Children progress through several stages in acquiring their first language. They develop receptive language skills like comprehending speech before expressive skills like speaking. Babbling emerges around 3 months and transitions to first words by 12 months in the one-word stage. Between 12-18 months, children use single words and by 2 years begin combining words into simple sentences in the two-word stage. From 2-3 years, the telegraphic stage is characterized by longer but grammatically simplified utterances. Cognitive development facilitates language acquisition as children's understanding of concepts like objects and time influence their linguistic development.
an introduction to psycholinguistics
chapter 1 How children learn language
21 slide of the first chapter explaining most important parts of the first chapter.
an introduction to psycholinguistics
chapter 1 How children learn language
21 slide of the first chapter explaining most important parts of the first chapter.
Language
Language development
Theories of language development
components of language development
influences on language development
Note: All the content is adapted from AIOU Course Code 8610-Human learning and development
First Language Acquisition Schedule of ChildrenBibi Halima
1. First Language Acquisition
2. The Acquisition schedule of Child’s language
3. Post-telegraphic Stage
4. Patterns in development; Developmental sequences in First Language acquisition
Language
Language development
Theories of language development
components of language development
influences on language development
Note: All the content is adapted from AIOU Course Code 8610-Human learning and development
First Language Acquisition Schedule of ChildrenBibi Halima
1. First Language Acquisition
2. The Acquisition schedule of Child’s language
3. Post-telegraphic Stage
4. Patterns in development; Developmental sequences in First Language acquisition
Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense and enable communication.
Language is a cognition that makes us human.
Other species do communicate with an innate ability
To produce a limited number of meaningful vocalizations (e.g. bonobos), or
Partially learned systems (e.g. bird songs)
No other species known to date that can express infinite ideas (sentences) with a limited set of symbols (speech sounds and words).
Researchers are finding evidence for mastery of this complex skill in increasingly younger children.
Infants as young as 12 months are reported to have sensitivity to the grammar needed to understand causative sentences (who did what to whom; e.g. the bunny pushed the frog (Rowland & Noble, 2010).
Still a enigma
The mechanism that enables children to segment syllables and words out of the strings of sounds they hear, and
To acquire grammar to understand and produce language
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Stages in 1st language - Wissam Ali Askar
1. 1
Stages in First Language Acquisition
Introduction
There are many different approaches to study and analyze the developmental stages of child language. But before discussing these approaches it seems necessary to examine some introductory comments on the study of child language. It is argued that all human beings acquire a language, but there are many different languages in the world, and it seems that any human being is capable of learning any of these as a native language with equal ease. According to Pinker (1995) no child fails to learn a native language, and it is learned largely before the age of 5. Stork and Widdowson (1974) points out that there are two major factor involved the language acquisition, first an innate human potential for the acquisition of a language and secondly, a linguistics environment. Many linguistics and researchers believe that the acquisition of a language depends on upon the interaction of these two factors.
Children go through different stages in acquiring their first language. In the following section, these different developmental stages will be discussed in detail and appropriate examples and data will be presented:
Receptive and expressive language skills. Two important skills in describing the developmental of language in children are: 1. Receptive skill and 2. Expressive skill. The receptive language skill is always in advance of the expressive skill (Owens, 2010). The development of receptive skill begins at birth when the newly born infant is immediately exposed to all different kinds of noises. Before they can begin to acquire language, they must first separate non-speech noises from speech sounds. From around one month of age,
2. 2
children exhibit to distinguish among certain speech sounds. The voice is usually the child’s mother’s voice and the infant may show recognition by a facial expression such as a smile. By nine months the infant starts to respond by gesture or movement. By one year of age, infant can usually respond commands (O'Grady and Cho, 2011). The development of the expressive language skill is the beginning of active participation in speech and language. At this stage the infant can respond vocally to pain, such as hunger, pleasure and satisfaction, but these are just reflexes. The development of speech indeed begins when infant can produce sounds at will by conscious effort (Barrett, 1999). This kind of sound production is called Babbling which begins toward the end of the third month of life. Nasrin (2008) in her study stated that “a large variety of sounds is produced in this stage” (p.121). Babbling increases in frequently until the age of about twelve months, at which time the child start to produce their first understandable words (Yule, 2006). “Babbling may overlap with the production of real word for several weeks before dying out. By the time children have acquired fifty words or so” (O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba, 1996:468). By about six months he/she is producing a wide range of sounds and using them in his/her play. By nine months, he/ she is capable of responding to simple words. At this stage he/ she learns to repeat the same sound or sounds over and over again. The child usually produces a syllable consisting of consonant plus vowel which is often called reduplication stage (O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba, 1996). The child will begin to use his/her first words at about twelve months. The forms such as mama or dada, which occur very early during the reduplication stage, are not considered as words. Reduplicating syllables consisting of bilabial or alveolar consonants and low front vowels are used in many languages as children names for parents. At about the same time child begins to
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use a few recognizable words which he/ she invents for himself/herself which are called Jargon. The development of jargon is an important stage in the acquisition of language (Stork and Widdowson, 1974).
