The document summarizes experiments performed on a linear induction motor (LIM) model developed at the Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering in Nasik, India. Static tests were conducted to study the LIM's performance characteristics at standstill, including V/f control testing, de-alignment testing, introducing breaks in the secondary circuit, and voltage control testing. The results of the experiments showed optimal performance for a 7mm airgap and allowed up to 25% lateral de-alignment. Introducing breaks significantly reduced propulsion force, especially in the electrical circuit. Constant V/f control provided better starting performance than direct voltage control. The conclusions can help further optimize LIM-based transportation systems.

1. Chandan Kumar
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

2. INTRODUCTION
 Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is the linear form of rotary Induction motor .
 It transform the electromagnetic energy to translational motion without
using any gear mechanism.
 LIM is used for machine tools, linear tables, textile
tools, saws, separators, transportation systems .and many others.
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

3. MODEL DEVELOPED IN IRIEEN,NASIK
 The project has been an extension of the AICTE project in the department of
Electrical Engineering, IT BHU.
 All the experiments were performed over a live practical model of LIMP Metro Train
System at Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering, Nasik.
 It is a 3 phase,4 pole,33 slots,H class insulated with length of .583 m,width of
.132m and height of .062m.
 Ratings :600V,15 A,50Hz,52.4 Km/hr
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

4. Static Test And its Important
 It helps in the study of starting characteristic of Linear Induction Motor.
 Static test result is used for determining the voltage and frequency response of the
LIM at standstill and it will help in selection of the electrical drive for starting and
control of LIM for traction purpose.
Various tests that were performed to simulate practical situations are under
mentioned:
1. Constant V/f control testing by changing air gap between primary and secondary for
different V/f ratios.
2. Tests conducted by de-aligning primary with respect to secondary .
3. Tests performed by creating breaks in the secondary circuit of LIM. The breaks are
created in the electrical circuit and magnetic circuit independently as well as
simultaneously.
4. Voltage control testing for constant frequency of 50 Hz
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

5. V/f control test
 The tests were carried out for V/f ratios of 6, 8, 9 and 10 each under 3 different air
gaps of 9mm, 7mm and 5mm using ACS 600 VVVF Drive.
Propulsion Force variation with frequency for different V/f Input Power variation with frequency for different V/f
for 9mm airgap for 9mm airgap
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

6. Results of V/f control test
 For best starting, V/f control should be done starting at 25 Hz in order to
avoid initial saturation due to voltage boost up.
 Air gap of 7 mm was found to be the optimal for system considered.
 Airgap of 5mm is very tough to achieve .
 Airgap of 9mm lead to reduction in the force which makes them not
suitable for our system
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

7. De-Alignment Test
 The de-alignment tests are carried by de-aligning the LIM primary with respect to
secondary in lateral direction .
 11 %( 15mm) and 25% (32 mm) de-alignment of primary with respect to secondary was
observed on the Propulsion force and input Power for V/f ratio 9 with airgap of 7mm
Input Power variation with frequency for De-
Propulsion Force variation with frequency for De-
alignment and reference value
alignment
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

8. Results of De-alignment test
 Up to 25% de-alignment the propulsion force developed is quite healthy compared
to reference .
 The Input Power Variation is small with the lateral shift. So we can go up to 25% de-
alignment for practical application like traction.
 For traction application the turns will be slightly affecting the LIM but give a good
performance inside the tolerance limit.
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

9. Test by introducing break in secondary circuit
1. By creating breaks in Electrical circuit by using discontinuous aluminium:
9.7cm, 20cm and 32.4cm.
Propulsion force vs. Frequency for Al Breaks Input power vs. Frequency for Al Breaks
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

10. Test by introducing break in secondary circuit …..
2. By creating breaks in Magnetic Circuit by using break in the mild steel (Back Iron):
5.2cm, 11cm and 19.5cm
Propulsion force vs. Frequency for Mild Steel Breaks Input power vs. Frequency for Mild Steel Breaks
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

11. Test by introducing break in secondary circuit …..
3. Simultaneous breaks in electrical and magnetic circuits: 6.2cm and 17.5cm
Propulsion force vs. Frequency for reaction rail break Input power vs. Frequency for reaction rail break
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

12. Results of Break test
 As the Electrical circuit break length increases the magnitude of propulsion force
get reduced sharply. This behavior can be accounted for reduced eddy current due
to absence of electrical circuit. This weakens the strength of poles developed on
secondary.
 The reductions in propulsion force due to break in magnetic circuit is not as
dominant as due to break in the electrical circuit.
 Large break in electrical circuit is not desirable as it reduces the propulsion force
greatly.
 Large breaks in magnetic circuit (up to 30% of length of LIM primary) can be
allowed wherever required
 Even 10 % of simultaneous break in the Aluminium and Mild-steel cause large
reduction in the propulsion force
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

13. Voltage Control Test
 Voltage control tests were carried out at constant frequency of 50 Hz.
 The voltage was varied from 207 volt to 500 volt using the VVVF drive.
 Data were obtained for three different air gaps of 9mm, 7mm and 5mm
Propulsion Force variation with voltage for different airgap
Input Power variation with voltage for different airgap
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

14. Results of Voltage Control Test
 If the starting will be done at rated voltage or if high voltage will be applied
to obtain large starting torque, it will cause saturation of mild steel core of
LIM.
 So, constant V/f control gives a better solution where starting can be done
at lower frequency and hence higher starting torque can be obtained at
wide range of initial speed.
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

15. CONCLUSION
 This paper has investigated Static performance characteristics of a single sided LIM
fabricated to drive a LIMP Metro Model developed at IRIEEN, Nasik, under standstill
condition.
 Experiments were performed by developing a static test bed on the testing track.
 The results obtained from the test supports the advantages of application of LIM in
modern metros.
 It will help in carrying out the further investigation in starting of LIM based drive.
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

16. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ICCEE 2010 for giving us a opportunity to present our paper at the seminar.
 Dr. S. N. Mahendra for his valuable support and guidance during design, fabrication
and planning of these tests.
 Mr.V.K.Dutt, Additional Member Electrical Railway Board, Indian Railway for his
interest and making it possible for him to work in IRIEEN, Nasik.
 Mr.D.Ramaswamy, Director, IRIEEN and all the professors of Indian railway Institute
of Electrical Engineering, Nasik.
 Raj Kumar Sinha, Pritesh Kumar, Rajeev Sisodia and Ram Gopal Varma for their
constant help and support in carrying out the experiment.
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

17. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 Mahendra S.N; Reports of AICTE funded Project on LIM at IT BHU,1994-99
 Mahendra,S.N.;“LIM based traction:philosophy,selection,design aspects and
applicationto transport sector”,International Workshop on LIM propelled rail Metro
System,Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi,India,Jan 8-9 1999
 Yunhy-un. Cho; “An Investigation on the Characteristics of a Single-sided Linear
Induction Motor at Standstill for Maglev Vehicle”. IEEE Transactions On
Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2, March 1997.
 Upadhyay,J.,Mahendra,S.N.; Eleectric Traction, Allied publishers Ltd.,New
Delhi,2000
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China

18. Thank You
chandan.kumar.eee07@itbhu.ac.in
2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,Chengdu,China