Standardization vs. Adaption
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This document discusses factors to consider in determining whether to standardize or adapt a product for global markets. It notes that marketers should aim for a degree of standardization or adaptation suitable for their business. Reasons for standardization include easier planning and control, reduced stock costs, and economies of scale. Reasons for adaptation include economic and cultural differences between markets, as well as legal reasons. Products like raw materials and medicines often require more standardization, while foods and tailored products typically need more adaptation. The document also outlines factors like competition, consumer preferences, and product type that influence the standardization vs. adaptation decision.
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This document discusses the importance of effectively implementing marketing plans. It notes that the success of any marketing plan relies on how well it is implemented and managed. A marketing plan indicates objectives, strategies, and tactics for accomplishing planned activities and serves as a guide for implementation and control. The document outlines the annual marketing planning cycle of strategic planning, implementation, and evaluation. It emphasizes that people tasked with implementing the plan must have strong communication, teamwork, and motivational skills. Periodic reviews of key performance indicators are needed to identify any gaps between the plan and actual results for making necessary adjustments.
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This document discusses brand resonance and the brand value chain. It describes the four steps to building a strong brand as brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, brand judgments, brand feelings, and brand resonance. The brand value chain shows how marketing investments can create customer-based brand equity and shareholder value. Building brand resonance requires meeting customer needs, positive brand imagery and judgments, and emotional engagement to create behavioral loyalty, attitudinal attachment, and sense of community.
BRAND IMAGE- AARAMBH PANDEY
Brand Image is what the customers think/perceive (or form an impression) about a particular brand in their mind. Brand Image can be defined as how existing or potential customers view the brand and associate with it. Every company wants to position its brand in a certain way which it deems is the best way for it to be seen by the customers, that is known as Brand Identity. Brand image is something that eventually forms in the mind of the customer. Brand image may be same as brand identity or may be totally opposite. The ideal scenario is that the brand image should be positive and what the company or the manufacturer wants it to be.
Customer Based Brand Equity
The document discusses customer-based brand equity (CBBE) and its key components. It outlines an associative network memory model for how brand knowledge is formed in the mind. It then describes the dimensions that make up CBBE, including brand salience, performance, imagery, judgments, and feelings. It presents a CBBE pyramid model showing the relationships between these dimensions and how they contribute to brand resonance.
Section a group_11_colgate
Here are some guidelines Burton could propose to optimize new product introductions globally and regionally for Colgate-Palmolive:
1. Conduct thorough market research in priority regions to understand cultural, consumer and competitive differences before launching.
2. Develop globally consistent branding and messaging but customize executional elements like advertising creative, packaging and flavors to local preferences.
3. Leverage regional hubs to coordinate launches across countries with similar characteristics for greater efficiency.
4. Pilot launches in select countries first to learn before expanding further, prioritizing regions with greatest potential.
5. Balance global scale with localization to maximize brand appeal, sales growth and minimize costs over the long-term.
Brand management ppt
Brand equity refers to the added value endowed to products and services through branding. It is reflected in how consumers think, feel and act towards a brand, and impacts the brand's prices, market share and profitability. Brand equity is an important intangible asset for firms. There are several models for measuring brand equity, including brand asset valuator, Aaker's five categories of brand assets and liabilities, and the Millward Brown brand dynamics model. Building brand equity involves choosing strong brand elements, developing positive marketing programs, and forging associations to other entities. Strong brand equity simplifies consumer decision making and reduces risk.
Brand Personality
Brand personality refers to the human characteristics associated with a brand that distinguish it from other brands. It is how a brand behaves and includes traits like age, gender, socioeconomic class, and emotional attributes. A brand's personality is built over time based on consumers' experiences and is meant to create an emotional connection between the brand and consumers. It allows brands to have a sense of identity beyond just product attributes. The document provides several examples of brands and the personalities they convey like Bisleri conveying safety and Marlboro conveying ruggedness. It also discusses Aaker's model of five core brand personality dimensions of sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness.
