This document discusses the breeding of wheat. It begins by outlining the taxonomy of wheat and providing an introduction. It then discusses the history of wheat cultivation and its origin. The document outlines the major species of wheat that are commercially grown, including bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. It also discusses wheat production globally and in India. The document concludes by discussing future areas of focus in wheat breeding, including improving yield potential and abiotic/biotic stress resistance.
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
The document discusses the requirements for setting up a low-cost plant tissue culture laboratory. It outlines the necessary structural elements like proper roofing, drainage, and ventilation. Key laboratory rooms include washing, sterilization, media preparation, inoculation, and incubation rooms. Essential equipment includes an autoclave, laminar airflow cabinet, incubators, water purification system, balances, pH meter, and glassware. The total estimated cost for establishing such a laboratory is around Rs. 150,000 to 200,000. Proper facilities for hand washing, fire safety, and waste disposal should also be provided.
Ethylene is a very important plant hormone and it plays a significant role in the post harvest life of fresh produce. Sometimes being positive and sometimes not. The damage resulting from ethylene exposure could easily be minimized if there was a greater awareness of the potential harm and the simple measures that can be used to prevent damage.
This document discusses the fundamentals of horticulture harvesting and handling. It covers various post-harvest processes like sorting, grading, packaging, transportation, and marketing. The key steps are sorting crops immediately after harvest to remove defective produce, grading crops by size and quality, packaging to protect crops and extend shelf life during transport and storage, transporting crops via various modes to markets, and marketing crops to link producers and consumers. The overall goal is to minimize losses and maximize quality and price of horticultural crops from harvest through consumption.
detailed explaination:
"zero energy cool chambers" (ZECCs), are a type of evaporative cooler, which are simple and inexpensive ways to keep vegetables fresh without the use of electricity. Evaporation of water from a surface removes heat, creating a cooling effect, which can improve vegetable storage shelf life. ECCs are relatively large compared to the more common household clay pot cooler, and are therefore most suitable for farmers with large production quantities, farming groups, or farming cooperatives.
Packaging of fruits and vegetables serves several important functions:
It protects produce from damage during transport from farms to consumers. A wide range of packaging materials are used, including bags, crates, and cartons. Proper packaging helps maintain quality by preventing moisture loss or damage. Modified atmosphere packaging extends shelf life by reducing oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide levels inside packaging. While it has benefits like reduced waste, MAP also has drawbacks including increased costs and loss of benefits once packaging is opened.
The document discusses the International Agricultural Research System (IARS), specifically the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). It notes that CGIAR was established in 1971 with 4 centers focused on reducing poverty and increasing food security. CGIAR now has 15 centers working with over 100 partners on research programs. Key impacts of CGIAR's research include developing resistant crop varieties, improved livestock/fish practices, and furthering more sustainable natural resource management. Overall, CGIAR research has generated significant economic and social benefits globally.
This document discusses the breeding of wheat. It begins by outlining the taxonomy of wheat and providing an introduction. It then discusses the history of wheat cultivation and its origin. The document outlines the major species of wheat that are commercially grown, including bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. It also discusses wheat production globally and in India. The document concludes by discussing future areas of focus in wheat breeding, including improving yield potential and abiotic/biotic stress resistance.
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
The document discusses the requirements for setting up a low-cost plant tissue culture laboratory. It outlines the necessary structural elements like proper roofing, drainage, and ventilation. Key laboratory rooms include washing, sterilization, media preparation, inoculation, and incubation rooms. Essential equipment includes an autoclave, laminar airflow cabinet, incubators, water purification system, balances, pH meter, and glassware. The total estimated cost for establishing such a laboratory is around Rs. 150,000 to 200,000. Proper facilities for hand washing, fire safety, and waste disposal should also be provided.
Ethylene is a very important plant hormone and it plays a significant role in the post harvest life of fresh produce. Sometimes being positive and sometimes not. The damage resulting from ethylene exposure could easily be minimized if there was a greater awareness of the potential harm and the simple measures that can be used to prevent damage.
This document discusses the fundamentals of horticulture harvesting and handling. It covers various post-harvest processes like sorting, grading, packaging, transportation, and marketing. The key steps are sorting crops immediately after harvest to remove defective produce, grading crops by size and quality, packaging to protect crops and extend shelf life during transport and storage, transporting crops via various modes to markets, and marketing crops to link producers and consumers. The overall goal is to minimize losses and maximize quality and price of horticultural crops from harvest through consumption.
detailed explaination:
"zero energy cool chambers" (ZECCs), are a type of evaporative cooler, which are simple and inexpensive ways to keep vegetables fresh without the use of electricity. Evaporation of water from a surface removes heat, creating a cooling effect, which can improve vegetable storage shelf life. ECCs are relatively large compared to the more common household clay pot cooler, and are therefore most suitable for farmers with large production quantities, farming groups, or farming cooperatives.
Packaging of fruits and vegetables serves several important functions:
It protects produce from damage during transport from farms to consumers. A wide range of packaging materials are used, including bags, crates, and cartons. Proper packaging helps maintain quality by preventing moisture loss or damage. Modified atmosphere packaging extends shelf life by reducing oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide levels inside packaging. While it has benefits like reduced waste, MAP also has drawbacks including increased costs and loss of benefits once packaging is opened.
The document discusses the International Agricultural Research System (IARS), specifically the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). It notes that CGIAR was established in 1971 with 4 centers focused on reducing poverty and increasing food security. CGIAR now has 15 centers working with over 100 partners on research programs. Key impacts of CGIAR's research include developing resistant crop varieties, improved livestock/fish practices, and furthering more sustainable natural resource management. Overall, CGIAR research has generated significant economic and social benefits globally.
Bixa orellana, or annatto, is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to tropical regions including parts of Indonesia. The presentation summarizes research on the biological activities and chemical components of B. orellana leaves. Studies have found that leaf extracts have antimicrobial, diuretic, anti-diabetic, analgesic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Specifically, extracts were found to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, reduce blood glucose levels, relieve pain, and protect liver cells from damage. The leaves contain phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds that may contribute to these biological effects.
This presentation discusses traditional grain storage structures used in India. It describes common structures like Morai, Bukhari, Kothar that are shaped like inverted cones or cylinders and made of materials like mud or bamboo. These structures have capacities from 1 to 50 tonnes and are used to store grains above ground. Other structures mentioned are Mud Kothi, Kanaj, and metal bins, as well as bag storage. The appropriate storage method depends on factors like grain type, climate, costs and pest resistance. Traditional bulk storage keeps grains intact while bag storage offers flexibility but has higher costs and loss risks.
Tomatoes grown in winter have higher quality and are processed into products like juice, puree, paste, sauce and ketchup to avoid losses during peak seasons. Processing involves selecting fully ripe tomatoes, washing, sorting, cutting, heating and pulping them before adding other ingredients like salt, sugar and spices. The mixture is then filled into bottles or cans, sterilized and stored. Problems like black neck formation in bottles can be prevented by filling hot products above 85°C and reducing iron contamination.
