The document discusses language acquisition and development, outlining key components, theories, and stages involved in learning language. It covers various perspectives, including behaviorism, nativism, cognitive development, and interactionist approaches, while detailing the stages of language development from pre-linguistic to complete sentences. Overall, it emphasizes that different theories each provide partial explanations of how children acquire language, influenced by both innate abilities and social interaction.

1. INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
SCIENCE UNIVERSITY
PRESENTED
BY
GROUP 4
PSYCHOLOGY II
Topic:Language acquisition and development

2. Language acquisition and
Development
Language acquisition
Components of language
Theories of language
development
Stages of language development

3.  Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken,
consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
 Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense
and enable communication.
 Language acquisition is the process by which we learn how to
speak, write, or even use sign language in meaningful ways to
communicate.it can also be defined as a process by which humans
acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as
well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

4. These are 5 main components of language:
 Phenomes
 Morphemes
 Lexemes
 Syntax
 Context

5.  Phenomes:An indivisible unit of sound in a given
language, it can cause change of meaning within a
language but it does not have meaning by itself
 Morpheme :The smallest linguistic unit within a word
that can carry meaning
 Lexemes :It is a set of all the inflicted forms of a single
word
 Syntax:Is the set of rules by which a person constructs a
full sentence
.Context :is how everything within the language works
together to convey a particular meaning

6. The Behaviorism/Imitation theory
The Nativist or Innateness Theory
The cognitive theory
The interactionist (input) theory
These are 4 Theories of language
development:

7.  The theory was suggested by B.F SKINNER and was an American psychologist and
behaviorist
 Skinner viewed babies as empty vessels which language had to be put into. He viewed
language acquisition as a cognitive behavior he suggested that language is learned through
operant conditions, he argued that a child goes through trial and error coupled up with
reinforcement such as smiles from the parents.
 He differentiated verbal behavior into two
1.Verbal behavior that is reinforced by the child receiving a gift
2.Verbal behavior caused by imitating others
Skinner’s theory step by step process.
 Imitation –repetition- memorization – controlled drilling – reinforcement which can either be
positive or negative

8.  Children are often unable to repeat what the parents say
especially if the adults utterance contains a structure a
child hasn’t started to use
 Critical period for language acquisition is limited
 Children who haven’t gotten the language by age 8 will
never catch up
 Observational studies of parent child conversation
show that parents rarely reinforce correct grammar in a
child’s speech but instead tend to focus on truthfulness
or accuracy of statements

9.  This theory was stated up by Chomsky AvramNaom. This theory is also known as the
Chomsky’s linguistic theory
 Chomsky was an American linguist philosopher born on 7th December 1928 in
Philadelphia. He was sometimes referred to as “The father of modern linguistics”.
 Chomsky believes that there is a special structure in the brain that controls the
interpretation and production of speech. He argues that children don’t need any kind of
formal teaching to learn how to speak.
 He argues that infants learn at a speed that can’t be simply explained by the laws of
behaviorism.

10. Chomsky’s theory therefore states:
We are born with an innate ability to learn language and
with little guidance, children will naturally learn
language:
 Chomsky believed we are born with a device for
language acquisition and called it the Language
 Acquisition Device-LAD.
 The LAD is what we would use to learn every word we
use today naturally according to him.
 The children learn the rules in their own way

11. 

12.  Chomsky's work on language was theoretical. He
was interested in grammar and much of his work
consists of complex explanations of grammatical
rules. He did not study real children. The theory
relies on children being exposed to language but
takes no account of the interaction between
children and their careers. Nor does it recognise
the reasons why a child might want to speak, the
functions of language
 The theory is hard to prove because it’s not
allowed to insulate somebody and just to do a
research

13.  The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget placed acquisition of
language within the context of a child's mental or cognitive
development. He argued that a child has to understand a
concept before s/he can acquire the particular language form
which expresses that concept.
 A good example of this is seriation. There will be a point in a
child's intellectual development when s/he can compare objects
with respect to size. This means that if you gave the child a
number of sticks, s/he could arrange them in order of size.
Piaget suggested that a child who had not yet reached this stage
would not be able to learn and use comparative adjectives like
"bigger" or "smaller".

14.  Object permanence is another phenomenon often cited
in relation to the cognitive theory. During the first year
of life, children seem unaware of the existence of
objects they cannot see. An object which moves out of
sight ceases to exist. By the time they reach the age of
18 months, children have realised that objects have an
existence independently of their perception. The
cognitive theory draws attention to the large increase in
children's vocabulary at around this age, suggesting a
link between object permanence and the learning of
labels for objects.

15.  During the first year to 18 months, connections of the
type explained above are possible to trace but, as a
child continues to develop, so it becomes harder to find
clear links between language and intellect. Some
studies have focused on children who have learned to
speak fluently despite abnormal mental development.
Syntax in particular does not appear to rely on general
intellectual growth.

16.  In contrast to the work of Chomsky, more recent theorists have stressed the importance
of the language input children receive from their care-givers. Language exists for the
purpose of communication and can only be learned in the context of interaction with
people who want to communicate with you. Interactionists such as Jerome Bruner
suggest that the language behaviour of adults when talking to children (known by
several names by most easily referred to as child-directed speech or CDS) is specially
adapted to support the acquisition process. This support is often described to as
scaffolding for the child's language learning. Bruner also coined the term Language
Acquisition Support System or LASS in response to Chomsky's LAD. Colwyn
Trevarthen studied the interaction between parents and babies who were too young to
speak. He concluded that the turn-taking structure of conversation is developed
through games and non-verbal communication long before actual words are uttered

17.  These theories serve as a useful corrective to Chomsky's
early position and it seems likely that a child will learn
more quickly with frequent interaction. However, it has
already been noted that children in all cultures pass through
the same stages in acquiring language. We have also seen
that there are cultures in which adults do not adopt special
ways of talking to children, so CDS may be useful but
seems not to be essential.
 As stated earlier, the various theories should not be seen
simply as alternatives. Rather, each of them offers a partial
explanation of the process.

18. Pre-Linguistic Stage
Holophrastic stage
Telegraphic stage
Complete sentence

19. It involves changes in characteristics or functions of the organism
e.g. language, intellectual, moral, social development.
Pre-linguistic Stage :Baby’s ability to understand and convey a
message either by Crying or Cooing & Babbling
(around 2 month – babies make vowel-like noises called cooing)
Cooing ex:”Ooh, aah, goo, a goo”
(about 4 months consonants combine with vowels babies
began babbling)
Babbling “ ma, ba, ga, da ,pa pa pa”Becoming a
communicator

20. Holophrastic stage (one word sentence)
(10 and 13 months).
The child makes up words such as dada and mama
coupled up with the non verbal cues.
These words could only be understood by the mother
and care taker of the child.
Telegraphic stage(two word sentence)
(At 18 months).
The sentences it makes comprise a noun or a verb plus a modifier.
This enables the child to formulate a sentence which may either
be declarative, negative or interrogative, such as doggy big,
where ball...

21. Complete sentence
(From 24 month and obove)
.The grammar is in form of prefixes or suffices which are used change
meanings or tenses. The child can now form sentences with a
subject. For example, I want more sugar, where is ball, that is not
egg.
.The children can use grammar in a sensible way to form meaningful
statements such as take me to the shop, I can’t play and so on.
Thank you..