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This document discusses the importance of effectively implementing marketing plans. It notes that the success of any marketing plan relies on how well it is implemented and managed. A marketing plan indicates objectives, strategies, and tactics for accomplishing planned activities and serves as a guide for implementation and control. The document outlines the annual marketing planning cycle of strategic planning, implementation, and evaluation. It emphasizes that people tasked with implementing the plan must have strong communication, teamwork, and motivational skills. Periodic reviews of key performance indicators are needed to identify any gaps between the plan and actual results for making necessary adjustments.
Chapter 3
This document discusses brand resonance and the brand value chain. It describes the four steps to building a strong brand as brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, brand judgments, brand feelings, and brand resonance. The brand value chain shows how marketing investments can create customer-based brand equity and shareholder value. Building brand resonance requires meeting customer needs, positive brand imagery and judgments, and emotional engagement to create behavioral loyalty, attitudinal attachment, and sense of community.
BRAND IMAGE- AARAMBH PANDEY
Brand Image is what the customers think/perceive (or form an impression) about a particular brand in their mind. Brand Image can be defined as how existing or potential customers view the brand and associate with it. Every company wants to position its brand in a certain way which it deems is the best way for it to be seen by the customers, that is known as Brand Identity. Brand image is something that eventually forms in the mind of the customer. Brand image may be same as brand identity or may be totally opposite. The ideal scenario is that the brand image should be positive and what the company or the manufacturer wants it to be.
Customer Based Brand Equity
The document discusses customer-based brand equity (CBBE) and its key components. It outlines an associative network memory model for how brand knowledge is formed in the mind. It then describes the dimensions that make up CBBE, including brand salience, performance, imagery, judgments, and feelings. It presents a CBBE pyramid model showing the relationships between these dimensions and how they contribute to brand resonance.
Section a group_11_colgate
Here are some guidelines Burton could propose to optimize new product introductions globally and regionally for Colgate-Palmolive:
1. Conduct thorough market research in priority regions to understand cultural, consumer and competitive differences before launching.
2. Develop globally consistent branding and messaging but customize executional elements like advertising creative, packaging and flavors to local preferences.
3. Leverage regional hubs to coordinate launches across countries with similar characteristics for greater efficiency.
4. Pilot launches in select countries first to learn before expanding further, prioritizing regions with greatest potential.
5. Balance global scale with localization to maximize brand appeal, sales growth and minimize costs over the long-term.
Brand management ppt
Brand equity refers to the added value endowed to products and services through branding. It is reflected in how consumers think, feel and act towards a brand, and impacts the brand's prices, market share and profitability. Brand equity is an important intangible asset for firms. There are several models for measuring brand equity, including brand asset valuator, Aaker's five categories of brand assets and liabilities, and the Millward Brown brand dynamics model. Building brand equity involves choosing strong brand elements, developing positive marketing programs, and forging associations to other entities. Strong brand equity simplifies consumer decision making and reduces risk.
Brand Personality
Brand personality refers to the human characteristics associated with a brand that distinguish it from other brands. It is how a brand behaves and includes traits like age, gender, socioeconomic class, and emotional attributes. A brand's personality is built over time based on consumers' experiences and is meant to create an emotional connection between the brand and consumers. It allows brands to have a sense of identity beyond just product attributes. The document provides several examples of brands and the personalities they convey like Bisleri conveying safety and Marlboro conveying ruggedness. It also discusses Aaker's model of five core brand personality dimensions of sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness.
Chap 3, brand positioning
Brand Positioning is the most important term in the area of branding. Making position of company either leader, Challenger, Nicher, & almost at all distinctive qualities are prime part of business in any company.
Being the Marketing head of JR Infotech , a trusted company in internet solution & web based solution we strictly follow this practice at high level & it is due to this now we consider it as most innovative comapany in website & internet solution.
regards
Rajesh Kumar
Marketing Head
JR Infotech
www.jrinfotech.com
Prof: IMT-CDL(DIMS)
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1) HPL, a large Indian food products company, uses an intensive distribution strategy through 50 depots and 5000 distributors to reach over 1.2 million retail outlets nationally and internationally. The criteria for selecting distributors includes financial strength, reputation, infrastructure, and experience.