Deoiled seed cakes are an important organic fertilizer for Indian agriculture. They are a byproduct of oil extraction from seeds and are rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Applying deoiled cakes to soil improves soil health by increasing microbial activity and the availability of nutrients to plants. Different cakes have different impacts - for example, Karanj cake improved plant growth more than other cakes in one study. Deoiled cakes decompose faster than bulkier manures due to their lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Their use can enhance crop yields while maintaining soil fertility in a sustainable way.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.Mehboob Latief
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
This document summarizes the culture of in-vitro pollination and fertilization. It describes the different types of in-vitro pollination including ovular, ovarian, placental and stigmatic pollination. The methods of in-vitro pollination and fertilization are outlined involving sterilization procedures and suitable media and explants. Applications include using in-vitro fertilization to overcome self-incompatibility in some plants or enable intergeneric crosses. The techniques used involve isolating pollen and egg cells, inducing fusion through electrofusion, and culturing the fertilized eggs on nutrient media to develop into plants. Considerations for successful in-vitro fertilization include the physiological state of
Micropropagation, also known as tissue culture, is a method of rapidly multiplying plant materials using aseptic laboratory techniques to produce many clonal progeny. Key aspects of micropropagation include taking explants from stock plants and culturing them on nutrient media, proliferating shoots in a multiplication stage, and rooting the shoots to produce clonal plantlets. This allows for mass production of genetically identical plant materials year-round while eliminating diseases.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
This document provides examples of how to calculate the seed rate per hectare for different crops. It lists the key factors needed for calculation such as spacing, germination percentage, purity percentage, 1000 grain weight, and plant population per hectare. It then shows step-by-step calculations for seed rates of various crops like mung bean, pigeon pea, groundnut, green gram, jute, maize, upland rice, and rice. The calculations follow a consistent formula and take into account additional needs like seeds for gap filling.
Jam, jelly, and marmalade are prepared from fruits and vegetables. Jam is made by boiling fruit pulp with sugar until thick. Jelly is made from boiling fruit extract, sugar, and acid until set. Marmalade contains shreds of citrus peel suspended in a jam-like mixture. The document provides recipes and instructions for producing jam, jelly, and marmalade at home or commercially. Key steps include washing, peeling, boiling fruit with sugar and acid, and testing for proper thickness or set before filling into containers.
This document discusses the scope and importance of floriculture in India. It begins by introducing floriculture as the cultivation and marketing of ornamental plants, cut flowers, and their economic products. It then discusses how India has suitable climate and soil for growing many flower varieties. While floriculture holds potential for income, employment, and exports, India currently accounts for a small portion of the global market. The document outlines strengths like climate and variety, as well as weaknesses and opportunities to strengthen the industry such as value addition, greenhouse cultivation, and developing more storage and cold chain facilities.
Day 3 - Module 3: Seed Quality Control - Session 2AfricaSeeds
This document provides information on seed quality control and certification procedures. It discusses the importance of seed testing, the roles of seed testing laboratories, and standard procedures for laboratory seed testing, including physical purity analysis, determination of other seeds, germination testing, and tetrazolium testing. The goal of seed testing is to predict seed performance, determine seed value, and minimize risks from low quality seeds. Laboratories help ensure seed quality but do not improve seeds themselves.
1. Callus is undifferentiated plant cell tissue that can form from wounds or cultured explants. Explants from any plant part can be used for callus culture.
2. Factors like explant source, growth medium composition, temperature, light, and growth regulators influence callus formation in vitro. Auxins and cytokinins commonly promote callus growth.
3. Callus cultures are used to study plant nutrition, cell differentiation, genetic transformations, and production of secondary metabolites. Suspension cultures can also be derived from friable callus tissues.
The document discusses the cashew plant, processing of cashew nuts and apples, and byproducts. It describes the following key points:
- Cashew nuts are native to Brazil and varieties are grown in countries like India and Africa. Processing involves cleaning, soaking, roasting, shelling, grading, drying, and peeling the nuts.
- Byproducts include cashew nut shell liquid which has industrial and medical uses, and shells which can be burned as fuel or used to make agglomerates.
- Equipment used includes pan roasters, drum roasters, shellers, graders, dryers and various unit operations are described for processing cashew apples into wine or dried fruit.
The document discusses the establishment of a seed testing laboratory. It provides information on the objectives of seed testing which are to determine seed quality, identify problems, and check if seeds meet standards. It also discusses following proper procedures for seed sampling, testing germination and purity, and storing records. The summary outlines the key steps for managing a seed testing laboratory which are receiving samples, conducting moisture tests quickly, preparing samples for germination tests, performing routine purity and germination analyses, completing other tests promptly, storing sample remains, and maintaining accessible records.
Incorporation of cereals and legumes in milk and milk productsRAMYAMURUGESAN3
Cereals and legumes are incorporated into milk and milk products to provide nutritional and health benefits. They add fiber, amino acids, minerals, and prebiotics which promote probiotic bacteria growth. Common milk products made with cereals and legumes include kheer/payasam, kadhi, dahiwada, rabdi, and fermented cereal-milk blends. These composite foods provide balanced nutrition suitable for complementary feeding of infants and children to address malnutrition issues.
This document discusses factors that affect the composition of milk, including:
- Animal factors such as genetics, species, breed, individual cow, lactation period, age, disease, and completeness of milking.
- Environmental factors like season, weather, exercise, and excitement.
- Miscellaneous factors including feeding regime.
The composition of milk varies due to these factors and can be modified through genetic selection, feeding, and managing animal health and stress levels.
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing isolated plant cells called protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties. This fusion occurs under in vitro conditions and can result in symmetric hybrids that contain chromosomes from both parents, or asymmetric hybrids that lose chromosomes from one parent. Cybrids are a type of hybrid where the nucleus comes from one species but the cytoplasm, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, comes from both parental species. Somatic hybridization and cybrid production allow for novel combinations of genes that can provide agricultural benefits like stress resistance but technical challenges remain in regenerating hybrid plants.
Plant tissue culture is the process of maintaining or growing plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It involves techniques like cell culture, organ culture or meristem culture to produce clones of a plant through micropropagation. The key steps are selection of explant tissue from a donor plant, sterilization, establishment of the explant on a culture medium, multiplication through cell division and shoot formation, rooting of shoots, and acclimatization of plantlets in soil. Micropropagation allows for rapid mass multiplication of plant materials while maintaining genetic uniformity.
This document summarizes the benefits of greenhouse technology. Greenhouses create a controlled environment that protects crops from extreme temperatures, wind, pests and diseases. This allows for year-round cultivation and higher yields compared to outdoor growing. Common greenhouse structures discussed include even-span, quonset and lean-to designs. The document also discusses greenhouse cultivation in Ladakh, India, where greenhouses have led to increased food production and economic benefits for local farmers in that harsh climate.
