Steroids
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Steroids are organic compounds with four carbon rings that have important biological functions. They are synthesized in glands and delivered through the bloodstream to target tissues. There are several types of steroids including sex steroids that influence reproduction, anabolic steroids that increase muscle and bone synthesis, and corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory effects. Steroids can be synthesized chemically or biologically from cholesterol in the body. Their metabolism involves breakdown by cytochrome enzymes and excretion of metabolites from the liver. Deficiencies can result in symptoms like weakness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal issues.
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1.steroids
This document provides information about steroids, including their structure, classification, identification tests, and history. It can be summarized as follows:
Steroids have a basic structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. They are classified based on their C-17 substituent into groups like sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids. Common identification tests for steroids include the Liebermann-Burchard test and Salkowski reaction. The history of steroids research is traced from the early isolation of cholesterol in the 1920s-1930s to the elucidation of their structures and roles in physiology in later decades
Steroid hormone progesterone
Progesterone is a female sex hormone synthesized in the ovaries and placenta. It prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is derived from cholesterol through a series of reactions. It is converted from pregnenolone by adding a keto group and shifting a double bond. Progesterone levels fluctuate over the menstrual cycle, rising after ovulation. It is eventually inactivated by the liver through reduction and conjugation reactions and excreted in urine.
Steroids
This document discusses steroids, their stereochemistry, nomenclature and the chemistry of cardiac glycosides and sterols. It describes how steroids have a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring nucleus and includes compounds like sterols, bile acids and hormones. It covers the classification, structures and examples of different types of cardiac glycosides like cardenolides and bufadienolides. Key cardiac glycosides discussed include digoxin, digitoxin and ouabain. The document also summarizes the chemistry of cholesterol, phytosterols and important plant sources of cardiac glycosides such as Digitalis, Strophanthus and Squill.
Steroids
Steroids are a class of organic compounds that consist of four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. They are widely distributed in both animals and plants. Steroids include all sex hormones, adrenal cortical hormones, bile acids, and sterols of vertebrates. Small modifications to the molecular structure of steroids can produce significant differences in biological activity. Steroids are classified based on structural features and source. Important classes include sterols, cardiac glycosides, and sex hormones. The structures of important steroids like cholesterol, progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone were elucidated through chemical reactions and spectroscopy. Steroid nomenclature follows IUPAC rules with prefixes to
Steroids
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
Steroids, testosterone and progesterone
1) Steroids are organic compounds that contain a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. They include hormones like vitamin D, bile acids, and sex hormones.
2) The document discusses the structural elucidation of the steroid hormones testosterone and progesterone. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, while progesterone is a female sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
3) Through analysis and reactions, the key features of each steroid's structure were determined, including functional groups, double bonds, and the characteristic tetracyclic steroid nucleus.
Cholesterol
This document provides information about sterols and cholesterol. It defines sterols as crystalline steroids that contain an alcoholic group. Cholesterol is introduced as a key animal sterol present in mammalian tissues. The complete constitution of cholesterol is then elucidated, including that it has a tetracyclic nucleus containing a hydroxyl group at position 3 and a double bond between carbons 5 and 6, with an isohexylmethyl side chain attached at carbon 17. Several reactions are described to support the structural analysis of cholesterol.
Terpenoids
Group A presented on terpenoids, a large class of organic compounds found in plants composed of linked isoprene units. Terpenoids have unsaturated and volatile properties and represent the essential oils and active constituents of plants. They undergo various chemical reactions and can be isolated from plants through steam distillation or expression. Specific terpenoids discussed include amyrin, geraniol, and their importance. Terpenoids have many applications in perfumes, cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic properties such as being antiseptic, analgesic, and insect repellents.