The one-word stage Yule (2006) indicated “between twelve and eighteen months, children begin to produce a variety of recognizable single unit utterances”(p.153). O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba (1996) also stated that children begin to produce one word utterances between the ages of twelve and eighteenth months. He continued that a basic property of these one word utterances is that they can be used to express the type of meaning that is associated with an entire sentence in adult speech. When the child is about eighteenth months he/she will be using perhaps about twenty meaningful words and a great number jargons. At this stage his/her communication with others is limited to single word utterances which are called Holophrastic language. The development of words into sentences is indeed the true beginning of grammar. This occurs at about twenty four month old and at first it is limited to the juxtaposition of two words and then gradually develops into more complex sentences. A child usually acquires most of the grammatical forms of native language bye five or six years old (Yule, 2006). The single word utterances of the child may be used in context which would contain different grammatical constructions in adult language (Owens, 2010). For example, according to the context and the speaker’s intent the single word sentence “teddy” could mean: I want my teddy, here is my teddy, where is my teddy or hello my teddy.
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The two – word stage
Within a few months of their first one – word utterances, children begin to produce two word “mini- sentences”. The table below provides a sampling of these utterances and the type of meaning they are commonly used to express (O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba, 1996). Some patterns in children’s two word speech
Utterance Intended meaning Semantic relation
Baby chair the baby is sitting on the chair agent- location
Doggie bark the dog is barking agent - action
Daddy hat Daddy’s hat possessor- possessed
Ken water Ken is drinking water agent- theme
Transformation-generative grammar is also used by some researchers to show the relationship between possible deep and structure. Naturally the rules for describing the child and adult language are different but the principles are the same as discussed earlier. For example we cannot ask a child to explain what he/she means by “Mummy shoe”. What we can do is to examine the non linguistic context in order to arrive at a semantic interpretation. If the child gestures towards his/her mother’s shoe when saying “mummy shoe” , it suggests that deep structure underlying the utterance is a possessive relationship which in the adult language might . if in the other hand, the child has one of his own shoes in his hand and he s‘be expressed by passes it to his mother, at the same time gesturing which his foot, we have evidence that the words “Mummy shoe” are to be given the meaning, “ put my shoe on , please” (Owens, 2010). .
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The telegraphic stage
Yule (2006) stated that between two and a half year old, the child begins producing a large number of utterances that could be classified as “multiple-word” speech. (Owens, 2019) suggested that it isn’t until real two word utterances begin that we can say that syntactic (grammatical) constructions have started to form. He added that until you have two words to rub together, then there isn’t any syntax, because syntax is about the relationship between words in a sentence. O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba (1996) argued that after a period of several months, during which their speech is limited to one and two word utterances, children begin to produce longer and more complex grammatical structure. Some representative utterances from the first part of this period follow. Chair broken Daddy like book - What her name? - Car make noise
At first, these utterances lack bound morphemes and most non-lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in telegrams, this acquisitional stage is often dubbed telegraphic. Over a period of several months, affixes, determiners, and auxiliary verbs emerge in accordance with the developmental sequence. A noteworthy feature of the telegraphic stage is that despite the emergence of complex new syntactic structures, children make virtually no word order errors. “Because of the diversity and sophistication of the utterances produced during the telegraphic stage, there is general agreement that this period is characterized by the emergence of powerful grammatical devices” (O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba, 1996:479).
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The cognitive development
It is claimed that language is one of many analytic activities which all depend on cognitive development. There are many suggestive similarities between language acquisition and cognitive development. During the first two years of life, for example, several cognitive advances that could facilitate language acquisition take place. One of this involves the development of object performance the ability to recognize that objects have an existence independent of one’s interaction with them(O'Grady and Dobrovolsky and Katamba, 1996). During Language acquisition is seen as having certain cognitive prerequisites or co-requests. That is, the child will not develop linguistic forms before acquiring the cognitive basis for those forms. For example, the child is expected to learn where question/location answer prior to the when question /time answer because the concept of place is acquired prior to the concept of time, and this order is cognitively determined (Owens, 2019). .
Conclusion In sum there is as yet no definite answer as how language development takes place but we are able to investigate through the application of various linguistics and psycholinguistic theories some of the complexities of child language development.
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References
Barrett, M. (1999). The development of language: studies in developmental psychology. UK. Psychology press
Nasrin, S. (2008). First language Acquisition: grammar in the speech of a two-year old Bangladeshi Child. University Journal. V(2). 121-124
O'Grady, W. &Cho, S. W. (1997) "Language Acquisition: The Emergence of a Grammar." In Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Ed. William O'Grady, Michael Dobrovolsky and Francis Katamba. Harlow: Longman.
O'Grady, W. & Dobrovolsky, M. & Katamba, F. (1996). Contemporary Linguistics: An introduction. Harlow: Longman.
Owens, R. E. (2010). Language development: an introduction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Pinker, S. (1995). Language Acquisition. In Gleitman, l. R. & Osherson, D. N. (Eds). An invitation to cognitive science, 2nd edition: language (pp. 135-182) MIT press
Yule, G. (2006). The study of language. Cambridge university press: New York
Stork, F. C. & Widdowson, D. A. (1974). Learning about linguistics. London: Hutchinson Ltd.
Wissam Ali Askar – 20123360
ELT – Language Acquisition