This document discusses recent advances in grain storage and handling. It notes that grains are a major global food staple and that improper post-harvest handling in India results in losses of 12-16 million metric tons annually. Modern storage structures like silos, warehouses and hermetic bags have been introduced to better preserve grain quality and prevent losses during storage and transport. These structures aim to protect grains from moisture, pests and temperature fluctuations for longer storage periods. Proper cleaning, drying, fumigation and pest control are also important aspects of maintaining grain quality in storage facilities.
This document discusses food grain storage structures and environmental control. It begins by stating that approximately 25-40% of food grains produced in tropical countries are lost due to inadequate storage facilities. It then discusses various traditional and improved storage structures used for food grain storage like Bukhari structures, Morai structures, Kothar structures, Pusa bins, metal silos, and hermetic storage. It also covers topics like causes of spoilage, moisture and temperature changes during storage, and grain pressure theories related to storage structure design.
Bixa orellana, or annatto, is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to tropical regions including parts of Indonesia. The presentation summarizes research on the biological activities and chemical components of B. orellana leaves. Studies have found that leaf extracts have antimicrobial, diuretic, anti-diabetic, analgesic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Specifically, extracts were found to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, reduce blood glucose levels, relieve pain, and protect liver cells from damage. The leaves contain phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds that may contribute to these biological effects.
This presentation discusses traditional grain storage structures used in India. It describes common structures like Morai, Bukhari, Kothar that are shaped like inverted cones or cylinders and made of materials like mud or bamboo. These structures have capacities from 1 to 50 tonnes and are used to store grains above ground. Other structures mentioned are Mud Kothi, Kanaj, and metal bins, as well as bag storage. The appropriate storage method depends on factors like grain type, climate, costs and pest resistance. Traditional bulk storage keeps grains intact while bag storage offers flexibility but has higher costs and loss risks.
Tomatoes grown in winter have higher quality and are processed into products like juice, puree, paste, sauce and ketchup to avoid losses during peak seasons. Processing involves selecting fully ripe tomatoes, washing, sorting, cutting, heating and pulping them before adding other ingredients like salt, sugar and spices. The mixture is then filled into bottles or cans, sterilized and stored. Problems like black neck formation in bottles can be prevented by filling hot products above 85°C and reducing iron contamination.
Deoiled seed cakes are an important organic fertilizer for Indian agriculture. They are a byproduct of oil extraction from seeds and are rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Applying deoiled cakes to soil improves soil health by increasing microbial activity and the availability of nutrients to plants. Different cakes have different impacts - for example, Karanj cake improved plant growth more than other cakes in one study. Deoiled cakes decompose faster than bulkier manures due to their lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Their use can enhance crop yields while maintaining soil fertility in a sustainable way.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.Mehboob Latief
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
This document summarizes the culture of in-vitro pollination and fertilization. It describes the different types of in-vitro pollination including ovular, ovarian, placental and stigmatic pollination. The methods of in-vitro pollination and fertilization are outlined involving sterilization procedures and suitable media and explants. Applications include using in-vitro fertilization to overcome self-incompatibility in some plants or enable intergeneric crosses. The techniques used involve isolating pollen and egg cells, inducing fusion through electrofusion, and culturing the fertilized eggs on nutrient media to develop into plants. Considerations for successful in-vitro fertilization include the physiological state of
Micropropagation, also known as tissue culture, is a method of rapidly multiplying plant materials using aseptic laboratory techniques to produce many clonal progeny. Key aspects of micropropagation include taking explants from stock plants and culturing them on nutrient media, proliferating shoots in a multiplication stage, and rooting the shoots to produce clonal plantlets. This allows for mass production of genetically identical plant materials year-round while eliminating diseases.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
This document provides examples of how to calculate the seed rate per hectare for different crops. It lists the key factors needed for calculation such as spacing, germination percentage, purity percentage, 1000 grain weight, and plant population per hectare. It then shows step-by-step calculations for seed rates of various crops like mung bean, pigeon pea, groundnut, green gram, jute, maize, upland rice, and rice. The calculations follow a consistent formula and take into account additional needs like seeds for gap filling.
Jam, jelly, and marmalade are prepared from fruits and vegetables. Jam is made by boiling fruit pulp with sugar until thick. Jelly is made from boiling fruit extract, sugar, and acid until set. Marmalade contains shreds of citrus peel suspended in a jam-like mixture. The document provides recipes and instructions for producing jam, jelly, and marmalade at home or commercially. Key steps include washing, peeling, boiling fruit with sugar and acid, and testing for proper thickness or set before filling into containers.
This document discusses the scope and importance of floriculture in India. It begins by introducing floriculture as the cultivation and marketing of ornamental plants, cut flowers, and their economic products. It then discusses how India has suitable climate and soil for growing many flower varieties. While floriculture holds potential for income, employment, and exports, India currently accounts for a small portion of the global market. The document outlines strengths like climate and variety, as well as weaknesses and opportunities to strengthen the industry such as value addition, greenhouse cultivation, and developing more storage and cold chain facilities.
Day 3 - Module 3: Seed Quality Control - Session 2AfricaSeeds
This document provides information on seed quality control and certification procedures. It discusses the importance of seed testing, the roles of seed testing laboratories, and standard procedures for laboratory seed testing, including physical purity analysis, determination of other seeds, germination testing, and tetrazolium testing. The goal of seed testing is to predict seed performance, determine seed value, and minimize risks from low quality seeds. Laboratories help ensure seed quality but do not improve seeds themselves.
1. Callus is undifferentiated plant cell tissue that can form from wounds or cultured explants. Explants from any plant part can be used for callus culture.
2. Factors like explant source, growth medium composition, temperature, light, and growth regulators influence callus formation in vitro. Auxins and cytokinins commonly promote callus growth.
3. Callus cultures are used to study plant nutrition, cell differentiation, genetic transformations, and production of secondary metabolites. Suspension cultures can also be derived from friable callus tissues.
The document discusses the cashew plant, processing of cashew nuts and apples, and byproducts. It describes the following key points:
- Cashew nuts are native to Brazil and varieties are grown in countries like India and Africa. Processing involves cleaning, soaking, roasting, shelling, grading, drying, and peeling the nuts.
- Byproducts include cashew nut shell liquid which has industrial and medical uses, and shells which can be burned as fuel or used to make agglomerates.
- Equipment used includes pan roasters, drum roasters, shellers, graders, dryers and various unit operations are described for processing cashew apples into wine or dried fruit.
The document discusses the establishment of a seed testing laboratory. It provides information on the objectives of seed testing which are to determine seed quality, identify problems, and check if seeds meet standards. It also discusses following proper procedures for seed sampling, testing germination and purity, and storing records. The summary outlines the key steps for managing a seed testing laboratory which are receiving samples, conducting moisture tests quickly, preparing samples for germination tests, performing routine purity and germination analyses, completing other tests promptly, storing sample remains, and maintaining accessible records.
Incorporation of cereals and legumes in milk and milk productsRAMYAMURUGESAN3
Cereals and legumes are incorporated into milk and milk products to provide nutritional and health benefits. They add fiber, amino acids, minerals, and prebiotics which promote probiotic bacteria growth. Common milk products made with cereals and legumes include kheer/payasam, kadhi, dahiwada, rabdi, and fermented cereal-milk blends. These composite foods provide balanced nutrition suitable for complementary feeding of infants and children to address malnutrition issues.