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1.steroids
This document provides information about steroids, including their structure, classification, identification tests, and history. It can be summarized as follows:
Steroids have a basic structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. They are classified based on their C-17 substituent into groups like sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids. Common identification tests for steroids include the Liebermann-Burchard test and Salkowski reaction. The history of steroids research is traced from the early isolation of cholesterol in the 1920s-1930s to the elucidation of their structures and roles in physiology in later decades
Steroid hormone progesterone
Progesterone is a female sex hormone synthesized in the ovaries and placenta. It prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is derived from cholesterol through a series of reactions. It is converted from pregnenolone by adding a keto group and shifting a double bond. Progesterone levels fluctuate over the menstrual cycle, rising after ovulation. It is eventually inactivated by the liver through reduction and conjugation reactions and excreted in urine.
Steroids
This document discusses steroids, their stereochemistry, nomenclature and the chemistry of cardiac glycosides and sterols. It describes how steroids have a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring nucleus and includes compounds like sterols, bile acids and hormones. It covers the classification, structures and examples of different types of cardiac glycosides like cardenolides and bufadienolides. Key cardiac glycosides discussed include digoxin, digitoxin and ouabain. The document also summarizes the chemistry of cholesterol, phytosterols and important plant sources of cardiac glycosides such as Digitalis, Strophanthus and Squill.
Steroids
Steroids are a class of organic compounds that consist of four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. They are widely distributed in both animals and plants. Steroids include all sex hormones, adrenal cortical hormones, bile acids, and sterols of vertebrates. Small modifications to the molecular structure of steroids can produce significant differences in biological activity. Steroids are classified based on structural features and source. Important classes include sterols, cardiac glycosides, and sex hormones. The structures of important steroids like cholesterol, progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone were elucidated through chemical reactions and spectroscopy. Steroid nomenclature follows IUPAC rules with prefixes to
Steroids
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
Steroids, testosterone and progesterone
1) Steroids are organic compounds that contain a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. They include hormones like vitamin D, bile acids, and sex hormones.
2) The document discusses the structural elucidation of the steroid hormones testosterone and progesterone. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, while progesterone is a female sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
3) Through analysis and reactions, the key features of each steroid's structure were determined, including functional groups, double bonds, and the characteristic tetracyclic steroid nucleus.
Cholesterol
This document provides information about sterols and cholesterol. It defines sterols as crystalline steroids that contain an alcoholic group. Cholesterol is introduced as a key animal sterol present in mammalian tissues. The complete constitution of cholesterol is then elucidated, including that it has a tetracyclic nucleus containing a hydroxyl group at position 3 and a double bond between carbons 5 and 6, with an isohexylmethyl side chain attached at carbon 17. Several reactions are described to support the structural analysis of cholesterol.
Terpenoids
Group A presented on terpenoids, a large class of organic compounds found in plants composed of linked isoprene units. Terpenoids have unsaturated and volatile properties and represent the essential oils and active constituents of plants. They undergo various chemical reactions and can be isolated from plants through steam distillation or expression. Specific terpenoids discussed include amyrin, geraniol, and their importance. Terpenoids have many applications in perfumes, cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic properties such as being antiseptic, analgesic, and insect repellents.
Basic aspects of Stereochemistry
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry. It begins by defining constitutional and stereoisomers. Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but different arrangements in space, and include enantiomers and diastereomers. The document then discusses chiral centers and molecules, and how the presence of a chiral center leads to chirality. It also covers topics such as optical activity, properties of enantiomers and diastereomers, meso compounds, geometric isomers, and resolving racemic mixtures. Resolution methods discussed include conversion to diastereomers and differential absorption chromatography.
Steroids
This document summarizes key information about steroids and their classification. It discusses how steroids comprise a group of organic compounds with a characteristic four ring structure. It also explains that cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animals and is the biosynthetic source of all other steroids. Finally, it provides details on the classification of steroids into groups such as sterols, bile acids, cardiac glycosides, and steroid hormones.
