The document provides background information on several key developments in the United States during the antebellum period: 1. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, which significantly increased cotton production in the South and led to increased demand for slave labor. 2. Whitney also helped pioneer mass production techniques through his contract to produce muskets for the U.S. government, dividing labor into specialized tasks. 3. The idea of Manifest Destiny and population growth fueled westward expansion in the early 1800s, displacing Native Americans from their lands. 4. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the forced relocation of the Cherokee and other Southeastern tribes along the Trail of

1. Westward Expansion
Antebellum South
Standard 7

2. Southern States

3. · It was difficult to make a profit from cotton because
cottonseeds were removed by hand.
Cotton Gin
It took one person an entire day to clean one pound of
cotton.

5. • 1792: Whitney graduated from Yale Collage
• Began private tutoring in Georgia
• At this time, the southern states were
experiencing a severe economic depression
– Cotton was being produced but it could not be
“ginned”
– Ginning techniques of the day were slow &
expensive
Introducing Eli Whitney

6. · Whitney never became
wealthy from his
invention.
· Whitney applied for a patent on the cotton gin.
· People ignored the
patent and built their
own.

7. • Plantation owners began to earn a lot of money
growing cotton.
“The First
Cotton Gin"
(image from
1869)
• This caused farmers to increase their dependency on
slave labor.

8. • Whitney got a contract from the US gov’t to
manufacture 10,000 muskets
• At the time, muskets were made by skilled
craftsmen – what were the problems with
this?
1. -
2. -
3. -
Whitney Moves On…To Guns

9. • Whitney made two decisions regarding the muskets:
1. He would use machines to manufacture all parts of the
muskets
Machines for forging, for planning, for grinding, for boring,
for polishing, etc
Now semi-skilled machine operators could produce parts that
had previously been limited to highly skilled craftsmen
Now the same part on different guns would be identical &
interchangeable => repair work easier & cheaper
2. Break the manufacturing process into small steps &
give workers responsibility for only one part of the
process
Workers responsible only for forging, for grinding, or for
drilling => sped up production & ensured high standards of
accuracy
Eli Whitney & Mass Production Techniques

10. • Whitney is mainly remembered for his
cotton ginning machine
–Because of his contribution, cotton
exports from the US totaled more than
$37 million (more than all the other
exports combined)
–Slaves were even more in demand now.
Eli Whitney’s Legacy

11. Manifest Destiny
• Sense of mission or national destiny.
• Believed U.S. had a mission to extend
boundaries of freedom to others by sharing
idealism and democratic institutions—to
those capable of self-government (not Native
Americans or Mexicans)
• Idea that God had determined America should
stretch from East Coast to Pacific.

12. Reasons behind Manifest Destiny
• Population Increase
• Economic depressions—1818
and 1839
• Abundance of cheap (or free)
land in West.
• Expansion offered
opportunities for new
commerce.
• People began moving over new
trails like Santa Fe Trail and
Oregon Trail.

13. New Era in Politics
• Under Jackson’s
Presidency, more white
males became eligible
to vote.
– Many states lowered or
eliminated property
ownership as a voting
qualification.
– Jackson had confidence
in letting average citizens
vote

14. New Era of Politics
• When elected, Jackson replaced many federal
office holders with people who helped him
campaign (spoils system)
• Also changed how presidential candidates are
chosen (causus to conventions)

15. By the time Andrew
Jackson became
President in 1829,
the Native American
population east of the
Mississippi River had
gone down to about
125,000.
(13 million non indian
pop)

16. Indian Removal

17. Many members of
the “Five Civilized
Tribes” (including
the Cherokee,
Creeks, Choctaws,
Chickasaws, and
Seminoles) wanted
to stay in their lands
east of the
Mississippi River.

18. How did the Five Civilized
Tribes try to avoid
removal?

19. 1. Adopted farming life style
2. Began to receive formal education
3. Had own written language
4. Established their own newspaper
(Cherokee Phoenix)
5. Adopted white man’s idea of black
slavery & established plantations

20. How did Georgia begin the
removal process of the Cherokee
and the other members of the Five
Civilized tribes within its border?

21. Throughout the late
1820s, legal conflict
over ownership of
Cherokee lands led the
issue to the halls of the
U.S. Supreme Court.

22. The Supreme
Court and
Chief Justice
John Marshall
ruled the
Cherokee
could keep
their lands
because of
earlier federal
treaties.