2) Royal Canin, a French pet food company, initially used selective distribution but switched to exclusive distribution through specialty pet stores. This allowed them to position their products as premium and charge high prices.
3) Nepal Bakery is a popular bakery shop in Kathmandu established in 2005 offering bakery products, tea, and coffee primarily to students, pedestrians, and house
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A global brand is a powerful international brand with a strong and consistent image that represents various brands and business activities under one heading. It embodies the concept of a global village by making people feel at home everywhere and recognize familiar landmarks across cultures. There are five patterns of relationship people can have with global brands - enthusiasts who like the brands, pragmatists who are not concerned with brands' policies, ethics who require brands to have values and transparency, activists who will penalize brands, and resigned critics who are dissatisfied but won't take action. Managing global brands successfully requires understanding these relationship patterns and tracking brand value over time.
Leveraging secondary brand associations to build brand equity by Leroy J. Ebert
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& high-tech products.
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Lesson : Brand startegies
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This document discusses brand positioning and provides guidance on how to define and communicate a brand's competitive frame of reference and choose points of parity and points of difference. It defines brand positioning as designing a company's offer and image to occupy a distinct place in customers' minds. The document outlines determining the target consumer, main competitors, similarities to competitors, and differences from competitors to set the frame of reference. It advises choosing points of parity and points of difference based on desirability from the consumer perspective and deliverability from the firm perspective.
Chap 2, customer based brand equity
1. Customer-based brand equity refers to the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand.
2. There are three key ingredients to brand equity: differential effect, brand knowledge, and consumer response to marketing.
3. Strong brand equity is created by ensuring brand identification, establishing brand meaning, and eliciting proper consumer responses and loyalty.
brand positioning with examples
Brand positioning refers to differentiating a product or service from competitors by fitting it to a specific market segment based on benefits. An effective brand position is unique, credible, and sustainable in the consumer's mind. It clearly communicates the key benefit the brand provides. Developing a strong position requires relevance, clarity, distinctiveness, coherence, commitment, patience, and courage from management over time. Successful positioning strategies can target attributes like size, shape, price, quality, intended user demographic, or cultural symbols.
Chapter 10 Referene Group And Family Reference
This document discusses reference groups and the family as consumer reference groups. It covers the following key points:
1) Reference groups are people or groups that individuals compare themselves to in forming attitudes and behaviors. Major consumer reference groups include friendship groups, shopping groups, work groups, and virtual communities.
2) Celebrity endorsements, experts, and common people are often used in reference group appeals in advertising. Family roles in decision making include influencers, gatekeepers, deciders, buyers, and others.
3) The traditional American family is changing with more non-family households, working mothers, and childless women. Consumer socialization is how children learn consumer skills and roles. Marketers can influence this process
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The document discusses several topics related to marketing including product quality, market share, product line breadth, vertical integration, expenditures, marketing communication elements, new products, research and development expenditures, standardization vs adaptation, the 4Ps of marketing, and people, process and physical aspects. It provides information on how these topics relate to profitability and competitive advantage.
Chap 4,choosing brand elements to build brand equity
This slide will give complete view about choosing brand element for various category in industry. As digital marketing manager i use to allow for choosing fines mode of element for our good selection of brand element.
regards
Rajesh
manager Digital maarketing
Product line stretching
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Brand positioning ppt (2)
The document defines a trademark as a name, symbol, or design used to identify and differentiate the goods or services of one seller from others. Trademarks serve to identify the source or maker of a product and provide valuable functions for firms like securing a competitive advantage and better earnings. A trademark can identify a physical good, service, store, person, organization, place, or idea. Positioning involves differentiating a product from competitors based on attributes like reliability, style, technology, or business focus. Successful positioning depends on understanding customers' needs and framing the product accordingly.
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Colgate Palmolive company- the precision toothbrush
Colgate-Palmolive is launching a new precision toothbrush and must decide whether to market it to the mainstream or niche market. The document analyzes the toothbrush market, Colgate's competitors, and evaluates marketing the brush to the mainstream versus niche "super premium" segment. It concludes the niche market is the best strategy since the brush's benefits cater especially to those seeking advanced gum care, it would avoid cannibalizing other Colgate product sales, and niche markets attract fewer competitors.