Terpenoids, carotenoids, vitamins and quassinoids
1) Terpenoids are a class of organic compounds derived from five carbon isoprene units. Common examples discussed include menthol, camphor, citral, and carotenoids.
2) Menthol is obtained from peppermint oil and has the molecular formula C10H20O. It is a crystalline monocyclic terpenoid alcohol.
3) Camphor is obtained from camphor laurel trees. It is a white crystalline bicyclic monoterpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O.
4.isoprene rule
- In 1887, Wallach enunciated the isoprene rule, which states that the skeleton structures of all naturally occurring terpenoids are built up of isoprene units.
- Isoprene, with the empirical formula C5H8, is the monomeric structural unit that all terpenoids are derived from and thus called isoprenoid compounds.
- Ingold formulated the special isoprene rule in 1925 to describe how the isoprene units in terpenoids are linked together in a head-to-tail fashion, with the branched end considered the head and the other end the tail.
structure elucidation of Steroids and flavoniods
The document discusses the structural elucidation of steroids and flavonoids. It provides an introduction and classification of both compounds. For steroids, it describes the core perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus structure and gives examples of different steroid classes. The structural elucidation of cholesterol is explained through several reaction steps. For flavonoids, it defines their structure as consisting of two benzene rings linked by a heterocyclic pyrane ring. Various flavonoid classes are classified based on their structure. General structural elucidation of flavonols is outlined through analysis of molecular formula, functional groups, and position of hydroxyl groups.
Jahn-Teller Theorem
The document discusses distortion of octahedral complexes, specifically tetragonal distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect. It provides explanations of the Jahn-Teller theorem and how it predicts orbital degeneracy will cause a distortion to remove degeneracy and lower the complex's energy. The document outlines conditions for no distortion, slight distortion, and strong distortion in octahedral complexes based on orbital configurations. It provides examples of complexes like copper(II) ammonia that exhibit tetragonal distortion.
Conformational analysis of cyclohexane
Cyclohexane exists in different conformations viz chair, boat, twist boat and half chair. These conformations possess different energies. Therefore they differ in energy.
Geometrical isomerism
Pharmacy
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This document discusses aromatic compounds and the criteria for aromaticity. It defines four criteria that must be met: 1) the molecule must be cyclic, 2) planar, 3) completely conjugated, and 4) satisfy Hückel's rule regarding the number of pi electrons. Compounds can be classified as aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic depending on whether they meet these criteria. The document also discusses aromatic heterocyclic compounds and annulenes.
steriochemistry
This document provides an introduction to basic concepts in stereochemistry. It defines stereochemistry as the branch of chemistry dealing with three-dimensional structures of molecules and their effects on properties. Key concepts covered include stereoisomers (enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers), chiral centers, R/S and D/L naming systems, and various methods of depicting 3D structures including wedge-dash, Fischer projections, Newman projections and sawhorse formulas. The document aims to establish a foundational understanding of stereochemistry and three-dimensional representation of organic molecules.
Testosterone hormone - Medicinal Chemistry
This document discusses testosterone, a male sex hormone. It begins by defining hormones and classifying sex hormones. It then discusses the structure, mechanism of action, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse effects of testosterone. The synthesis of testosterone is described in multiple steps starting from cholesterol or dehydroepiandrosterone. Testosterone is used to treat hypogonadism and increase muscle mass but can cause masculinization in females and side effects like fluid retention.
4.cholesterol
Cholesterol is present in all mammalian tissues, either in a free state or esterified with fatty acids. It is synthesized in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of cells and is present in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue. Cholesterol has an optically active levo-rotatory structure and is an animal sterol that occurs as a free alcohol and in fatty acid esters. It was first isolated from human gallstones and deposits in the bile duct. The structure of cholesterol was determined through a series of chemical reactions and degradations.
Free radicals
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons that make them highly reactive. They are formed through processes like homolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radical stability is determined by factors like conjugation, hybridization, and hyperconjugation which disperse and stabilize the unpaired electron. Common examples of stable radicals include molecular oxygen and organic radicals within conjugated systems.
