INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
Study material for chemistry UG and PG students
Chapter No 05 Terpenoids, Study of natural product Chemistry of natural products, Pharmaceutical chemistry.
Here is a short an detailed explanation on nomenclature of steroids for pharmacy students. It includes all the points necessary for the topic along with an example for better understanding
Medicinal Chemistry of Steroidal Harmons
Classification of Steroidal Harmons
Medicinal Uses
Biosynthesis of Steroidal Harmons
Mechanism of action of Steroidal Harmons
Natural and Synthetic derivatives of Steroidal Harmons and their Inhibitors
Study material for chemistry UG and PG students
Chapter No 05 Terpenoids, Study of natural product Chemistry of natural products, Pharmaceutical chemistry.
Here is a short an detailed explanation on nomenclature of steroids for pharmacy students. It includes all the points necessary for the topic along with an example for better understanding
Medicinal Chemistry of Steroidal Harmons
Classification of Steroidal Harmons
Medicinal Uses
Biosynthesis of Steroidal Harmons
Mechanism of action of Steroidal Harmons
Natural and Synthetic derivatives of Steroidal Harmons and their Inhibitors
steroids, definition, classification, sterol, bile acids, cardiac glycosides, steroid hormones, classes of steroid hormones, identity tests for sterols, identity tests for cholesterol, identity tests for bile acids, identity tests for cardiac glycosides
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. • Steroids are important “biological
regulators” that nearly always show
dramatic physiological effects when they
are administrated to living organisms
• that include cholesterol, male and female
sex hormones, adrenocortical hormones,
D vitamins, the bile acids
4. Structure and systematic Nomenclature
of steroids
• Steroids are derivative of the ring system,which is
comprised of four rings
• The A,B, and C rings are six membered rings while the
D ring is a five membered ring
10. • Cholesterol one of the most widely occuring steroids, can
be isolated by extraction of nearly all animal tissues.
• Human gallstones are a particularly rich source
• This is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of all the steroids
we need in our body
11. • Cholesterol has eight sterocentres which means 256
different stereoisomers of this structure are possible, but
only this specific one is cholesterol.
• Although we often consume cholesterol, we don’t need to
because we also make it ourselves, So we will typically
have more cholesterol than we need, and too much
cholesterol in the diet leads to clogged arteries and heart
problems.
12.
13. • The female hormones, These are estrone and
estradiol, which differ only in the level of oxidation at
carbon-17
• Estradiol is secreted by the Ovaries and Kicks off the
changes that occur during puberty,and also causes
development of the mammary glands during
pregnancy
14. • The male sex hormones, and androsterone and
testosterone, are similar to the female hormones, with
the only difference occurring in the A ring.
• similar to the female hormones, testosterone does all
the work, promoting the growth of the body hair and
facial hair,lowering of the voice and other traits
associated with puberty, whereas androsterone is just
the metabolised version that is excreted into the urine.
15. • Progesterone is the most important pregnancy hormone,
which prepares the uterine lining for implantation of a
fertilized egg and suppresses further ovulation during
pregnancy.
16. Adrenocotical Hormones
• At least 28 different hormones have been isolated from the adrenol
cortex, part of the adrenal glands that sit top of the kidneys.
• Adreno cardical steriods are involved in the regulation of a large
number of biological activities,including carbohydrate, protein and lipid
metabolism ; water and electrolyte balance; reactions to allergic and
inflammatory phenomena.
• Due to anti-inflammatery effect of cortisone which is used in the
treatment asthma and skin inflammation.
18. • The demonstratrion in 1919, the sunlight helps to
cure rickets- a childhood disease characterized by
poor bone growth.
• Vitamin D3 is the curative factor.
• vitamin D3 is required for good health because it is
essential in the process by which calcium (as Ca2+)
is absorbed from the intestine so as to allow for
proper bone growth.
• Vitamin D3 is formed in the in skin from
7- dehydrocholesterol by two reactions.