The document discusses various traditional and improved grain storage structures used in India. It notes that while grain production has increased, storage capacity has not, resulting in losses. It then describes different traditional structures like morai, bukhari, and kothar that store grain in bulk. Improved structures include cylindrical bins made of concrete and rectangular bins under farm sheds. Bag storage structures are also used to store thousands of bags of grain.

1. Grain Storage structures

2.  There has been a spectacular increase in food grain production in India.
The annual production was 208.6 million tones in 2005-06. However,
there has only been a marginal increase in the structure for grain storage.
This has resulted in losses both in quality and quantity of the harvested
grain.
 The qualitative loss may be due to chemical changes in the protein,
carbohydrate and fat and by the contamination of micotoxins, pesticide
residues, insect fragments, excreta of rodents and birds and their bodies.
 The quantitative loss in storage may be on account of the activities of the
birds, rodent, insects, enzyme activity of micro organisms etc. The losses
in quantity also occur in threshing yards, processing plants and during
handling.

3.  It is roughly estimated that about 2/3rd of the total grain produced is retained by
the farmers for their food and seeds. The remaining 1/3rd quantity is considered
as marketable surplus.
 The total storage capacity available with various agencies of the Government is
of the order of about 10 per cent. It is obviously quite in adequate and needs to
be increased considerably in order to reduce losses.
 The main factors responsible for the losses in quality and quantity of grain are
insects, rodents and dampness. Damage by insect pests results in the food grain
becoming weevilled, causing losses not only in weight but also in food value.
 Leakage of water through roof, and dampness in the structure through floors and
side walls make the grain deteriorate in many ways.
 One of the several effects is excessive oxidation which causes a rise in
temperature of the grain, including its heating and cake formation.
 Moisture also encourages fungus, mould and termite growth, at times rendering
the entire grain stock unfit for human consumption.
 Beside this, rats cause serious loss by eating or breaking the grains into pieces.

4. Requirement of good storage
structures
 A good storage structure should satisfy the following requirements:
 (1) It should provide adequate protection from rodents, birds, insects, mites etc.
 (2) It should permit aeration and fumigation when required.
 (3) It should prevent losses due to moisture and temperature etc.
 (4) It should permit easy inspection.
 (5) It should facilitate proper cleaning and should be self cleaning if it is silo.
 (6) It should be economical on unit storage cost basis.

6. Grain Storage Methods
(i) Keeping in bags in a house (Farmers level)
(ii) Keeping in bags on platform and covering them with
polyethylene (CAP Storage)
(iii)Keeping in bags in godowns
(iv) Keeping in indigenous storage structures and traditional
devices (Farmers level)

7. Types of Traditional storage structures
i.e., Bhukhari, Morai, Kothar
In this types of storage structures the grain is generally stored
in bulk.
This types of storage structures having generally capacities
between 1 to 50 tonnes.
The storage of grain is generally done in one of the following
storage structures in the different rural and urban regions of
India in bulk as well as in bag storage.

8. Morai type storage structure
 Morai type of structure is used for the storage of paddy, maize
and sorghum (jowar) in the rural areas of eastern and southern
regions of India.
 Its capacity varies from 3·5 to 18 tonnes.
 These structures are very similar to the shape of an inverted
cone. They are placed on a raised platform supported on
wooden or masonry pillars.
 The improved type of structure consists of a circular wooden
plank floor supported on pillars by means of timber joints. The
planks are joined together with lap joints.
 All around the wooden floor a 22 gauge corrugated metal
cylinder of 90 cm height is nailed to it. The edge of the
cylinder is flushed with the bottom end of the floor.
 Inside the cylinder 7·5 cm diameter ropes made of paddy
straw or similar material are placed, beginning from the floor
level upto a height of 90 cm.

10.  Then bamboo splits are placed vertically along the
inner surface without leaving any gap between them.
 The height of the bamboo splits is equal to the total
height of the structure. Keeping the bamboo splits in
position, the grain is poured in up to the height of the
metal cylinder. By then the bamboo splits are held
erect in position.
 Now the winding of the rope as well as the pouring in
of grain are done simultaneously. This process
continues tiIl the required height is attained. The top
most ring of the rope is secured in position by tying to
the lower four rings.
 To provide a smooth surface, about 1 cm thick layer
of mud plaster is applied over the rope. A conical roof
is placed on the top of the structure having an ample
overhang all around.