Stereochemistry manik 3
Geometric isomerism of alkenes, cyclic compounds: cis-trans and (E)-(Z) system of
nomenclature
b) Conformational isomers: Open chain and cyclic system
c) Chirality of molecules: Enantiomers, diastereomers, racemic modification, Meso
compound, R & S configuration, sequence rule, Optical rotation
d) Asymmetric synthesis: Preparation of enantiomers by asymmetric synthesis & optical
resolution method
e) Stereo selective and stereo specific reaction
f) Pharmaceutical importance of studding stereochemistry
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• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Carbocations and carbanions
This document discusses organic reaction intermediates, specifically carbocations and carbanions. It defines them as positively or negatively charged carbon-containing ions that are formed during chemical reactions and then react further to form final products. The key features, methods of formation, factors affecting stability, and synthetic applications of carbocations and carbanions are described. Inductive effects, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation influence the stability of these intermediates. Carbocations and carbanions are involved in many common organic reaction types such as eliminations, substitutions, additions, and rearrangements.
Structural determination of alkaloids
This document outlines general methods for determining the molecular structures of alkaloids. It discusses determining the molecular formula, identifying functional groups, analyzing nitrogen and oxygen functionalities, and performing degradation reactions. Physical methods like UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy are also used to elucidate alkaloid structures. The overall procedure involves purification, elemental analysis, functional group identification, and degradation or synthesis to confirm tentative structures determined through analytical evidence.
Metal carbonyls
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. They were first synthesized in 1868 by passing carbon monoxide over platinum. Metal carbonyls typically obey the 18 electron rule and are often diamagnetic. They have applications as catalysts in organic synthesis and in producing pure metals like nickel. Precautions must be taken when using metal carbonyls due to their toxicity.
Organometallic Chemistry
This document discusses organometallic chemistry and is presented by Dr. Manju Sebastian. It describes the classification of organometallic compounds based on the type of metal-carbon bond formed. The classifications include ionic compounds, compounds with sigma bonds, compounds with pi bonds, and compounds with multicenter bonds. Examples are provided for each classification. Additional topics covered include carbonyl complexes, ferrocene, applications of organometallics as catalysts including the Ziegler-Natta and Wilkinson catalysts.
carbonyl compounds (short)
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
Bioslogoskhemia
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that circulate in the bloodstream and perform various functions by targeting specific organs. Examples include adrenaline, thyroxine, insulin, and sex hormones. Adrenaline is released during times of excitement and causes effects like increased heart rate and blood sugar. Thyroxine regulates metabolism and its deficiency causes goiter and hypothyroidism. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels and its deficiency results in diabetes. Sex hormones include testosterone and estrogen, which influence sexual development and characteristics in males and females respectively. Cholesterol is the basic building block for other steroids like the sex hormones. It contains four carbon rings while hormones have additional carbonyl and hydroxy
MBCffffffffffffffffffffttttttttttttt220_4.ppt
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and share a common ring structure. They are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, and some peripheral tissues from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic steps. The rate-limiting step is the transport of cholesterol into mitochondria by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Steroid hormones regulate important functions including carbohydrate metabolism, mineral balance, and reproductive functions.
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Basic aspects of Stereochemistry
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry. It begins by defining constitutional and stereoisomers. Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but different arrangements in space, and include enantiomers and diastereomers. The document then discusses chiral centers and molecules, and how the presence of a chiral center leads to chirality. It also covers topics such as optical activity, properties of enantiomers and diastereomers, meso compounds, geometric isomers, and resolving racemic mixtures. Resolution methods discussed include conversion to diastereomers and differential absorption chromatography.
Steroids
This document summarizes key information about steroids and their classification. It discusses how steroids comprise a group of organic compounds with a characteristic four ring structure. It also explains that cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animals and is the biosynthetic source of all other steroids. Finally, it provides details on the classification of steroids into groups such as sterols, bile acids, cardiac glycosides, and steroid hormones.