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1. Outcome-based approaches that measure outcomes like customer recommendations or price premiums customers are willing to pay.
2. Utility-based approaches that measure the scale and nature of utility the brand delivers to customers.
3. Brand Dynamics measures presence, relevance, performance, advantage, and bond.
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Chap 3, brand positioning
Brand Positioning is the most important term in the area of branding. Making position of company either leader, Challenger, Nicher, & almost at all distinctive qualities are prime part of business in any company.
Being the Marketing head of JR Infotech , a trusted company in internet solution & web based solution we strictly follow this practice at high level & it is due to this now we consider it as most innovative comapany in website & internet solution.
regards
Rajesh Kumar
Marketing Head
JR Infotech
www.jrinfotech.com
Prof: IMT-CDL(DIMS)
Case one
The document provides details and analysis of three case studies:
1) HPL, a large Indian food products company, uses an intensive distribution strategy through 50 depots and 5000 distributors to reach over 1.2 million retail outlets nationally and internationally. The criteria for selecting distributors includes financial strength, reputation, infrastructure, and experience.
2) Royal Canin, a French pet food company, initially used selective distribution but switched to exclusive distribution through specialty pet stores. This allowed them to position their products as premium and charge high prices.
3) Nepal Bakery is a popular bakery shop in Kathmandu established in 2005 offering bakery products, tea, and coffee primarily to students, pedestrians, and house
Global Brands
A global brand is a powerful international brand with a strong and consistent image that represents various brands and business activities under one heading. It embodies the concept of a global village by making people feel at home everywhere and recognize familiar landmarks across cultures. There are five patterns of relationship people can have with global brands - enthusiasts who like the brands, pragmatists who are not concerned with brands' policies, ethics who require brands to have values and transparency, activists who will penalize brands, and resigned critics who are dissatisfied but won't take action. Managing global brands successfully requires understanding these relationship patterns and tracking brand value over time.
Leveraging secondary brand associations to build brand equity by Leroy J. Ebert
Leveraging secondary brand associations to build brand equity by Leroy J. EbertLeRoy J. Ebert MCIM Chartered Marketer (UK), MBA (AUS)
Leveraging secondary brand associations to build brand equity
Content Extracted from “Strategic Brand Management” 3rd Edition
Authors: Kevin Lane Keller
M.G. Parameswaran
Issac Jacob
Presentation developed from SLIM Diploma In Brand Management Students
Presentation developed by Leroy J. Ebert (17th May 2014)
CUSTOMER BASED BRAND EQUITY
Concept of Brand, Brand Evolution, Brand Hierarchy, Brand
Image, Brand Identity – Perspectives, Levels & Prism.
Brand Personality, Brand Positioning, Brand Repositioning,
Brand Equity, Types of Branding – Product, Line, Range,
Umbrella & Endorsement Branding.
Brand Creation, Brand Product Relationship, Brand
Portfolio, Brand Elimination, Brand Revitalization
Managing Brands, Brand Extensions, Financial Aspects of
Brands
Branding in different sectors – Retailers, Industrial, Services,
& high-tech products.
Brand startegies ppt
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:BRAND BUILDING
Lesson : Brand startegies
Faculty Name: Vishal Desai
Brand Positioning
This document discusses brand positioning and provides guidance on how to define and communicate a brand's competitive frame of reference and choose points of parity and points of difference. It defines brand positioning as designing a company's offer and image to occupy a distinct place in customers' minds. The document outlines determining the target consumer, main competitors, similarities to competitors, and differences from competitors to set the frame of reference. It advises choosing points of parity and points of difference based on desirability from the consumer perspective and deliverability from the firm perspective.
Chap 2, customer based brand equity
1. Customer-based brand equity refers to the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand.
2. There are three key ingredients to brand equity: differential effect, brand knowledge, and consumer response to marketing.