This document discusses factors that affect the composition of milk, including:
- Animal factors such as genetics, species, breed, individual cow, lactation period, age, disease, and completeness of milking.
- Environmental factors like season, weather, exercise, and excitement.
- Miscellaneous factors including feeding regime.
The composition of milk varies due to these factors and can be modified through genetic selection, feeding, and managing animal health and stress levels.
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing isolated plant cells called protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties. This fusion occurs under in vitro conditions and can result in symmetric hybrids that contain chromosomes from both parents, or asymmetric hybrids that lose chromosomes from one parent. Cybrids are a type of hybrid where the nucleus comes from one species but the cytoplasm, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, comes from both parental species. Somatic hybridization and cybrid production allow for novel combinations of genes that can provide agricultural benefits like stress resistance but technical challenges remain in regenerating hybrid plants.
Plant tissue culture is the process of maintaining or growing plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It involves techniques like cell culture, organ culture or meristem culture to produce clones of a plant through micropropagation. The key steps are selection of explant tissue from a donor plant, sterilization, establishment of the explant on a culture medium, multiplication through cell division and shoot formation, rooting of shoots, and acclimatization of plantlets in soil. Micropropagation allows for rapid mass multiplication of plant materials while maintaining genetic uniformity.
This document summarizes the benefits of greenhouse technology. Greenhouses create a controlled environment that protects crops from extreme temperatures, wind, pests and diseases. This allows for year-round cultivation and higher yields compared to outdoor growing. Common greenhouse structures discussed include even-span, quonset and lean-to designs. The document also discusses greenhouse cultivation in Ladakh, India, where greenhouses have led to increased food production and economic benefits for local farmers in that harsh climate.
This document discusses recent advances in grain storage and handling. It notes that grains are a major global food staple and that improper post-harvest handling in India results in losses of 12-16 million metric tons annually. Modern storage structures like silos, warehouses and hermetic bags have been introduced to better preserve grain quality and prevent losses during storage and transport. These structures aim to protect grains from moisture, pests and temperature fluctuations for longer storage periods. Proper cleaning, drying, fumigation and pest control are also important aspects of maintaining grain quality in storage facilities.
This document discusses food grain storage structures and environmental control. It begins by stating that approximately 25-40% of food grains produced in tropical countries are lost due to inadequate storage facilities. It then discusses various traditional and improved storage structures used for food grain storage like Bukhari structures, Morai structures, Kothar structures, Pusa bins, metal silos, and hermetic storage. It also covers topics like causes of spoilage, moisture and temperature changes during storage, and grain pressure theories related to storage structure design.
About the storage of horticultural crops using the advanced technology.Various methods of storage includes: cold storage,controlled atmospheric storage, modified atmospheric storage.
The document discusses seed storage methods. It describes different types of seed storage based on storage time, including commercial, carry-over, foundation and germplasm seed. Traditional storage methods like Pusa bins, RCC bins, circular steel bins and hopper bins are explained. Commercial storage involves bulk and bag storage with considerations for structure, aeration, ventilation and pest control. Improved storage structures discussed include conditioned, cryogenic, hermetic and containerized storage. The last section summarizes a research paper on developing neem oil encapsulated electrospun polyurethane nanofibrous bags for sustainable seed storage.
Storage is the art of keeping the quality of agricultural materials and preve...Er. Yogesh Kumar
Storage is the art of keeping the quality of agricultural materials and preventing them from deterioration for specific period of time, beyond their normal shelf life
This document describes the cover and plinth (CAP) storage system used for storing food grains like wheat and paddy in India. The CAP system involves constructing a raised storage platform with brick and mortar that is at least 450mm above the ground to prevent flooding. Dunnage made of wood or other materials is placed on the platform to support bags of grains that are stacked and covered with polyethylene sheets. Studies have shown that CAP storage prevents quality loss compared to conventional storage and is less vulnerable to pests and weather damage. However, it requires careful management and securing of covers. Hermetic storage bags also show promise for on-farm storage.
This document discusses various storage structures used by farmers for storing agricultural produce post-harvest. It describes traditional structures like gunny bags, mud bins, and structures made of bamboo or wood. It then summarizes improved rural-level storage structures like bitumen drums, Hapur bins, Udaipur bins, PKV bins, stone bins, bamboo bins, and Pusa bins. It also discusses stacking methods and structures like brick godowns, CAP storage, and silos used for large-scale storage. The key points are that traditional structures are used by small farmers while improved structures allow for longer storage periods with minimum losses.
The document discusses various advances in seed storage methods. It notes that proper storage is important to maintain seed quality until planting. Methods discussed include drying seeds to safe moisture levels, using structurally sound storage structures in cool areas, hermetic bags, metal bins, treated jute and paper bags, and modern fumigation techniques using gases like methyl bromide to kill insects in stored seeds and grains. Good storage practices involve cleaning, pest control, and regular inspection and treatment if needed.
Innovations temporary storage of food grains ciphetRamabhau Patil
The document discusses various innovations in temporary food grain storage. It outlines traditional methods like cover and plinth storage as well as more modern options like flexible silos, prefabricated warehouses, cocoons, and large plastic membrane bags. Temporary storage structures need to carefully control grain temperature and moisture to prevent spoilage during storage. The color of storage covers impacts internal temperatures, with white reducing heating. More research is needed to identify appropriate temporary storage solutions for different Indian conditions.
This document provides a lecture handout for a course on food and crop storage technology. It covers various topics related to crop storage including basic principles of crop storage and preservation, types of storage pests and structures, and factors that affect crop storage. It discusses traditional storage structures like barns and pits as well as modern structures like silos and controlled atmosphere storage systems. It also covers principles of drying stored products and classification of dryers.
Introductory presentation on storage by Er Medha Vyasmedha26
This document provides an overview of different types of storage structures. It begins by defining storage and explaining its purposes, which include assuring year-round availability of commodities and price stabilization. Various classifications of storage types are described based on duration, scale, and principle. Traditional structures include rhombus, crib, barn, shelf, and pits, while modern structures incorporate improved designs like warehouses, silos, and controlled atmosphere systems using refrigeration, cold storage, or evaporative cooling. Key factors affecting long-term crop storage are also summarized.
This document discusses food dehydration and drying. It begins by introducing dehydration as a method of food preservation that removes moisture from food to inhibit bacterial growth. It then discusses the basics of the dehydration process using heat, dry air, and air movement. Next, it covers fundamental processes of heat and mass transfer during drying. Several methods of food drying are presented including open sun drying, dehydrators, and freeze-drying. Packaging methods for dehydrated foods like vacuum packaging and modified atmosphere packaging are also outlined. The document concludes by looking at effects of drying on food quality and future trends in dehydrated food packaging and production.