Terpenoids, carotenoids, vitamins and quassinoids
1) Terpenoids are a class of organic compounds derived from five carbon isoprene units. Common examples discussed include menthol, camphor, citral, and carotenoids.
2) Menthol is obtained from peppermint oil and has the molecular formula C10H20O. It is a crystalline monocyclic terpenoid alcohol.
3) Camphor is obtained from camphor laurel trees. It is a white crystalline bicyclic monoterpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O.
4.isoprene rule
- In 1887, Wallach enunciated the isoprene rule, which states that the skeleton structures of all naturally occurring terpenoids are built up of isoprene units.
- Isoprene, with the empirical formula C5H8, is the monomeric structural unit that all terpenoids are derived from and thus called isoprenoid compounds.
- Ingold formulated the special isoprene rule in 1925 to describe how the isoprene units in terpenoids are linked together in a head-to-tail fashion, with the branched end considered the head and the other end the tail.
structure elucidation of Steroids and flavoniods
The document discusses the structural elucidation of steroids and flavonoids. It provides an introduction and classification of both compounds. For steroids, it describes the core perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus structure and gives examples of different steroid classes. The structural elucidation of cholesterol is explained through several reaction steps. For flavonoids, it defines their structure as consisting of two benzene rings linked by a heterocyclic pyrane ring. Various flavonoid classes are classified based on their structure. General structural elucidation of flavonols is outlined through analysis of molecular formula, functional groups, and position of hydroxyl groups.
Jahn-Teller Theorem
The document discusses distortion of octahedral complexes, specifically tetragonal distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect. It provides explanations of the Jahn-Teller theorem and how it predicts orbital degeneracy will cause a distortion to remove degeneracy and lower the complex's energy. The document outlines conditions for no distortion, slight distortion, and strong distortion in octahedral complexes based on orbital configurations. It provides examples of complexes like copper(II) ammonia that exhibit tetragonal distortion.
Conformational analysis of cyclohexane
Cyclohexane exists in different conformations viz chair, boat, twist boat and half chair. These conformations possess different energies. Therefore they differ in energy.
Geometrical isomerism
Pharmacy
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geometrical isomerism
nomenclature
methods of determination
conformational isomerism
steriospecific
sterioselective
Aromaticity Antiaromaticity Non aromaticity
This document discusses aromatic compounds and the criteria for aromaticity. It defines four criteria that must be met: 1) the molecule must be cyclic, 2) planar, 3) completely conjugated, and 4) satisfy Hückel's rule regarding the number of pi electrons. Compounds can be classified as aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic depending on whether they meet these criteria. The document also discusses aromatic heterocyclic compounds and annulenes.
steriochemistry
This document provides an introduction to basic concepts in stereochemistry. It defines stereochemistry as the branch of chemistry dealing with three-dimensional structures of molecules and their effects on properties. Key concepts covered include stereoisomers (enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers), chiral centers, R/S and D/L naming systems, and various methods of depicting 3D structures including wedge-dash, Fischer projections, Newman projections and sawhorse formulas. The document aims to establish a foundational understanding of stereochemistry and three-dimensional representation of organic molecules.
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This document discusses testosterone, a male sex hormone. It begins by defining hormones and classifying sex hormones. It then discusses the structure, mechanism of action, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse effects of testosterone. The synthesis of testosterone is described in multiple steps starting from cholesterol or dehydroepiandrosterone. Testosterone is used to treat hypogonadism and increase muscle mass but can cause masculinization in females and side effects like fluid retention.
4.cholesterol
Cholesterol is present in all mammalian tissues, either in a free state or esterified with fatty acids. It is synthesized in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of cells and is present in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue. Cholesterol has an optically active levo-rotatory structure and is an animal sterol that occurs as a free alcohol and in fatty acid esters. It was first isolated from human gallstones and deposits in the bile duct. The structure of cholesterol was determined through a series of chemical reactions and degradations.