3. Strong brand equity is created by ensuring brand identification, establishing brand meaning, and eliciting proper consumer responses and loyalty.
brand positioning with examples
Brand positioning refers to differentiating a product or service from competitors by fitting it to a specific market segment based on benefits. An effective brand position is unique, credible, and sustainable in the consumer's mind. It clearly communicates the key benefit the brand provides. Developing a strong position requires relevance, clarity, distinctiveness, coherence, commitment, patience, and courage from management over time. Successful positioning strategies can target attributes like size, shape, price, quality, intended user demographic, or cultural symbols.
Chapter 10 Referene Group And Family Reference
This document discusses reference groups and the family as consumer reference groups. It covers the following key points:
1) Reference groups are people or groups that individuals compare themselves to in forming attitudes and behaviors. Major consumer reference groups include friendship groups, shopping groups, work groups, and virtual communities.
2) Celebrity endorsements, experts, and common people are often used in reference group appeals in advertising. Family roles in decision making include influencers, gatekeepers, deciders, buyers, and others.
3) The traditional American family is changing with more non-family households, working mothers, and childless women. Consumer socialization is how children learn consumer skills and roles. Marketers can influence this process
Standardisation versus adaptation
The document discusses several topics related to marketing including product quality, market share, product line breadth, vertical integration, expenditures, marketing communication elements, new products, research and development expenditures, standardization vs adaptation, the 4Ps of marketing, and people, process and physical aspects. It provides information on how these topics relate to profitability and competitive advantage.
Chap 4,choosing brand elements to build brand equity
This slide will give complete view about choosing brand element for various category in industry. As digital marketing manager i use to allow for choosing fines mode of element for our good selection of brand element.
regards
Rajesh
manager Digital maarketing
Product line stretching
The document discusses product line stretching and brand extension. Product line stretching involves introducing new products into an existing product line to produce more products across different ranges. This can increase sales, access new markets, attract new customers, improve competitiveness, and enhance reputation. Brand extension uses an existing brand name on a new product in a different category by leveraging the brand's customer base and loyalty. For brand extension to succeed, there must be a logical association between the original product and new product. Examples provided show how Colgate toothbrushes were a successful brand extension but Colgate kitchen entrees failed because it broke consumer associations with the brand.
Brand positioning ppt (2)
The document defines a trademark as a name, symbol, or design used to identify and differentiate the goods or services of one seller from others. Trademarks serve to identify the source or maker of a product and provide valuable functions for firms like securing a competitive advantage and better earnings. A trademark can identify a physical good, service, store, person, organization, place, or idea. Positioning involves differentiating a product from competitors based on attributes like reliability, style, technology, or business focus. Successful positioning depends on understanding customers' needs and framing the product accordingly.
Consumer Attitude Formation and change
Consumer Attitude Formation and change
Attitude
What Are Attitudes?
Structural Models of Attitudes
Tricomponent Attitude Model
Multiattribute Attitude Models
A Simplified Version of the Theory of Reasoned Action
Theory of Trying to Consume
Attitude-Toward-the-Ad Model
Changing the Basic Motivational Function
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
Identifying market segments and targets
The document discusses market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. It describes identifying distinct customer groups based on needs and selecting target segments. There are several bases for segmenting consumer and business markets such as demographics, behaviors, and firmographics. Effective segmentation results in segments that are measurable, accessible, substantial, and responsive to different marketing strategies. Companies evaluate segment attractiveness based on size, growth, industry forces, and their objectives and resources to determine which target segments to enter.
Colgate Palmolive company- the precision toothbrush
Colgate-Palmolive is launching a new precision toothbrush and must decide whether to market it to the mainstream or niche market. The document analyzes the toothbrush market, Colgate's competitors, and evaluates marketing the brush to the mainstream versus niche "super premium" segment. It concludes the niche market is the best strategy since the brush's benefits cater especially to those seeking advanced gum care, it would avoid cannibalizing other Colgate product sales, and niche markets attract fewer competitors.
Marketing Management for MBA
This document provides an overview of key marketing management concepts for MBA exam preparation. It discusses topics such as differentiation strategy, marketing vs selling, the marketing concept, advantages of strong brands, attracting and retaining customers, the buying decision process, target marketing activities, service differentiation, price setting, consumer behavior factors, pricing policy, the product life cycle, market segmentation, purchase decision roles, needs hierarchy, competitive forces, business markets, competitor analysis, defending market share, packaging, customerization vs customization, relationship marketing, perceived risk, Generation Y criteria, megatrends, sustaining market growth, and production mix vs line. The document advises elaborating points and including examples when answering exam questions.