Plant propagation structures in plant nursery.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Plant propagation structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, plastic tunnels, mist chambers and hot beds play an important role in nursery production. They help maintain optimal climate conditions for seed germination and rooting cuttings. Greenhouses allow year-round production and offer precise environmental control. Polyhouses, net houses and plastic tunnels are also used for off-season propagation. Mist chambers maintain high humidity needed for rooting cuttings. Hot beds provide early seedling starts using supplemental heat. These structures enhance nursery productivity and quality through customized growing environments.
Tunnel farming in Pakistan , tunnel types and challenges .ZainabBatool24
Tunnel farming, also known as polytunnel farming or hoop house farming, is an innovative and controlled environment agricultural technique designed to optimize crop production. This method involves the use of covered structures, typically made of polyethylene or similar materials, to create a semi-closed and protected environment for crops. These structures are often arched or semi-circular, resembling tunnels, hence the name "tunnel farming."
Tunnel farming has gained popularity worldwide as a solution to challenges posed by unpredictable weather patterns and the need for sustainable and efficient agricultural practices. It empowers farmers to enhance crop production, improve crop quality, and achieve greater economic sustainability in the face of evolving agricultural demands.
POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCEpptxGidmworkAbera1
This document provides an overview of storage methods for agricultural produce. It discusses storing perishable crops like fruits and vegetables using refrigerated or controlled atmosphere storage to extend shelf life at optimal temperatures and relative humidity levels. For durable crops like grains, it describes traditional storage methods like bags or pits as well as modern facilities like silos or ventilated structures. Controlled and modified atmosphere storage aim to slow spoilage by reducing oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide levels. Proper storage helps ensure year-round availability of food and optimizes farmers' financial gains.
This document discusses different types of seed storage. It describes bag storage which uses waterproof warehouses and follows sanitation practices. Bulk storage also meets basic requirements but requires more insulation. Seeds stored in bulk need frequent turning to prevent deterioration. Conditioned storage carefully controls temperature and humidity but is costly. Cryogenic storage places seeds in liquid nitrogen at -196°C for long-term preservation. Hermetic storage seals seeds in air-tight containers. Containerized storage uses desiccants to regulate humidity in closed containers. The document concludes by outlining preferred long-term storage conditions of -18°C or less in air-tight containers at 3-7% moisture.
Innovations in temporary storage of food grainsRamabhau Patil
This document discusses various temporary storage options for food grains. It outlines traditional methods like cover and plinth storage (CAP) as well as more modern options like grain storage rings, flexible silos, underground storage, prefabricated warehouses, cocoons, air warehouses, flat storage, and large plastic membrane bags. Each method is briefly described in terms of structure, capacity, advantages, and suitability. The document recommends exploring options like changing the CAP cover color to white, using prefabricated warehouses at railway platforms, and harvest bags/rings in grain markets to reduce damage from rain. It emphasizes that modern storage technologies are essential to reduce post-harvest losses and increase farmer profits.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
Layout of Hi-Tech Nursery, Pros and Cons.pptxParshant Bakshi
This presentation is about the production of quality planting material of fruit crops by Hi-tech methods. Hi-tech nursery needs special attention for plant material production in polyhouse, greenhouse, insect proof house. Layout and establishment of hi-tech nursery are discussed in this presentation.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing medium like soil or substrate to support plant life. Green walls incorporate vegetation, growing medium, irrigation, and drainage into a single system attached to internal or external walls. They differ from green facades which rely on fewer climbing plants. Green walls have existed for centuries, with ancient examples like the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, but have increased in popularity with developments in green wall systems over the past few decades. Green walls require selecting appropriate plants, growing medium, and maintenance methods, but can provide benefits like improving air quality, reducing heat absorption, and increasing biodiversity in urban environments.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Unit 2 Storage methods.pptx
1. Power Point Presentation
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
20AG105PE
STORAGE AND PACKING TECHNOLOGY
Unit – 2 Storage Methods
Prepared by,
Dr. P. Dineshkumar M.E., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology.
Dr. P. Dineshkumar / AP / AGE / KNCET 1
2. STORAGE METHOD
Storage methods encompass a range of techniques designed
to slow down spoilage, inhibit microbial growth, and
maintain the nutritional value of various food items.
When it comes to storing food, different approaches are
employed based on factors such as the
• Type of food
• Desired shelf life and
• Available resources.
Dr. P. Dineshkumar / AP / AGE / KNCET 2
4. REFRIGERATION
• Refrigeration is one of the most widely used methods for
short-term food storage.
• It involves keeping perishable foods at low temperatures,
typically between 1-5 degrees Celsius, to slow down bacterial
growth and maintain freshness.
5. FREEZING
• Freezing is a popular long-term storage method that involves
lowering the temperature of food below the freezing point to
inhibit bacterial growth and preserve quality.
• By freezing food, you can extend its shelf life for several
months or even longer.
• Proper packaging, such as airtight containers or freezer bags,
helps prevent freezer burn and maintain flavor and texture
6. DEHYDRATION
• Dehydration involves removing the moisture content from
food to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
•It can be achieved through various methods such as air
drying, sun drying, or using specialized dehydrators.
•Dehydrated foods, such as dried fruits have a significantly
extended shelf life and are lightweight and convenient for
storage and transportation.
7. VACUUM PACKAGING
• Vacuum packaging involves removing air from the
packaging around food products to prevent oxidation,
microbial growth, and freezer burn.
•It helps to maintain the quality and freshness of perishable
foods. Vacuum-sealed packaging is commonly used for
meats, cheeses, and other products susceptible to spoilage.
9. • Root cellaring is an old-fashioned method of storing fruits, vegetables,
and root crops in a cool, dark, and humid environment.
• Root cellars provide a consistent temperature and humidity level,
which helps slow down spoilage and extend the shelf life of product.
• Remember to follow proper food safety guidelines and
recommendations when storing food to minimize the risk of foodborne
illnesses.
• Additionally, it's important to rotate food supplies regularly to ensure
the use of older items before they expire and to maintain a fresh stock
of stored food.
10. FERMENTATION
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which microorganisms, such as
bacteria or yeast, convert carbohydrates into simpler substances,
typically in the absence of oxygen. This process involves the breakdown
of sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases, producing energy and generating
various flavours, textures, and preservation properties in foods.
10
Carbohydrates
Microorganisms
in the absence
of oxygen
Acid Alcohol
Dr. P. Dineshkumar / AP / AGE / KNCET
11. CANNING
• Canning involves heat-processing food in jars or cans to kill bacteria
and create a sealed, airtight container that prevents spoilage.
• The food is usually cooked, placed in sterilized containers, sealed,
and then heated to eliminate microorganisms.
12. IMPROVED STORAGE METHODS OF GRAINS
Traditional storage structures can be built upon to create a new
type of storage structure known as the upgraded type of storage
structures. Traditional storage structures typically have a lower
storage capacity than the other forms of storage structures. The
capacities of the many upgraded types of storage buildings
typically range anywhere from 1.5 to 150 tons.
14. PUSA BIN
• The "Pusa bin" is indeed a storage structure used in India,
particularly for the storage of grains, pulses, and other agricultural
produce.
