Its about use of Osmotic dehydration in food processing, its principle, factors affecting OD, advantages and disadvantages of OD process, impact of OD on quality properties of fruits
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
The detailed description on theory of dryer, mechanism of drying and stages of drying. Water activity, types of dryers used in food processing industry, concept of osmotic dehydration of foods is discussed.
Its about use of Osmotic dehydration in food processing, its principle, factors affecting OD, advantages and disadvantages of OD process, impact of OD on quality properties of fruits
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
The detailed description on theory of dryer, mechanism of drying and stages of drying. Water activity, types of dryers used in food processing industry, concept of osmotic dehydration of foods is discussed.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
CAP and MAP (Controlled atmospheric packaging and Modified atmospheric packaging) of food products using Nitrogen gas. Food products that are durable and perishable, how Nitrogen gas protects foods from spoilage.
Drying is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration.
Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, The drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of color appearance, flavor, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables.
The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
CAP and MAP (Controlled atmospheric packaging and Modified atmospheric packaging) of food products using Nitrogen gas. Food products that are durable and perishable, how Nitrogen gas protects foods from spoilage.
Drying is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration.
Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, The drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of color appearance, flavor, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables.
The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
Study on Physicochemical Properties and Microstructure of Taro Starch in TaizhouAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In order to compare the physical and chemical properties of taro in Taizhou area, taro starch was extracted through the method of spray drying , the blue values, solubility, swelling force, amino acid of amylose and amylopectin and taro starch granules were studied. The results showed that the blue values of amylose were1.16, 0.97, 1.1 in Taixing, jingjiang and xinghua taro respectively, the blue values of amylopectin were 0.19, 0.14, 0.13 in Taixing, jingjiang and xinghua taro respectively. In the comparison of solubility, taixing xianghe taro had a wide distribution, the following sequence was observed: jingjiang xiangsha taro >xinghua longxiang taro. Analyses of amino acids were 3.03mg/100g in taixing xianghe taro starch which was more than the other two taros. The nutritional assessment of amino acids suggested that the taixing xianghe and xinghua longxiang taro contained delicious amino acids which of EAA were 38% and 44% respectively. Taixing xianghe taro contained the highest content of phosphorus and potassium, which were 1419 mg/kg and 8084 mg/kg separately. Granule morphology showed that starch particles of taixing xianghe taro were smaller than those of taros and the surface was smooth, uniformly. Particle shape was spherical. Xinghua longxiang taro particles with irregular diamond, Jingjiang xiangsha taro starch particles was irregular sphere, and spherical surface was uneven. Taizhou taro was delicate, delicious, which of the taixing xianghe taro was with better quality on the domestic market.
Study On dehydration of Papaya Slices Using Osmotic Dehydration Mediated Hot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Study on blanched allahabad safeda guava (psidiumguajavaAmbily Elizabath
The aim of the present investigation was to compare between heat pretreatments i.e hot water blanching and steam blanching on Allahabad safeda guava. bio-chemical properties (moisture, total soluble solids (T.S.S.), acidity, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), reducing sugar and total phenol content (T.P.C.) and peroxidase enzyme inactivation and changes in colour) were studied. Minimal REA and higher a* value was found for hot water blanching for prolonged time & steam blanching for less time. Hence steam blanching was found sufficient to blanch the Allahabad Safeda guava, In context to bio-chemical properties percent acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar were decreased significantly (at 5% level of significance) and moisture content, T.S.S., T.P.C were increased significantly (at 5% level of significance) in comparison with the raw guava sample i.e. control sample. Peroxidase inactivation followed a first order Arrhenius model, where rate of the reaction at 1000C(steam blanching) was 0.06 x 10-3 s-1. Good agreement was found between estimated and experimental data (R2 = 0.995). Colour was quantified using the L, a, b in X-rite color lab system and based on these readings, Total colour difference (TCD) was calculated. Blanched treatments had the smaller variation compared to the control, for the X-rite color dimensions.
This is an assignment i did for the course
AGP - 512: Beverages and Fermentation Technology
during my M. Sc. at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU).
Contains the following:
1. Determination of carbon dioxide volume of carbonated beverages available in local markets
2. Preparation of Cordials from Fruit Juice (Lime)
3. Preparation of Fruit Juice Drink (Mango)
4. Preparation of Squashes from Fruit Juice (Mango)
5. Preparation of Ready to Serve - RTS (Mango)
6. Preparation of Nectar from fruit Juice (Mango)
Insects
Insects of different kinds are found to cause serious problems to okra crop. Fruit borer is
found to be the major insect which causes severe damage to okra pods in Comilla. Higher
doses of the insecticides are applied with shorter intervals to control insect pests by the
growers.