Colgate ppt
Colgate has been in business since 1806 starting as a soap and candle company. It introduced toothpaste in jars in 1873 and collapsible tubes in 1896. Today it focuses on oral care, personal care, home care, and pet nutrition, selling products in over 200 countries. Colgate promotes its toothpaste, toothpowder, and mouthwash through innovative packaging and advertising strategies. It has implemented successful marketing strategies like partnering with dentists and targeting rural markets for growth. While it faces competition and pressure to lower prices, Colgate remains a market-leading brand with high visibility and customer loyalty due to its long history and financial strength.
BRAND EQUITY MEASUREMENT
There are several methods discussed for measuring brand equity:
1. Outcome-based approaches that measure outcomes like customer recommendations or price premiums customers are willing to pay.
2. Utility-based approaches that measure the scale and nature of utility the brand delivers to customers.
3. Brand Dynamics measures presence, relevance, performance, advantage, and bond.
4. Keller's CBBE model measures brand salience, performance/imagery, judgments/feelings, and resonance.
5. Equity Builder measures healthy brands' resistance to competitors and responsiveness to own marketing.
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Leveraging secondary brand associations to build brand equity by Leroy J. Ebert
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Colgate Palmolive company- the precision toothbrush
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McDonald's internationalization strategy focuses on customizing their brand for local markets through strategies like thinking globally and acting locally. They adapt their menu to local tastes, cultures, and regulations. McDonald's also uses local management and fully trains strong local partners. While maintaining quality standards, McDonald's customizes their delivery model for each market. In various countries like India, China, Japan, and Europe, McDonald's has further adapted their menus, restaurants, marketing, and operations to be more suitable for each local culture and customer base. The document provides recommendations on how McDonald's can continue improving their customization and customer experience globally.
02b en-bos
The document discusses the concepts of red and blue oceans in business strategy. Red oceans represent existing market spaces that are already contested by competitors, while blue oceans represent uncontested market spaces where competition is irrelevant. It provides examples of how companies can explore alternate industries, strategic groups, distribution channels, complementary products/services, and emotional versus functional appeals to help create blue oceans and escape competitive pressures in red oceans.
Royco minute soup Case Study 72%
As part of our Global Strategic Management (GSM) module, we were required to read through a Royco case study analyse the issues that the company was facing and perform our own analysis on the company and the industry.
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How Do I Get Paid for My Pigs?
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This document discusses strategies for identifying new platforms to increase revenue and profits. It recommends developing higher-margin product lines, leveraging partnerships to promote sales, and targeting new customer demographics. These strategies helped companies increase sales, improve margins, and achieve record profits.
HBR Case Study of Launching Krispy Natural
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17495022 nestle-business-presentation
This document provides an overview of Nestle's business including their vision, mission, general environment, five forces model, SWOT analysis, business strategy, competitors, problems, solutions, stakeholders, and acquisition strategy. It discusses Nestle's aim to meet consumer needs with high quality foods. It also analyzes their strengths as a global leader, weaknesses in some markets, opportunities in health trends, and threats from competition. The document outlines Nestle's strategy of cost leadership and differentiation across product categories.
Product standardization vs adaptation
In international marketing, the marketers are required to come up with a decision as to whether they are going to standardize the product or to modify the existing products which is one of the challenging decisions that they have to make. And this decision can make impacts on the organization in terms of the Research and development expenses, finance, production, organization structure, procurement, marketing mix etc. And the decision as to which to choose depending on the attitudes towards the different cultures. So in this article, we are going to cover these two concepts so that you can have an idea about the two concepts in depth.
201305 ingredioncorporateoverviewpresentationmaplock
Ingredion Incorporated is a leading global ingredient solutions company with over 11,100 employees and $6.5 billion in annual sales. It provides ingredients to food, beverage, pharmaceutical and other industries. It has a global network of manufacturing facilities and development centers and offers over 1,100 ingredients. Its strategic focus is on organic growth, broadening its ingredient portfolio and geographic scope, and achieving operating excellence.