• It is named after the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
in Pusa, New Delhi, where the design was developed.
• They are rectangular in shape and have a capacity of 1 to 3 tonnes.
15.
16. • Pusa bin is like traditional storage structure made of mud.
• To make storage structure moisture proof as plastic film is used in all
insides of the bin.
• To construct Pusa bin first a platform of mud bricks is made.
• On this platform a sheet of 700 gauge plastic is overlaps the platform on all
sides by at least 6 cm.
• Walls are made of Kachha bricks and these are sealed with mud plaster.
• When the walls are raised to proper height a wooden frame is placed on it.
• The upper roof is made of burnt bricks.
• For unloading of grains on inclined wooden or steel pipe is fixed in such a
way that grains may come out the mouth of pipe is closed by cover.
• The inside of all the four walls and roof are covered by plastic sheet.
• On the top an open surface of about 50 cm * 50 cm is left for loading of
grains leaving this open space the roof is sealed by mud.
17. The key features of the Pusa bin include
Aeration System: The bin is designed with perforations or small vents to allow
airflow, which helps control temperature and moisture levels within the storage
structure.
Air Plenum: The bin has an air plenum, which is a space at the bottom of the
structure that allows for the distribution of air evenly throughout the stored grain.
Rat Guards: Pusa bins often have rat guards installed at the entrances or openings
to prevent infestations. These guards act as barriers to keep rats and other pests from
entering the storage structure.
18. Capacity: Pusa bins come in various sizes and capacities, allowing for
storage of different quantities of grains or agricultural produce. The size of
the bin can be chosen based on the specific storage requirements of the user.
Eg: 2 tonne pusa bin:
1. Base – 140 x 100 cm.
2. Height – 160 cm.
3. Length – 8.5 m.
4. Kachha bricks – 1150 Nos.
5. Burnt bricks – 100 Nos.
6. Pipe for outlet
19. IMPORTANCE OF PUSA BIN
• The Pusa bin is known for its effectiveness in maintaining grain quality
and reducing post-harvest losses
• It provides a controlled storage environment that helps extend the shelf life
of grains and ensures their availability during periods of high demand or
price fluctuations.
• The design of the Pusa bin has been widely adopted and recommended by
agricultural authorities and organizations in India for improving grain
storage practices.
21. • These storage structures are very strong and therefore, the effect of
season on them is negligible.
• The bin is made on a platform raised at 60 cm above the ground.
• A ladder is provided on one side of the bin for loading of the grains.
• A hole of about 60 cm diameter is provided on the roof for the purpose
of loading the material (Grains).
• The walls of bin are about 23 cm thick with cement plastered on both
the sides
22. • Roof is made of Reinforced concrete (R.C.C).
• The base of bin is made inclined and an outlet is provided for
unloading of grains.
• The capacity of such bin is usually between 1.5 to 60 tonnes.
• Cleaning of bin and complete unloading, a provision of iron rings
steps is provided inside the bin for person can enter and exit the
bin.
23. The key features and benefits of a brick and cement bin include.
Durability: The use of bricks or cement blocks ensures that the structure
is durable and resistant to weather conditions, providing long-lasting
storage capabilities.
Protection: The solid construction of the bin offers protection against
moisture, pests and other external factors that could damage or
contaminate the stored materials.
Size and Capacity: Brick and cement bins can be built in various sizes
and capacities to accommodate different storage needs. They can be
customized to store large or small quantities of materials.
24. Temperature Regulation: Depending on the specific requirements of
the stored materials, brick and cement bins can be designed with
insulation or ventilation systems to regulate temperature and moisture
levels within the structure.
Accessibility: Access points such as doors are typically included in the
design to allow for easy loading, unloading, and inspection of the
stored materials.
Cost-effectiveness: Compared to other storage options brick and
cement bins can be a more cost-effective solution, especially for larger-
scale storage requirements.
25. SILO STORAGE
• Silos are large, airtight structures designed to store
bulk grains.
• They provide protection against moisture, pests,
and fungi while maintaining optimal conditions
for grain storage.
• Modern silos are often equipped with ventilation
systems, temperature and humidity monitoring,
and insect control measures.
• Silo storage may helps for transporting the grains
to required place.
26. HERMETIC STORAGE
Hermetic storage involves storing grains in airtight containers or bags,
creating an oxygen-deprived environment that suffocates pests and
inhibits their reproduction.
Common hermetic storage options include airtight bags, plastic liners
or metal containers with airtight seals.
27. MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
• Modified atmosphere storage techniques involve altering the
composition of the storage environment by controlling temperature,
humidity, and gas concentrations.
• This method helps reduce insect activity and fungal growth.
Example: Carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2)gas can be injected into
grain storage facilities to displace oxygen and create an unfavorable
atmosphere for pests.
28.
29.
30. INSECT - RESISTANT STORAGE STRUCTURES
These structures are designed with specific features to deter
(protect) or control insect infestations.
Examples
•Metal storage bins with smooth surfaces that prevent insects
from crawling.
•Grain storage bags with insect-repellent liners.
•Storage facilities with insect screens or traps.
31. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
TECHNIQUES
• IPM combines multiple strategies to control pests in grain storage. It
involves practices such as regular cleaning, proper sanitation, and
monitoring for early detection of pests.
• Additionally, biological control methods like the introduction of natural
enemies or using grain protectants can be employed.
32. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROL
• Maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity levels is crucial for
grain storage. Low temperatures (below freezing) can prevent insect
activity.
• Controlling moisture levels can inhibit fungal growth and reduce the
risk of grain spoilage.
• Ventilation systems and moisture control equipment can help regulate
these factors in grain storage facilities.
33. QUALITY MONITORING AND TESTING
• Regular quality monitoring and testing of stored grains are essential to
detect any signs of spoilage or deterioration.
• Physical inspections, moisture content measurements and periodic
sampling for laboratory analysis can help identify potential issues and
take corrective actions.
34. MODERN STORAGE STRUCTURES
Modern storage structures encompass a range of innovative and
advanced designs and technologies aimed at optimizing storage
efficiency, maximizing space utilization, improving accessibility,
and enhancing preservation capabilities. These structures
leverage modern materials, construction techniques and
automation to meet the evolving storage needs of various
industries.
36. AUTOMATED WAREHOUSES
• Automated warehouses employ robotics and advanced conveyor
systems to streamline the storage and retrieval processes.
• Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and robotic arms are utilized to
transport and organize goods within the warehouse.
• These systems are often integrated with inventory management
software, allowing for efficient tracking and inventory control.
37.
38. HIGH-DENSITY STORAGE SYSTEMS
High-density storage systems such as pallet racking, push-back racking
and mobile racking which maximize vertical space utilization while
providing easy access to stored items. These systems are designed to
efficiently store large quantities of goods in a compact footprint
39. VERTICAL LIFT MODULES (VLMS)
•VLMs are automated storage systems consisting of vertical
columns with trays that can be accessed by an automated lift.
•These systems optimize storage density and facilitate order
picking by automatically retrieving the required trays, reducing
the need for manual searching and handling of items.