Diseases
Diseases, namely yellow mosaic, rots and leaf curl are found to cause serious damage to
okra crop. However, the most serious problem of okra cultivation is due to the infection by
Yellow Mosaic Virus according to 96% of the growers of the surveyed Upazillas of
Comilla. In Chandina Upazilla of Comilla, leaf curl (viral disease) is found to cause
significant damage to okra crop.
Control measures
Most of the growers use chemicals for controlling insect and disease attacks. The
commonly used insecticides and fungicides in the surveyed Upazillas are Dursban, Suntap,
Sumithion and Carrate (insecticides), and Bavistin, Knowin Power, Indofil and Redomil
(fungicides). Amongst the pesticides, Dursban, Bavistin and Knowin Powder are mostly
used. The growers of the surveyed Upazillas are found to apply pesticides at the rates
varied from 10-20 g/10-16 L of water (≈ 1-2 g/L water). The recommended doses of some
important pesticides are: 2 mL/L (Dursban 20EC), 2.4 g/L (Suntap 50SP), 1 mL/L
(Carrate 2.5 EC), 2.24 ml/L (Sumithion 50EC), 1 g/L (Bavistin 50WP), 2 g/L (Knowin
50WP) and 2 g/L (Redomil Gold) (Rahman 2008). The findings of the survey suggest that
generally the growers use the recommended doses of pesticides except for the fact that the
growers often use cocktail of pesticides with shorter interval to ensure total control of
pests and diseases.In papaya, red mite and fruit fly are found to be the predominant insect pests in Pabna.
Papaya mosaic and leaf curl are also found to be the most serious diseases in the papaya
plantation in Ishurdi of Pabna, one of the leading papaya growing zones in Bangladesh.
3.7 Pest and diseases of orange
Different types of bugs and beetles are found to cause damage to orange plants in
Moulvibazar. Die back is observed to be the most serious disease in orange plantation in
the Juri and Borolekha Upazillas of Moulvibazar.
3.8 Pest and diseases of brinjal
Insects
Insects of different kinds are found to cause serious problems to brinjal crop. The most
serious insect of brinjal is shoot and fruit borer. To control insect damage, higher doses of
insecticides with shorter intervals are very often practiced by the growers.
Diseases
In the case of brinjal, the major disease is wilt (64% in Raipura and 52% in Shibpur
Upazillas of Norshingdi district).
Control measures
All the brinjal growers use pesticides to grow brinjal. The growers use insecticides and
fungicides along with PGRs as cocktail. The major insecticides are of the Cypermethrin
(Superthion) and Dimethoate (Tafgor 40EC) groups, whereas the major fungicides are
Dithane M 45, Thiovit, Minicaper and Redomil. Presently, the consumers are re
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...
Osmatic dehydration
1. OSMATIC DEHYDRATION OF FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES PROCESSING
Presented by
N. SAI PRASANNA
Roll No.: 17AG63R20
Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering
IIT Kharagpur
2. CONTENTS
•Introduction
•Principles of osmatic dehydration
•Factors affecting OD
•Different osmatic agents and their effects
•Flow chart of OD process
•Advantages
•Drawbacks
• Case study
3. INTRODUCTION
•Osmotic dehydration is process of immersing cellular
materials into a concentrated solution for partial
removal of water while increasing the solid contents.
•The complex cellular structure, the cell wall and the
surface of the tissue acts as a semi-permeable surface.
•It is a low temperature process.
4. PRINCIPLE OF OD
• The underlying principle is that water diffuses from dilute
solution (Hypotonic solution) to concentrated solution
(Hypertonic solution) through a semi-permeable membrane
till equilibrium is established.
• The driving force for water removal is the concentration
gradient between the solution and the intracellular fluid.
• If the membrane is perfectly semi-permeable, solute is unable
to diffuse through the membrane into the cells.
5. FACTORS AFFECTING OD PROCESS
• Types of osmotic agent
- molecular weight and size
- ionic state and pH
- solubility of the solute
- chemical composition and structure
• Concentrations of osmotic agent
• Processing temperatures
• Agitation or stirring process
• Osmatic solution to food mass ratio
• Geometry of the food material
6. DIFFERENT OSMOTIC AGENTS & THEIR EFFECTS
OSMOTIC
AGENT
EFFECT
Calcium
Chloride
Increases the firmness of fruits and preserves the
texture during storage.