11. Bukhari type storage
structure
 Bukhari type storage structures are cylindrical in shape and
are used for storage of sorghum, wheat, padd)" Bengalgram,
maize etc.
 Bukhari structures generally have capacities between 3.5 to
18 tonnes, however, smaller capacity structures also exist.
 This may be made by mud alone or by mud and bamboo.
 The cylindrical storage structures are raised above the ground
by wooden or masonry platform.
 The floor of the bin is made either by timber planks or by
bamboo splits, plastered over with mud rilixed with dung and
paddy straw.
 The walls of the structure are made of timber or bamboo
frame work and bamboo matting.
 Over the walls, mud-straw plaster is applied on both sides. An
overhanging cone type roof is provided on the cylindrical
structure.
 The roof is generally made of bamboo framework and straw.

14.  In improved bukhari type structure, the basic shape remains the
same but the material and method of construction have been
improved to make the structure more safe and durable.
 The circular floor of structure is either made of wooden planks
joined by lap joints or by a double layer of bamboo splits closely
set at right angles to each other.
 Over the floor, about 5 cm thick mud plastering is provided. The
walls of structure are made of two sets of strong bamboo
framework. The inter-space is filled with mud.
 The walls on both sides are plastered with mud.
 The roof is conical and made of bamboo frame-work and
covered with paddy straw or similar other thatching material.
 The top of the conical roof is covered with 4 to 5 cm thick mud
layer to provide additional protection from rains.
 The structure is raised on timber or masonry pillars to a height of
about 1.5 m from ground level.
 Rat proofing cones are placed on all the four pillars to avoid rats
entering the storage structure.

15. Kothar type storage structure
 These are used to store paddy, maize,
sorghum, wheat etc.
 Their capacity varies between 9 to 35
tonnes.
 The storage structure is box like made
of wood and raised on pillars.
 Both the floor and walls are made of
wooden planks whereas the thatched or
tiled roof is placed over it to protect the
grains from the sun or rain.

19. The improved Kothar structure is generally
made of 5 cm thick wooden planks and
beams.
The walls and floor are made in such a way
that no gap exists between the planks.
 The gabled roof on the top may be made of
planks or corrugated metal sheets and
should be sufficiently overhang on all sides.
The storage structure is raised on timber
post to a height of about 1.5 m above the
ground. Rat proofing cones are provided on
all posts to avoid entry of rats in the
structure.

20. Cylindrical grain bin
 Cylindrical bulk storage structures are being
used for storing different varieties of grain.
 Depending upon the size, the capacity may
vary from 10 to 40 tonnes.
 The complete structure including its
foundation is made of reinforced concrete.
The minimum height of the bottom edge of
spout should be about 1.2 m above the ground
level.
 The entire structure rests on supporting
columns. There are two openings provided in
the structure for filling the grain and for
taking it out.

21.  The top hole is made large enough to let a man
enter for cleaning purposes.
 The size of the outlet is comparatively smaller.
The outlet is placed at a point where the slope
from all sides of the floor converges.
 It should have a hinged cap shutter with a
locking device.
 The manhole at the top is also provided with a
water tight steel lid.
 The roof on the top is provided with enough
slope on all the sides and it overhangs to the
extent of about 30 cm.

22. Rectangular grain bins
 On a farm, where several grain crops are raised, different grain bins
are made under the same shed to store all varieties of grain
separately.
 The size of the bin is determined on the basis of expected average
yield of the crop from the total area under the particular crop.
 The bin walls are made 11.5 cm thick laid in cement mortar of 1:3
ratio. The bin walls are kept 2.4 m high near the outer wall,
dropping down to 1.6 m in front.
 The front wall is provided with a rectangular hole on the floor level
for taking out the grain.
 The hole can be closed or partially opened from the inside of the
bin by a wooden board.
 A wooden plank of size 60 x 45 cm is large enough to close a hole
of 45 x 40 cm size. The height of the bin wall is made low so that
workmen may drop the head load of grain directly into the bins.

23. Bag Storage Structure
 These structures are generally used for the storage of 25 to 500 tonnes of
grain.
 The length of the structure is about twice the width or greater than that.
 A typical floor plan of such a structure large enough to store about 6000 bags
(500 tonnes) of grain.
 Bags of different capacities (35, 50, 75 and 100 kg) with or without inside
plastic lining are used.
 The standard size of a 100 kg bag is 100 cm x 60 cm x 30 cm i.e. length of
bag is 100 cm, width of bag is 60 cm and height of filled bag is 30 cm.
 This bag can store 93 Kg of Wheat and 75 Kg of Paddy.