40. SHUTTLE SYSTEMS
Shuttle systems are automated storage and retrieval systems that use
robotic shuttles to transport goods within the storage structure. The
shuttles can move horizontally and vertically along storage racks,
enabling high-speed and accurate order fulfillment while maximizing
storage capacity
41. CLIMATE-CONTROLLED STORAGE
•Climate-controlled storage structures provide precise
temperature and humidity control to preserve sensitive items
such as pharmaceuticals.
•These structures employ advanced HVAC (Heating, Ventilation,
and Air Conditioning) systems and insulation techniques to
maintain stable and optimal storage conditions.
42. SMART STORAGE SYSTEMS
•Smart storage systems utilize Internet of Things (IoT)
technology and data analytics to optimize storage operations
•These systems integrate sensors, RFID tags, and cloud-based
software to monitor inventory levels, track item location and
generate real-time insights for improved inventory
management and supply chain efficiency.
43. MODULAR STORAGE SOLUTIONS
Modular storage structures are flexible and scalable, allowing for easy
expansion or reconfiguration as storage needs change. These structures
are typically constructed using pre-fabricated modular components,
enabling rapid installation and customization according to specific
requirements.
44. COLD STORAGE AUTOMATION
In the field of cold storage, automated systems are increasingly employed to
optimize operations and maintain the integrity of perishable goods. Automated
storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), conveyor systems, and robotic picking
technologies enhance efficiency and accuracy while ensuring the cold chain is
maintained.
45. TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN STORAGE STRUCTURES
• To mitigate the effects of temperature changes in storage structures, it is
essential to implement proper temperature control measures.
• This includes insulation to minimize external temperature influences,
utilizing HVAC systems to regulate temperature and humidity,
monitoring systems to track and respond to temperature variations.
• Regular monitoring and maintenance help ensure that storage structures
provide a stable and controlled environment for the stored items,
preserving their quality and extending their shelf life.
46. 1. Product quality: Temperature fluctuations can significantly impact
the quality of stored items. Perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables,
and dairy products are particularly sensitive to temperature changes.
2. Microbial Growth: Temperature variations in storage structures can
affect microbial growth. Bacteria, molds and yeasts thrive in specific
temperature ranges.
3. Chemical Reactions: Temperature changes can trigger chemical
reactions in stored items, affecting their composition and properties.
In beverages, temperature variations can impact carbonation levels,
causing changes in taste and texture.
47. 4. Physical Changes: Extreme temperature fluctuations can cause
physical changes in stored items and the storage structure itself.
Temperature variations can also impact the integrity of packaging
materials, such as plastic containers or glass bottles, potentially
compromising the safety and quality of the stored items.
5. Moisture Control: Temperature changes can affect humidity levels
within storage structures. High temperatures can increase moisture
levels, leading to condensation, which can promote mold growth and
spoilage.
6. Energy Consumption: Temperature control in storage structures
requires energy for heating or cooling. Fluctuating temperatures or
inadequate insulation can lead to increased energy consumption and
higher operating costs for the storage facility.
48. MOISTURE CHANGES IN STORAGE STRUCTURES
1. Product Quality and Shelf Life: Moisture fluctuations can directly
impact the quality and shelf life of stored items. Excessive moisture
can lead to increased microbial activity, mold growth, and the
development of off-flavors, odors, and texture changes. It can
accelerate spoilage and deterioration of food.
2. Mold and Fungal Growth: Moisture fluctuations provide favorable
conditions for mold and fungal growth. High humidity levels can
promote the proliferation of molds, which can contaminate and spoil
stored items and also produce mycotoxins, which are harmful to
human health.
49. 4. Structural Integrity: Excessive moisture in storage structures can
lead to structural issues. It can cause corrosion of metal surfaces,
deterioration of wood, and degradation of building materials.
51. • Constructing a controlled atmosphere (CA) storage facility is a
meticulous process that requires careful planning, adherence to industry
standards, and consideration of various factors.
• These facilities play a critical role in preserving the quality and extending
the shelf life of stored commodities.
• In this essay, we will explore the key steps involved in the construction
and operation of CA storage facilities, highlighting the importance of
proper design, construction techniques, and operational practices.
52. DESIGN AND LAYOUT
• The first step in constructing a CA storage facility is to develop a
comprehensive design and layout plan
• Optimized layout planning ensures smooth material flow,
efficient space utilization, and compliance with safety regulations
• The design should consider factors such as storage capacity,
accessibility, energy efficiency, ventilation systems, and
equipment requirements
53. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• The construction process begins with site preparation, including
clearing the land, leveling, and addressing any environmental
considerations
• It is crucial to use high-quality materials that provide adequate
insulation to minimize heat transfer and maintain the desired
temperature within the storage facility
• Special attention should be given to proper sealing and insulation
to prevent air leakage and maintain a controlled atmosphere
54. Refrigeration Systems and Equipment Installation
• The heart of a CA storage facility is the refrigeration system
• It is responsible for maintaining the desired temperature and humidity
levels within the storage space
• The equipment, including compressors, condensers, evaporators, and
controllers, must be selected based on the specific requirements of the
commodities being stored
• Regular maintenance and calibration of the equipment are essential to
ensure optimal performance and energy efficiency
55. VENTILATION AND AIR CIRCULATION
• Proper ventilation and air circulation are critical in CA storage
facilities
• The facility should be equipped with well-designed ventilation
systems that allow for the controlled exchange of gases and the
removal of excess heat and moisture
• This helps maintain the desired gas composition and prevents the
buildup of harmful gases or condensation
56. MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
• CA storage facilities require advanced monitoring and control
systems to maintain the desired atmospheric conditions
• This includes temperature, humidity, gas composition, and
pressure monitoring
• Alarms and alerts should be integrated to notify operators in case
of any deviations from the desired parameters
57. OPERATIONAL PRACTICES AND STAFF
TRAINING
• Once the CA storage facility is constructed and operational,
implementing proper operational practices is essential for its
effective utilization
• Staff members should receive comprehensive training on
handling and operating the facility, including temperature
monitoring, equipment maintenance, and emergency procedures
• Good inventory management practices, such as FIFO (first-in,
first-out), should be followed to minimize stock discrepancies and
ensure the timely rotation of stored commodities.
58. COMPLIANCE AND SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
• CA storage facilities must adhere to local building codes, safety
regulations, and industry standards
• Fire safety measures, emergency exits, and proper handling of
hazardous materials should be incorporated into the facility
design
• Regular inspections, maintenance, and compliance checks are
necessary to ensure the facility operates in a safe and compliant
manner
60. • Maintenance plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper
functioning and longevity of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage
facilities
• Regular maintenance activities help preserve the desired
atmospheric conditions, maximize energy efficiency, and prevent
equipment failures
61. • Regular Inspection: Conduct routine inspections of the facility to
identify any potential issues or equipment malfunctions. Identify and
address any problems promptly to prevent further damage and ensure
optimal performance.