Armenia Country (GCSR)
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Sales and marketing plan for soft drinks and beverages (for Iceberg Food)
The document provides a sales and marketing plan for soft drinks and beverages in India. It summarizes the key competitors in the fruit juice category and their positioning strategies. Major competitors include Dabur Real, Tropicana, Minute Maid, and Parle Saint. Dabur and Tropicana are positioned as healthy fruit juices made from real fruits. Minute Maid focuses on nutrition for a complete breakfast. Parle Saint conveys purity and honesty through its name and packaging. The summary highlights opportunities for Capri-Sun to introduce new variants and differentiate based on higher fruit content and nutrition.
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2. However, the pigs who lead the rebellion slowly start acting like the humans, taking more than their share of the food and exerting their power over the other animals.
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Abraham Lincoln exhibited strong democratic leadership qualities during the U.S. Civil War. As a democratic leader, he encouraged creativity and new ideas from his team members, but ultimately made the final decisions. Lincoln wanted what was best for all Americans and supported expanding voting rights to women. He had great communication skills, controlled his emotions well when working with others, and was able to learn on the job.
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John McCarthy first coined the term "artificial intelligence" in 1956. The original concept of AI was for machines to simulate human learning and intelligence. There are two main types of AI - strong AI, which aims to simulate the human brain, and weak AI, which behaves intelligently without replicating the brain. Machine learning is a subset of AI that uses algorithms to improve performance over time by processing data. AI is now used widely in areas like digital assistants, social media, music/video streaming, navigation, business applications, drones, self-driving cars, and humanoid robots. While AI has benefits, there are also risks like limited abilities, unemployment, and autonomous weapons. The future of AI could include enhanced human abilities but
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International Labour Organization
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Implication of Exchange rates on Businesses
1. Volkswagen reported a 95% drop in fourth quarter 2003 profits due to two main factors: the sharp rise of the euro against the dollar during 2003, and Volkswagen's decision to only hedge 30% of its currency exposure compared to its usual 70%.
2. Exchange rates can impact businesses in three main ways: transaction exposure affects individual deals, translation exposure impacts reported financial statements, and economic exposure influences long-term competitiveness.
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Consumerism
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一比一原版英国南安普顿大学毕业证（Soton学位证）如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：WP101A】【英国南安普顿大学毕业证（Soton学位证）学位证）成绩单】【微信：WP101A】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：WP101A】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：WP101A】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：WP101A】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理英国南安普顿大学毕业证（Soton学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国南安普顿大学毕业证（Soton学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国南安普顿大学毕业证（Soton学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国南安普顿大学毕业证（Soton学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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There is a common misunderstanding that the so-called “soft skills” of marketing such as language and art are unmeasurable and subjective, but while the objective measures of market research are merely 100 years old, the rules of aesthetics have been perfected over the last 2,500 years.
Great story construction is a skill that requires significant knowledge and practice. This presentation will be a review of the ancient art of story construction.
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• The Socratic Method – You cannot teach, but you can persuade people to learn
• Plato’s Cave – You sell products, but you market ideas
• Aristotle’s Six Dramatic Elements – The secret recipe for marketing stories
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一比一原版美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Welcome to our ppt on the top 10 digital marketing institutes in Lucknow! If you're looking to enhance your skills in the dynamic field of digital marketing, Lucknow offers several excellent training options. Our curated list highlights the best digital marketing institutes in Lucknow, providing comprehensive courses that cover SEO, social media marketing, PPC, content marketing, and more. These institutes are renowned for their experienced faculty, practical training, and industry-relevant curriculum. Whether you're a beginner or a professional seeking to upgrade your skills, these institutes can help you achieve your career goals in digital marketing.