Ethanol Decreases viscosity and freezing point of the
osmotic solution in cooling and freezing processes.
Fructose high water loss and low solid gain. Increases the
dry matter content and water activity of the final
product is also lower.
Lactose It has much lower level of sweetness than sucrose.
Low solubility in aqueous solution
7. OSMOTIC AGENT EFFECT
Malto Dextrin It can be used as an osmosis solute at higher
total solids concentratioor in mixed systems
High solid gain
Sodium Chloride Mostly used for vegetables as it retards
oxidative and non-enzymatic browning.
Sucrose / Sugar high water loss and low solid gain; it
reduces browning by preventing the entry of
oxygen.
Starch / Corn syrup Favours similar final water content with
minimal solid gain.
SOURCE: International journal of preservation of fruits and vegetables.
8. Flow chart of osmotic dehydration process
Selection of raw material
Washing
Preparation of fruits
Osmatic
treatment
DrainingPretreatment
Packaging
Dehydration of
fruits slices
Storage
Peeling
Labeling
9. ADVANTAGES
•Quality improvement in terms of color, flavour or aroma
and texture.
•Energy efficient as compared to other dehydration
techniques namely air, vacuum and tray drying.
•More product stability during storage due to low water
activity by solute gain and water loss.
•Flavor retention is also more when sugar or sugar syrup is
used as an osmotic agent.
•There is minimum loss of color, flavor and nutrients.
10. • It increases resistance to heat treatment.
• Acid removal and sugar uptake by fruits modifies the
composition and improves the taste and acceptability.
• It prevents the enzymatic browning and inhibits activities of
polyphenol oxidases.
• Constant immersion of product in osmotic agents avoids the
oxygen exposure, the product retains better colour.
• It helps to retain the shape of the dehydrated products.
• The process could prove to be good for production of the ready
to eat foods such as raisins etc.
11. • The process reduces volume of the products thereby saving in the cost of
processing, storage and transport.
• It protects against structural collapse of product during drying.
DRAWBACKS:
• The reduction in acidity level reduces the characteristic taste of some
products. This can be overcome by adding fruit acid in the solution.
• Solute uptake and leaching of valuable product constituents often lead to
substantial modification of the original product composition with a
negative impact on sensory characteristics and nutritional profile.
• Sugar uptake results in development of a concentrated solids layer under
the surface of the fruit, upsetting osmotic pressure gradient across the
fruit interface and decreasing the driving force for water flow.
12. CASE STUDY
TITLE:
Effect of osmotic dehydration process on the physical,
chemical and sensory properties of osmo-dried
cantaloupe
AUTHORS:
1.Phisut, N.,
2.Rattanawedee, M. and
3.Aekkasak, K.
JOURNAL :
International Journal of Food Science and Technology
Year of published: 2013.
13. Objectives
•To investigate the effect of osmotic dehydration process
on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of osmo-
dried cantaloupe.
•The pre-treatment effect of calcium salts (calcium
chloride and calcium lactate) on the firmness(structure) of
fresh cantaloupe was investigated.
•Two osmotic dehydration methods including fast osmotic
dehydration (FOD) and slow osmotic dehydration (SOD)
commonly use to produce osmo-dried fruit.
14. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of Material
Cantaloupe with 10–11% TSS
Sample preparation
The fruits were washed, hand-peeled and cut into
slices with approximately 3×3.5×1.5 cm.
Pretreatment process
The slices were immersed in two calcium sources
(calcium chloride and calcium lactate) at two
concentrations (2% and 3%) for 5 h.
15. OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION PROCESS
Two osmotic dehydration methods (FOD and SOD)
performed under temperature 30°C at 1:3 (fruits : osmotic
solution).
FOD - immersed continuously in 50°Brix sucrose solution
for 24 h and then washed in water (50°C).
SOD - 30°Brix sucrose solution for 24 h, 40°Brix sucrose
solution for 24 h, 50°Brix sucrose solution for another 24 h
and then washed in water (50°C).
Dried by using hot air oven at 60°C until the moisture
content was below 18%.
16. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT
Colour and texture measurement
Hunter Lab colorimeter
Texture analyzer
Browning measurement
1. 20g sample was rehydrated for 10 min in 50 ml acetic
acid and homogenized for 5 min.
2. Then diluted to 200 ml with acetic acid solution.
3. The mixture was filtrated through filter paper.
4. The clarified sample solution was measured browning
intensity by spectrophotometer at 420 nm.
17. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS
Determination of pH
pH meter calibrated (buffers of 4.0 and 7.0)
at ambient temperature.
Determination of total acidity (% citric acid)
1. 10g sample homogenized in 30 ml of DW.
2. Made up to 50 ml and homogenate was filtered.
3. Centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min.
4. The supernatant was titrated with 0.01N NaOH with
1% phenolphthalein solution as an indicator.
18. Determination of moisture content
1. 2-5 g of the sample was placed in a pre-dried aluminum
dish and dried in an hot air oven at 110°C for 6h.
2. Dried sample was placed in desiccator & cooled for 0.5 h.
3. The weight was recorded and moisture percent based on
the initial wet weight was calculated.
Determination of water activity (water activity meter)
1. The sample was cut into tiny pieces & inserted into sample cup.
2. This was made immediately to restrict moisture transfer from the air
to the samples.
Determination of total sugar & reducing sugar
(grams of glucose per 100 g of sample)
Volumetric method using titration with Fehling’s reagents.
19. Determination of vitamin C (mg of vitamin C/gm of sample)
1. 450 mg of sample extracted with meta phosphoric acid for 45 min
at room temperature.
2. Filtered through the filter paper.
3. The filtrate (1 ml) was mixed with 2,6-dichloroindophenol.
4. Absorbance measured within 30 min at 515 nm against a blank.
5. A calibration curve of L-ascorbic acid to quantify vitamin C content
Sensory analysis
1. Calcium-treated samples - texture and taste
2. The quality and consumer acceptability
- colour, appearance, flavour, texture and overall acceptability.
3. Colour - visual observation
4. Texture - eating
5. Flavour - smell and taste
20. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Physical properties of osmo-dried cantaloupe
L* = Lightness,
a* = Redness and greenness
b* = yellowness and blueness.
PROPERTIES FOD SOD
Colour L*
a*
b*
56.79 ±0.37
14.63 ±0.59
22.08 ±1.11
57.74 ±0.37
14.03 ±0.40
21.08 ±0.39
Hardness 21.35 ±0.41 18.05 ±0.63
Browning index 0.29 ±0.05 0.27 ±0.07
21. Chemical properties of osmo-dried cantaloupe
PROPERTIES FOD SOD
Moisture content (%) 14.78 ±0.23 14.08 ±0.53
Water activity (aw) 0.72 ±0.00 0.69 ±0.01
pH 5.44 ±0.13 5.72 ±0.13
Total acidity (% ) 0.12 ±0.03 0.07 ±0.00
Reducing sugar(%) 14.03 ±0.52 14.11 ±0.53
Total sugar (%) 39.25±0.56 44.57 ±0.68
Vitamin C (mg/100g) 30.01±0.58 19.21 ±0.61
22. Sensory evaluation of osmo-dried cantaloupe
cantaloupe slices immersed in various calcium salts
Sensory treatments FOD SOD
Colour 6.57 6.91
Appearance 6.17 7.15
Texture 6.11 7.05
Flavour 6.52 6.59
Calcium salts/Sensory attributes Texture Taste
Calcium chloride ( 2% for 3hr) 6.72 3.72
Calcium chloride ( 3% for 3hr) 6.78 2.77
Calcium lactate ( 2% for 3hr) 6.62 6.84
Calcium lactate ( 3% for 3hr) 6.74 6.56
23. CONCLUSION
• CaCl had higher firmness,
higher amount of free calcium ions available for pectin linkage and
all calcium ions are dissociated than calcium lactate.
• Low score of taste 2% or 3% of CaCl compared to calcium lactate.
• High concentration of CaCl may result in the bitter taste.
• Hence 2% calcium lactate for 3 hr proposed as an alternative
source of calcium to use for improvement the texture of cantaloupe.
Editor's Notes
http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5030E/V5030E0j.htm
The common solute types used as an osmotic agent are sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, glycerol, glucose syrup, corn syrup and fructo-oligosaccharide.
Sugar
coating is not desirable in certain products and
quick rinsing may be necessary after the
treatment.
During immersion, the slices were collected at 1 h interval until the end of process to measure the firmness by Texture analyser. Moreover, sensory evaluation was done in each treatment presented the highest firmness.
The firmness (gf) of calcium salt-treated samples was evaluated using a puncture probe. The hardness (N) of osmo-dried cantaloupe was evaluated using a knife blade probe.
a decrease in L* value and an increase in a* values could be a result of browning reactions occurring during hot-air drying. Maillard reaction is mainly responsible for browning