Free radicals
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons that make them highly reactive. They are formed through processes like homolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radical stability is determined by factors like conjugation, hybridization, and hyperconjugation which disperse and stabilize the unpaired electron. Common examples of stable radicals include molecular oxygen and organic radicals within conjugated systems.
Stereochemistry manik 3
Geometric isomerism of alkenes, cyclic compounds: cis-trans and (E)-(Z) system of
nomenclature
b) Conformational isomers: Open chain and cyclic system
c) Chirality of molecules: Enantiomers, diastereomers, racemic modification, Meso
compound, R & S configuration, sequence rule, Optical rotation
d) Asymmetric synthesis: Preparation of enantiomers by asymmetric synthesis & optical
resolution method
e) Stereo selective and stereo specific reaction
f) Pharmaceutical importance of studding stereochemistry
Chemistry of Natural Products
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
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This document discusses organic reaction intermediates, specifically carbocations and carbanions. It defines them as positively or negatively charged carbon-containing ions that are formed during chemical reactions and then react further to form final products. The key features, methods of formation, factors affecting stability, and synthetic applications of carbocations and carbanions are described. Inductive effects, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation influence the stability of these intermediates. Carbocations and carbanions are involved in many common organic reaction types such as eliminations, substitutions, additions, and rearrangements.
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This document outlines general methods for determining the molecular structures of alkaloids. It discusses determining the molecular formula, identifying functional groups, analyzing nitrogen and oxygen functionalities, and performing degradation reactions. Physical methods like UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy are also used to elucidate alkaloid structures. The overall procedure involves purification, elemental analysis, functional group identification, and degradation or synthesis to confirm tentative structures determined through analytical evidence.
Metal carbonyls
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. They were first synthesized in 1868 by passing carbon monoxide over platinum. Metal carbonyls typically obey the 18 electron rule and are often diamagnetic. They have applications as catalysts in organic synthesis and in producing pure metals like nickel. Precautions must be taken when using metal carbonyls due to their toxicity.
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This document discusses organometallic chemistry and is presented by Dr. Manju Sebastian. It describes the classification of organometallic compounds based on the type of metal-carbon bond formed. The classifications include ionic compounds, compounds with sigma bonds, compounds with pi bonds, and compounds with multicenter bonds. Examples are provided for each classification. Additional topics covered include carbonyl complexes, ferrocene, applications of organometallics as catalysts including the Ziegler-Natta and Wilkinson catalysts.
carbonyl compounds (short)
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
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Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and share a common ring structure. They are soluble in the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytosol or nucleus. This hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor to turn genes on or off. Examples of steroid hormones include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, vitamins D, androgens, and estrogens. Steroid hormones are used medically to treat conditions like cancer, menopause, low hormone levels, and sex reassignment therapy, though prolonged high doses can have adverse liver, cardiovascular, and behavioral side effects.
Endocrine system for essentials of health care
The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other glands by releasing hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Other major glands include the thyroid, which produces hormones regulating metabolism, the adrenals producing cortisol and aldosterone, and the gonads which are the ovaries and testes. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Hormones work through feedback loops and many function in pairs to control important processes like calcium levels and glucose regulation.
Hormone synthesis.pdffutdtufdtudtudtufdtu
Lipophilic hormones such as steroid hormones, iodothyronines, and retinoic acid act on transcription by binding to intracellular receptors. Steroid hormones include progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone. They are synthesized from cholesterol and control processes like the menstrual cycle and development of secondary sex characteristics. Iodothyronines T4 and T3 regulate metabolism and embryonic development. Lipophilic hormones bind to receptors that dimerize and regulate gene transcription. Hydrophilic hormones like histamine and epinephrine are derived from amino acids and act through cell surface receptors to influence target cells.