一比一原版美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Standardization vs. Adaption
- 1. Standardization vs. Adaption Pranab Kishor
- 2. Standardization Adaptation • A marketer should not go for extremes • But aim for a degree that is suitable for the business. • Decision of Standardization or adaption can be termed as marketing tactical behavior • Reason influencing tactical behavior can have varying magnitude on decision. Global Product Strategy Only one version of product for every market No difference between domestic and international market Individualized Product Every market has its own version of product totally unique from domestic market
- 3. Peripheral reasons pulling towards adaptation: Economic differences, culture, differences in customer perception, competition, technological, sociological, level of customer similarity, marketing infrastructure Significant reasons pulling towards adaptation: market development, differences in physical conditions, legal reasons, political reasons Tactical behavior: Product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence process management Significant reasons pulling towards standardization: Easier planning and control, stock costs reduction Peripheral reasons pulling towards standardization: Economies of scale in production, research and development and promotion, global uniformity and image, consistency with the mobile consumer, synergetic and transferable experience Source: Vrontis et al., 2009, p. 492. Reasons for Standardization or Adaptation
- 4. Product Type and Global Product Strategy • Generally Certain type of product require standardization where as certain product or services require adaptation • Even when a brand happens to globalize its product, it needs to make some adaptation Standardization Adaptation Agriculture Products Raw Materials Medicine Dress Fabrics Buildings, Plants Industrial Software Food Tailoring Product Adaptation Sony TV Uniqlo Google Voltage, Broadcast standard Size Mix, Fabrics, Cut Language
- 5. Artwork
- 6. Mandatory vs Voluntary Adaptation • Mandatory adaptation • Language Differences • Different Electrical System • Different Measurement System • Government Requirements • Voluntary Adaptation • Marketer’s own decision • Nescafe has 200 variant of instant coffee • Pepsi co. sells its Lay’s Chips by different names like Walkers, Crisps, Chipsy, Smith’s Indonesia India Ireland
- 8. Cost Saving and Adaptation • Providing same basic product in diff. market but with minor variation • Nestle KitKat - Variation in raw material and Packaging Size • Kellogg – Multilingual package in European countries • Electrical products require only change in wiring or some change in design to meet the specifications. • Automobiles can be sold on different market with some change in design. • Products can be divided into segments rather than geography. • Music, Scotch Whisky
- 9. Product that don’t need adaptation • Niche Products • High Quality Camera, Supima T-shirts • High Elasticity Demand market • Economies of scale does not serve any purpose
- 10. Legal Aspect • Orange Fanta • Amount of real orange juice • Required to change either it’s name or formula • In Canada contains orange juice in US doesn't. • Lower horsepower in cars to save on taxes • Test of purity or efficiency for medicines.
- 11. Thinking Global, Acting Local • Altering the Image of product • Schweppes Tonic (Mixer for Alcohol in US, Soft drink in France) • Altering the product but keeping Image Intact • Procter & Gamble – Whisper (lighter in Japan than US) • COKE Canadian Ingredients carbonated water, sucrose, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine US Ingredients carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine UK Ingredients carbonated water, sugar, colour (caramel E150d), phosphoric acid, natural flavorings (including caffeine).
- 13. Thinking Global, Acting Local • Altering the Image of product • Schweppes Tonic (Mixer for Alcohol in US, Soft drink in France) • Altering the product but keeping Image Intact • Procter & Gamble – Whisper (lighter in Japan than US) • COKE Canadian Ingredients carbonated water, sucrose, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine US Ingredients carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine UK Ingredients carbonated water, sugar, colour (caramel E150d), phosphoric acid, natural flavorings (including caffeine).
- 14. Factors to Consider Factors Standardize Individualize Competitive factors Strength of competition Weak Strong Market position Dominant Non dominant Market factors Homogeneity of consumer preferences Homogeneous Heterogeneous Potential for growth of currently small segments Low High Consumer purchasing power Uniform Varied Willingness of consumers to pay for differentiated products Low High Need satisfied by product in markets served Shared Individual Conditions of use Uniform Varied Product factors Importance of scale economies in manufacturing High Low Opportunities to learn from small-scale production of innovative products Low High Type of product Industrial Consumer Codes and restrictions Uniform Varied Companies factors Scope of international involvement Many or large markets Few or small markets Company resources (financial, personnel, production) Limited Abundant
- 15. THANK YOU