low temperatures
ControlledAtmosphere(CA) StorageSystem
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44. • Made of Gas tight metal faced insulated panels
• Door is surrounded Rubber gasket
• Inside atmosphere is analysed by CO₂ and O₂ levels
usingInfrared gas analyser & Ethylene analyser
• Low ethylene requirement – 0.2 ppm ( for most of
the foods )
• Srubber – for absorbing excess CO₂
ControlledAtmosphere(CA) StorageSystem
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45. Refrigeration
It is a popular household appliance for highly perishable
food materials
Essential food storage technique
It consists thermally insulated compartment & heat pump
Heat pump transfers inside temperature to outside and
brings low temperature inside the refrigerator than
outside temperature
Then microbial activity and spoilage
of foods reduces
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46. Coldstorage
Cold storage is a CAsystem
The temperature below that of the refrigerator with the
aid of R22 gas
maintain temperature below freezing point for a long
time
It has similar components like the refrigerator but
more bulky, expensive
and could store for relatively longer time
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47. Advantages of cold storage include:
• Retardation of respiration and other metabolic
activities
• Controls ripening, retards aging, softening, texture
and color change. Preserves color & texture
• Retards moisture loss & wilting
• Retards microbial activities & spoilage
• Retards sprouting & undesirable
growth.
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48. Evaporative Coolant System
(ECS)
 Evaporative coolant system (ECS) is another CA
storage.
 ECS utilizes the principle of “evaporation occurring
at the surface of a wet material to produce cooling
inside’’.
 It slightly depresses temperature below and
increases the relative humidity above
atmospheric conditions by natural means.
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49.  It is air tight structure
 It minimize/prevents gas exchange
 Disallow metabolic activities of any form by the
product, micro organism or insects
 The seed must be dried to 12-14% moisture content
prior to storage
 It maintains seed quality upto 1year.
Hermatic storage
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50. References
• https://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/FoodStorage
• https://beprepared.com/shelf-life
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
• www.Store-11.sg
• www.tanu.ac.in
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