Steroids
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their structure, important examples like cholesterol, and their biological roles. Steroids are derived from a ring system comprised of four fused carbon rings. Examples discussed include the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, progesterone, and adrenocortical hormones. The document also discusses vitamin D and bile acids, which are steroid derivatives. Cholesterol is a key intermediate in steroid biosynthesis and its specific 3D structure is important for its functions.
STEROIDS
The document discusses steroids, including their classification and uses. It covers the following main topics:
1. Steroids have a characteristic four-ring structure and are derivatives of cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene.
2. Steroids can be classified as hormones, including sex hormones and corticosteroids. Major sex hormones are testosterone, estrogens, and progestins.
3. Corticosteroids include glucocorticoids like cortisol and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. Synthetic corticosteroids include prednisone and dexamethasone.
SEX HORMONE.pptx
Sex hormones are steroid hormones that affect the growth and function of reproductive organs or development of secondary sex characteristics. They are classified into androgens, estrogens, and gestogens. Androgens like testosterone are male hormones mainly produced in testes. Estrogens like estrone and estradiol are female hormones produced in ovaries. Gestogen progesterone is produced in the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy. These hormones have important roles in sexual development and reproductive functions.
Drugs acting on Endocrine system
Drugs acting on Endocrine system
a) Chemistry, Nomenclature, Stereochemistry and metabolism of steroids
b) Sex hormones: Testosterone, Nandralone, Progestrones, Oestriol, Oestradiol, Oestrione, Diethyl stilbestrol.
c) Drugs for erectile dysfunction: Sildenafil, Tadalafil.
d) Oral contraceptives: Mifepristone, Norgestril, Levonorgestrol
e) Corticosteroids: Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Betamethasone, Dexamethasone
f) Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: L-Thyroxine, L-Thyronine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole
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Steroids
- 1. Steroids Presentation by Mungwariri Hope Hope.Mungwariri.jnr@gmail.com
- 2. What are steroids? • They are defined as any of a large class of non polar organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six- membered and one five). • They are synthesized in glands and delivered by the blood stream to target tissues to stimulate or inhibit some processes. • Steroids have two principal biological functions which are : i. Activating the steroid hormone receptors ii. Altering membrane fluidity in cells
- 3. Steroid core structure The core structure consists of 17 carbon atoms bonded in combined rings containing 4 rings which are 3 cyclohexane and one cyclopentane rings. The steroids then differ from each other by the functional groups that are attached at the four rings.
- 4. Types of steroids • Sex steroids – influence sexual differences and reproduction e.g progesterone, testosterone, estrogens • Anabolic steroids – increase muscle and bone synthesis • Corticosteroids – anti inflammatory
- 5. Synthesis of Steroids • Steroids can either be synthesized chemically or biologically • Synthesis of all hormones in the body start with the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by an enzyme called CYP11A which can then be converted to other hormones. • The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands in the form of lipids.
- 6. Chemical synthesis of steroids • Bechmann’s Synthesis (1940) of Equilenin • Woodward’s synthesis of Cholesterol • Synthesis of Estrone by Torgov (1950, 63), Hughes (1960) • Synthesis of Cortisone by Sarrett (1952), Y. Horiguchi (1986))
- 7. Metabolism and Excretion • Steroids are oxidized by enzymes called cytochrome oxidase enzymes(e.g CYP3A4 introducing oxygen into the steroid rings breaking them down to smaller molecules for example when cholesterol is broken down by enzymes to bile acids. • These acids can then be eliminated by secretion from the liver in bile.
- 8. Deficiency of Steroids • The deficiency of steroid hormones is as a direct result of adrenal insufficiency and this may be as a result of certain diseases such as tuberculosis, AIDS, Addison's disease etc. • The effects of steroid deficiency include: i. Weakness ii. Dizziness iii. Low blood pressure iv. Vomiting v. Diarrhoea