• Cleaning and Sanitation: Maintain a clean and hygienic environment
within the CA storage facility. Thoroughly sanitize the facility to
prevent the growth of molds, bacteria, and pests. Use appropriate
cleaning agents and follow industry guidelines to ensure the safety of
stored products.
62. • Temperature and Gas Composition Monitoring: Continuously
monitor and calibrate temperature and gas composition sensors to
ensure accurate readings. Deviations from the target parameters should
be investigated and addressed promptly.
• Refrigeration System Maintenance: The refrigeration system is a
critical component of CA storage facilities. Conduct regular
maintenance on compressors, condensers, evaporators, and other
refrigeration equipment. Follow manufacturer guidelines and consult
qualified technicians to perform any necessary repairs or maintenance
tasks.
63. • Ventilation and Air Circulation: Ensure proper functioning of
ventilation systems and fans to facilitate adequate air circulation
within the storage chambers. Check dampers and louvers for proper
operation and adjust as needed to maintain the desired gas
composition and prevent condensation.
• Structural Integrity and Insulation: Regularly inspect the structural
components of the CA storage facility, including walls, ceilings, and
floors, for signs of damage or deterioration. Repair or replace
insulation materials as necessary to maintain efficient temperature
control and minimize energy loss.
64. • Emergency Preparedness: Develop and implement emergency
protocols to address any unforeseen events or equipment failures.
Maintain emergency contact information for relevant service
providers and ensure the availability of backup power sources, if
applicable.
• Documentation and Record-Keeping: Maintain thorough records
of maintenance activities, inspections, repairs, and calibration of
equipment. It also serves as a valuable reference for future
maintenance and troubleshooting.
65. A few additional points to consider for the maintenance of
controlled atmosphere (CA) storage facilities:
• Training and Knowledge Transfer
• Calibration and Testing
• Energy Efficiency Measures
• Pest Control
• Emergency Backup Systems
• Collaboration with Service Providers
• Continuous Improvement
67. • Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage is a specialized technique
used to create a modified atmospheric environment in storage
structures
• This technique aims to extend the shelf life and maintain the
quality of grains and perishable products
• We will examine practical case studies and emerging trends in
CA storage, highlighting the advancements in technology and
their potential implications for the industry
68. PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLED
ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
• Gas Composition Control is a fundamental aspect of CA
storage.
• It involves adjusting and regulating the levels of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and nitrogen within the storage environment
• By modifying the gas composition, CA storage can slow
down the ripening process, inhibit microbial growth, and
preserve the quality of stored products
.
69. • Temperature and Humidity Management play a crucial role in CA
storage
• Effective humidity management is also essential to avoid excessive
moisture or dehydration, which can impact the texture and overall
quality of the stored items
• Packaging Considerations are vital in CA storage.
• The packaging should have suitable gas barrier properties to prevent
gas exchange with the external environment
70. • Monitoring and Control Systems are implemented in CA storage to
ensure the desired atmospheric conditions are maintained
• Sensors and monitoring devices are used to measure and track gas
composition, temperature, and humidity levels within the storage
structure.
• Control mechanisms, such as automated control systems or manual
adjustments, are employed to regulate the storage environment based
on the predefined parameters
71. APPLICATIONS OF CA STORAGE FOR
GRAINS
• CA storage offers significant benefits for grain preservation
• It extends the shelf life, reduces spoilage, and helps preserve
the nutritional quality and sensory attributes of grains
• Implementing CA storage techniques tailored to specific
grain varieties ensures optimal storage conditions and
maximizes preservation
72. IMPACT OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE
STORAGE ON GRAIN QUALITY
• It influences grain composition, attributes, and nutritional
value
• By maintaining the controlled atmosphere, CA storage
minimizes the loss of moisture content, preserves the texture
and flavor of grains, and prevents insect infestations
• Various quality evaluation methods, including sensory
analysis and laboratory testing, are employed to assess the
effects of CA storage on grain quality.
73. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND
BENEFITS OF CA STORAGE
• CA storage systems have economic advantages
• Although the initial investment may be higher compared to
conventional storage methods, the extended shelf life and reduced
spoilage result in decreased product losses and increased
profitability
• CA storage also helps optimize the utilization of agricultural
resources and reduce food waste, contributing to sustainable and
efficient agricultural practices
74. EMERGING TRENDS AND FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
• The field of CA storage is continuously evolving, with
emerging trends and technological advancements
• Innovations in monitoring and control systems, integration of
Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and data analytics are
shaping the future of CA storage
• Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage is a valuable technique
for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of
grains and perishables
75. • CA Storage for Apples: Apples are commonly stored in
controlled atmosphere conditions to maintain their quality and
extend their shelf life. The gas composition is adjusted to reduce
oxygen levels and increase carbon dioxide levels, which slows
down the ripening process and inhibits microbial growth.
• CA Storage for Potatoes: Potatoes are often stored in controlled
atmosphere conditions to prevent sprouting and reduce spoilage.
Controlled atmosphere storage helps maintain the firmness and
color of potatoes, reducing losses due to sprouting and decay.
76. • CA Storage for Grains: Various grains, such as wheat, rice, and
maize, can benefit from controlled atmosphere storage. By adjusting
the gas composition and regulating temperature and humidity, the
storage life of grains can be prolonged, preserving their nutritional
quality and preventing insect infestations.
• CA Storage for Cut Flowers: Cut flowers, such as roses, carnations,
and orchids, are commonly stored in controlled atmosphere conditions
to extend their vase life. By reducing ethylene levels and maintaining
optimal temperature and humidity, the quality and freshness of cut
flowers can be preserved for longer periods.
77. • CA Storage for Fresh Vegetables: Various fresh vegetables,
including lettuce, spinach, and broccoli, can benefit from
controlled atmosphere storage. By maintaining optimal gas
composition and humidity levels, the shelf life of vegetables can
be extended, minimizing post-harvest losses
79. • CAP storage structures, also known as Controlled
Atmosphere Packaging, are designed to create a modified
atmospheric environment around the stored products
• This controlled atmosphere helps to extend the shelf life and
maintain the quality of perishable items, such as fruits,
vegetables, and certain food products
80. • Purpose and Benefits: The primary purpose of CAP storage
structures is to regulate the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
sometimes nitrogen within the storage environment. By controlling
these gases, CAP aims to slow down the ripening process, inhibit
microbial growth, and prevent quality deterioration in the stored
products.
• Gas Composition Control: Temperature and humidity control are
integral to CAP storage structures. Monitoring and regulating
temperature and humidity within CAP structures are critical to
optimizing storage conditions.
• Packaging and Sealing: It require specific packaging materials and
sealing techniques to maintain the desired gas composition.
81. • Monitoring and Control Systems: CAP storage structures typically
incorporate monitoring and control systems to ensure the desired
atmospheric conditions are maintained. Automated control systems
can adjust gas composition or activate ventilation as needed, based on
predefined parameters.
• Application and Considerations: CAP storage structures are
commonly used in the storage and transportation of fresh produce,
including fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers. They can also be
employed in certain processed food products, such as bakery items
and snack foods