23. Georgia ignored the
court’s ruling.
President Jackson
refused to enforce
the ruling.
He remarked, “Well,
John Marshall has
made his decision,
now let him try to
enforce it”.

24. 20,000 Cherokees were brutally
rounded up and marched to Indian
territory in Oklahoma.

25. As many as 4,000 died along the “Trail of Tears”.

26. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
• Van Buren ordered 20,000
Cherokees removed west.
• Rounded them up into
camps
• 2000 died in camps, 2000
on 800 mile journey from
Georgia to Indian Territory.
• ¼ people died.
• Land they did get was
inferior to land they had
before.

27. “I fought through the Civil War and have seen men
shot to pieces and slaughtered by the thousands, but
the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever
knew.”
Georgia Soldier involved in removal process

29. The Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &
Penal Reform
Education
Women’s
Rights
Abolitionism

30. •Anti-Alcohol movement
•American Temperance Society formed at Boston-----1826
• sign pledges, pamphlets, anti-alcohol tract
10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
•stressed temperance and individual will to resist

31. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
The Drunkard’s Progress

32. Middle-class reformers called for
tax-supported education, arguing
to business leaders that the new
economic order needed educated
workers
Educational Reform
In 1800 Massachusetts
was the only state
requiring free public
schools supported by
community funds

33. Under Horace Mann’s
leadership in the 1830s,
Massachusetts created a
state board of education
and adopted a minimum-
length school year.
Provided for training of
teachers, and expanded the
curriculum to include
subjects such as history
and geography
Educational Reform

34. By the 1850s the number of schools, attendance
figures, and school budgets had all increased
sharply
School reformers enjoyed their greatest success
in the Northeast and the least in the South
Southern planters opposed paying taxes to
educate poorer white children
Educational opportunities for women also
expanded
Educational Reform

35. The Asylum Movement
(orphanages, jails, hospitals)
• Asylums isolated and
separated the criminal, the
insane, the ill, and the
dependent from outside
society
• “Rehabilitation”
– The goal of care in asylums,
which had focused on
confinement, shifted to the
reform of personal character

36. The Asylum Movement
• Dorothea Dix, a Boston
schoolteacher, took the lead
in advocating state supported asylums for
the mentally ill
• She attracted much attention to the
movement by her report detailing the
horrors to which the mentally ill were
subjected
– being chained, kept in cages and closets, and
beaten with rods
• In response to her efforts, 28 states
maintained mental institutions by 1860

37. Abolitionism
• William Lloyd Garrison,
publisher of the The Liberator,
first appeared in 1831 and sent
shock waves across the entire
country
– He argued about gradual
emancipation and said that there
needed to be an immediate end
to slavery at once
– He supported racial equality.

38. Abolitionism
Free blacks, such as Frederick Douglass,
who had escaped from slavery in Maryland,
also joined the abolitionist movement
To abolitionists, slavery was a moral, not an
economic question
But most of all, abolitionists denounced
slavery as contrary to Christian teaching
1845 --> The Narrative of the Life
Of Frederick Douglass
1847 --> started his own newspaper called
“The North Star”

39. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded
with the Sum of All Villanies!

40. Isabella Baumfree (1787-1883)
AKA Sojourner Truth
1850 --> The Narrative of
Sojourner Truth

41. The Underground Railroad
 “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
 “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
 “Tracks” ==== routes
 “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting
the escaping slaves
 “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

42. Growth of slavery

43. Growth of slavery

44. “Separate Spheres” Concept
Republican Motherhood evolved
into the “Cult of Domesticity”
 A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a
refuge from the cruel world outside).
 Her role was to “civilize” her husband and
family.

45. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women
to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
 Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
 American Women’s
Suffrage Assoc.
 edited Woman’s Journal
R2-9

46. When abolitionists divided over the issue of
female participation, women found it easy to
identify with the situation of the slaves
1848: Feminist reform led to the
Seneca Falls Convention
Significance: launched modern women’s rights movement
Established the arguments and the program for
the women’s rights movement for the
remainder of the century
Women’s Rights Movement

47. The first Woman’s rights movement
was in Seneca Falls, New York in
1849……
•The things they talked about:
•Educational and professional opportunities
•Property rights
•Legal equality
•repeal of laws awarding the father custody of the
children in divorce.
•Suffrage rights

48. We hold these truths to be self-
evident that all men and women are
created equal; that they are
endowed by their Creator with
certain inalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness; that to secure
these rights governments are
instituted, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed……