Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense and enable communication.
The document discusses the stages of language development from infancy through adulthood. It begins with definitions of language and then outlines the major stages of language development, including caretaker speech in infancy, the one-word and two-word stages in toddlers, the development of function words and plurals in preschool years, literacy acquisition in school years, the emergence of personal linguistic styles in teen years, and variability in adult language depending on factors like education and occupation. The document also covers the five dimensions of the linguistic system: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Hockett's language features are a set of 16 properties that define human language and distinguish it from animal communication according to linguist Charles Hockett. The features include using the vocal-auditory channel, being able to broadcast sounds to many listeners but also receive sounds directionally, having words and sounds that rapidly fade, being able to interchange and copy each other's speech, providing total feedback while speaking to monitor oneself, specializing in communication rather than biological functions like animal sounds, having words that relate to specific meanings, being arbitrary with no inherent connection between words and meanings, consisting of discrete words and units, being able to talk about things that are not present, being productive to form new sentences, being learned through social interaction
Language development begins early in life through acquiring language from those speaking around infants. Children's language moves from simple to complex, starting without words but developing the ability to discriminate speech sounds by age 4 months. By their second birthday, toddlers use structures like action+agent and action+object, and they begin to interpret the subject+verb+object structure of English. Preschoolers actively analyze language, formulating rules and hypotheses to continue learning more complex structures and vocabulary.
The document discusses several theories of language acquisition:
1. Imitation theory claims that children learn language by imitating the speech they hear from others.
2. Reinforcement theory asserts that children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement from adults when they use language correctly or incorrectly.
3. The active construction theory claims that children analyze the language input around them to form hypotheses about grammatical rules and construct their own grammar.
- Children acquire language through a creative process, not through direct instruction, and are born with an innate language faculty that enables them to learn grammar from linguistic input.
- Children progress through stages in language acquisition from babbling to one-word utterances to putting words together in sentences according to the grammatical rules of their language.
- Theories of language acquisition include the idea that children extract rules through analogy, imitation, and reinforcement from their environment or that they are guided by an innate universal grammar.
Nativist theory, proposed by Noam Chomsky, argues that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that enables children to learn language. The LAD contains universal grammar principles and parameters that guide children to unconsciously deduce the grammatical rules of the language they are exposed to. Children are biologically predisposed to acquire language skills without formal teaching by testing hypotheses about the underlying structure of the language based on the input they receive.
Chomsky's theory proposes that children are born with an innate, inherited ability to learn language. He believes they acquire language not through imitation but by having an innate understanding of grammar rules and word categories like nouns and verbs. Evidence for his theory includes that children notice grammatical errors by adults and tend to use correct word order and make up words as they learn. However, his theory does not disprove the role of learning language through interactions with others or explain differences in how easily children learn new languages.
Language is defined in multiple ways in the document. The most encompassing definition is that language is a system of arbitrary and conventional vocal symbols through which thought is conveyed from one human being to another. Language has several key elements - it is a system, the symbols used are arbitrary, it is vocal in nature, uses symbols, and the symbols are conventional. Language allows for the transmission of messages between humans. It has unique properties like duality of structure, creativity, arbitrariness, reciprocity, displacement, cultural transmission through learning, specialization, discreteness, and reflexiveness. Competence refers to the internalized knowledge of language rules, while performance is the actual use of language. Language serves important functions like communication
The document discusses the stages of language development from infancy through adulthood. It begins with definitions of language and then outlines the major stages of language development, including caretaker speech in infancy, the one-word and two-word stages in toddlers, the development of function words and plurals in preschool years, literacy acquisition in school years, the emergence of personal linguistic styles in teen years, and variability in adult language depending on factors like education and occupation. The document also covers the five dimensions of the linguistic system: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Hockett's language features are a set of 16 properties that define human language and distinguish it from animal communication according to linguist Charles Hockett. The features include using the vocal-auditory channel, being able to broadcast sounds to many listeners but also receive sounds directionally, having words and sounds that rapidly fade, being able to interchange and copy each other's speech, providing total feedback while speaking to monitor oneself, specializing in communication rather than biological functions like animal sounds, having words that relate to specific meanings, being arbitrary with no inherent connection between words and meanings, consisting of discrete words and units, being able to talk about things that are not present, being productive to form new sentences, being learned through social interaction
Language development begins early in life through acquiring language from those speaking around infants. Children's language moves from simple to complex, starting without words but developing the ability to discriminate speech sounds by age 4 months. By their second birthday, toddlers use structures like action+agent and action+object, and they begin to interpret the subject+verb+object structure of English. Preschoolers actively analyze language, formulating rules and hypotheses to continue learning more complex structures and vocabulary.
The document discusses several theories of language acquisition:
1. Imitation theory claims that children learn language by imitating the speech they hear from others.
2. Reinforcement theory asserts that children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement from adults when they use language correctly or incorrectly.
3. The active construction theory claims that children analyze the language input around them to form hypotheses about grammatical rules and construct their own grammar.
- Children acquire language through a creative process, not through direct instruction, and are born with an innate language faculty that enables them to learn grammar from linguistic input.
- Children progress through stages in language acquisition from babbling to one-word utterances to putting words together in sentences according to the grammatical rules of their language.
- Theories of language acquisition include the idea that children extract rules through analogy, imitation, and reinforcement from their environment or that they are guided by an innate universal grammar.
Nativist theory, proposed by Noam Chomsky, argues that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that enables children to learn language. The LAD contains universal grammar principles and parameters that guide children to unconsciously deduce the grammatical rules of the language they are exposed to. Children are biologically predisposed to acquire language skills without formal teaching by testing hypotheses about the underlying structure of the language based on the input they receive.
Chomsky's theory proposes that children are born with an innate, inherited ability to learn language. He believes they acquire language not through imitation but by having an innate understanding of grammar rules and word categories like nouns and verbs. Evidence for his theory includes that children notice grammatical errors by adults and tend to use correct word order and make up words as they learn. However, his theory does not disprove the role of learning language through interactions with others or explain differences in how easily children learn new languages.
Language is defined in multiple ways in the document. The most encompassing definition is that language is a system of arbitrary and conventional vocal symbols through which thought is conveyed from one human being to another. Language has several key elements - it is a system, the symbols used are arbitrary, it is vocal in nature, uses symbols, and the symbols are conventional. Language allows for the transmission of messages between humans. It has unique properties like duality of structure, creativity, arbitrariness, reciprocity, displacement, cultural transmission through learning, specialization, discreteness, and reflexiveness. Competence refers to the internalized knowledge of language rules, while performance is the actual use of language. Language serves important functions like communication
Children are biologically predisposed to learn language through an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD contains innate linguistic principles and adjustable parameters that allow children to discover the grammatical rules of the language they are exposed to. By matching patterns in the environmental language input to their innate linguistic knowledge, children are able to unconsciously deduce and internalize the rules of that language.
This document summarizes key aspects of first language acquisition in children. It describes how infants progress from babbling to one-word, then two-word stages as they learn to speak. Caregiver speech is simplified to help children learn. Children develop language skills like forming questions and negatives according to consistent schedules. Over time, they gain proficiency with morphology, syntax and semantics as their vocabularies grow and sentence complexity increases. The process involves imitation, correction and eventually mastering irregular verb forms and grammatical structures.
The document discusses four main theories of language acquisition:
1) Imitation theory proposes that language is learned through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of utterances.
2) Nativist or innateness theory argues that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language quickly based on innate linguistic principles and parameters.
3) Cognition theory views language acquisition through a cognitive-psychological lens, focusing on mental processes like reasoning.
4) Motherese or input theory emphasizes the role of maternal input and interactions in aiding language development.
Noam Chomsky was an influential linguist who proposed the theory of Universal Grammar. He believed that children are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to learn language quickly and easily. According to Chomsky, the LAD contains a set of innate linguistic principles and parameters that are shared across all human languages. When children are exposed to speech, their LAD is activated and allows them to deduce the grammatical rules of their native language from limited experience. However, Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar has been criticized for focusing only on syntax and ignoring other linguistic domains like semantics, pragmatics, and social factors involved in language acquisition.
This document discusses research on the organization of language in the multilingual brain. It describes how Broca's area and Wernicke's area were identified as critical for language processing and are typically located in the left hemisphere. While language abilities are predominantly left-lateralized, additional brain areas are involved. The organization of first (L1) and second (L2) languages can differ depending on the age of L2 acquisition, level of L2 proficiency, and how the L2 was learned. Younger acquisition and higher proficiency are linked to more similar organization of L1 and L2, while older acquisition involves relatively more right hemisphere involvement for L2. Brain damage generally affects all languages known but the most
The document discusses the stages of language development in children. It describes Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device hypothesis and Skinner's behaviorist view of language learning. The stages include the prelinguistic period where children engage in babbling and gesturing, the holophrastic period marked by one-word utterances, the telegraphic period when two-word combinations emerge in the form of agent-action or action-object relations, and finally the complex period where children start using grammatical morphemes and forming basic sentences.
This document discusses theories of language acquisition in children. It explores the debate between innate vs learned language abilities. There are two main schools of thought - nativists propose language learning is innate while empiricists believe it is entirely learned through environment and experience. The document also examines theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, and information processing models of how children develop language skills over time through listening, practicing, and constructing their own understanding of language rules.
Language
Language development
Theories of language development
components of language development
influences on language development
Note: All the content is adapted from AIOU Course Code 8610-Human learning and development
This document discusses several individual learner differences that can impact second language acquisition, including anxiety, age, language aptitude, intelligence, learning styles, motivation, personality traits, and cognitive styles. Anxiety is related to self-esteem and risk-taking and can interfere with learning. Adults generally progress faster than children in grammar acquisition but not always in pronunciation. Language aptitude, intelligence, and cognitive styles like field dependence/independence can also influence L2 learning.
Characteristics and features of Language Junaid Amjed
Language is a uniquely human system of communication that has enabled the development of human civilization. It has several key characteristics: it is arbitrary, systematic, productive, creative, social, and conventional. Language exists through social conventions and allows for human interaction, cooperation, and the development of culture. It consists of symbols organized into complex, rule-based systems to convey meaning. The ability to use language sets humans apart from other animals.
The document discusses three domains of language development - syntax, semantics, and pragmatics - and three theories of language acquisition: learning theory, nativist theory, and interactionist theory. Learning theory proposes that language is acquired through reinforcement of behaviors, nativist theory argues aspects of language are innate, and interactionist theory views language acquisition as an interplay between biological predispositions and social/environmental factors.
This document summarizes the key stages and processes of child language acquisition. It notes that children typically acquire fluent control of a language within a few years, with mastery by age 5. The major stages include pre-language babbling from 6 months, a one-word stage around 12 months, two-word combinations by 18 months, telegraphic speech by age 2-3, and basic mastery of phonology, morphology and syntax by ages 4-5. Acquisition continues throughout life with vocabulary expansion. The document also outlines theories of language learning like imitation, hypothesis testing, and innate capacities.
The innateness hypothesis proposes that humans are born with some innate knowledge of language. Hilary Putnam coined the term to describe Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar, which suggests humans possess an innate Language Acquisition Device containing the core principles of grammar. Evidence for innateness comes from observations that language acquisition in children follows predictable stages and is not dependent on formal teaching, and adults generally fail to achieve native-like proficiency in a second language. The critical period hypothesis of Eric Lenneberge further suggests there is an optimal period in early childhood for acquiring full native language competence.
Krashen's theory of second language acquisition includes five main hypotheses: 1) The acquisition-learning hypothesis distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, 2) The natural order hypothesis states that grammar is acquired in a predictable order, 3) The monitor hypothesis explains that conscious learning acts as an editor, 4) The input hypothesis argues that language is acquired through comprehensible input, and 5) The affective filter hypothesis posits that emotional variables can impede or facilitate language acquisition. Krashen's monitor model and hypotheses have significantly influenced second language teaching methods.
This presentation discusses late talkers and specific language impairment. Late talkers are identified at age 2 when they produce fewer than 50 words and do not combine words. Specific language impairment is a language impairment without other issues, where nonverbal skills are normal. It affects around 7% of children and persists into adulthood. The presentation reviews predicting, diagnosing, and helping late talkers versus those with specific language impairment. Parents and teachers can help late talkers through techniques like self-talk, parallel talk, and expanding on a child's words. A speech pathologist diagnoses specific language impairment through language testing.
Children develop semantic skills gradually, learning a few words per week at first and then experiencing a vocabulary burst where they learn around 5 new words per day. By age 5, the average child has a vocabulary of around 6,000 words. Children use principles like fast mapping and whole object assumption to efficiently learn new words and their meanings. Their ability to learn and apply grammatical rules like plurals and past tense is evidenced by tests like the WUG test and their tendency to overregularize irregular verbs. Mean length of utterance (MLU) can measure children's developing syntactic skills as they start combining words.
The Acculturation Model is a model of second language acquisition designed by John H. Schumann (1978) and it is based on the social-psychology of acculturation
This document discusses the micro and macro functions of language. It outlines seven micro functions: physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. The physiological function releases physical and nervous energy through expressions like curse words. The phatic function facilitates sociability in communications like greeting letters. The four macro functions are ideational, interpersonal, poetic, and textual. The ideational function involves conceptual thinking, while the interpersonal function emphasizes language as a social tool to project the speaker. The poetic function manipulates language creatively, and the textual function creates cohesive and coherent long-form writing or speech. In conclusion, these are one perspective on language functions, and other approaches may identify different functions or names
The document discusses four main theories of language development in children: behavioral theory, nativist linguistic theories, social interactionist theory, and cognitive theory. Behavioral theory views language as learned through conditioning and environment. Nativist linguistic theories propose an innate language acquisition device. Social interactionist theory emphasizes the social environment and context. Cognitive theory, proposed by Piaget, sees language developing through cognitive maturation stages. Overall, the document examines the key theories but notes language development remains complex with no single theory providing a full explanation.
Children begin learning language from birth through listening to word patterns in their first year. Their linguistic environment determines their mother tongue. As children develop, they progress through stages of linguistic development from one word utterances to two word phrases to developing grammar and eventually full competence in late childhood. Even children's errors and creative constructions reveal their innate sensitivity to the grammatical structures of the language they are acquiring.
Children are biologically predisposed to learn language through an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD contains innate linguistic principles and adjustable parameters that allow children to discover the grammatical rules of the language they are exposed to. By matching patterns in the environmental language input to their innate linguistic knowledge, children are able to unconsciously deduce and internalize the rules of that language.
This document summarizes key aspects of first language acquisition in children. It describes how infants progress from babbling to one-word, then two-word stages as they learn to speak. Caregiver speech is simplified to help children learn. Children develop language skills like forming questions and negatives according to consistent schedules. Over time, they gain proficiency with morphology, syntax and semantics as their vocabularies grow and sentence complexity increases. The process involves imitation, correction and eventually mastering irregular verb forms and grammatical structures.
The document discusses four main theories of language acquisition:
1) Imitation theory proposes that language is learned through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of utterances.
2) Nativist or innateness theory argues that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language quickly based on innate linguistic principles and parameters.
3) Cognition theory views language acquisition through a cognitive-psychological lens, focusing on mental processes like reasoning.
4) Motherese or input theory emphasizes the role of maternal input and interactions in aiding language development.
Noam Chomsky was an influential linguist who proposed the theory of Universal Grammar. He believed that children are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to learn language quickly and easily. According to Chomsky, the LAD contains a set of innate linguistic principles and parameters that are shared across all human languages. When children are exposed to speech, their LAD is activated and allows them to deduce the grammatical rules of their native language from limited experience. However, Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar has been criticized for focusing only on syntax and ignoring other linguistic domains like semantics, pragmatics, and social factors involved in language acquisition.
This document discusses research on the organization of language in the multilingual brain. It describes how Broca's area and Wernicke's area were identified as critical for language processing and are typically located in the left hemisphere. While language abilities are predominantly left-lateralized, additional brain areas are involved. The organization of first (L1) and second (L2) languages can differ depending on the age of L2 acquisition, level of L2 proficiency, and how the L2 was learned. Younger acquisition and higher proficiency are linked to more similar organization of L1 and L2, while older acquisition involves relatively more right hemisphere involvement for L2. Brain damage generally affects all languages known but the most
The document discusses the stages of language development in children. It describes Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device hypothesis and Skinner's behaviorist view of language learning. The stages include the prelinguistic period where children engage in babbling and gesturing, the holophrastic period marked by one-word utterances, the telegraphic period when two-word combinations emerge in the form of agent-action or action-object relations, and finally the complex period where children start using grammatical morphemes and forming basic sentences.
This document discusses theories of language acquisition in children. It explores the debate between innate vs learned language abilities. There are two main schools of thought - nativists propose language learning is innate while empiricists believe it is entirely learned through environment and experience. The document also examines theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, and information processing models of how children develop language skills over time through listening, practicing, and constructing their own understanding of language rules.
Language
Language development
Theories of language development
components of language development
influences on language development
Note: All the content is adapted from AIOU Course Code 8610-Human learning and development
This document discusses several individual learner differences that can impact second language acquisition, including anxiety, age, language aptitude, intelligence, learning styles, motivation, personality traits, and cognitive styles. Anxiety is related to self-esteem and risk-taking and can interfere with learning. Adults generally progress faster than children in grammar acquisition but not always in pronunciation. Language aptitude, intelligence, and cognitive styles like field dependence/independence can also influence L2 learning.
Characteristics and features of Language Junaid Amjed
Language is a uniquely human system of communication that has enabled the development of human civilization. It has several key characteristics: it is arbitrary, systematic, productive, creative, social, and conventional. Language exists through social conventions and allows for human interaction, cooperation, and the development of culture. It consists of symbols organized into complex, rule-based systems to convey meaning. The ability to use language sets humans apart from other animals.
The document discusses three domains of language development - syntax, semantics, and pragmatics - and three theories of language acquisition: learning theory, nativist theory, and interactionist theory. Learning theory proposes that language is acquired through reinforcement of behaviors, nativist theory argues aspects of language are innate, and interactionist theory views language acquisition as an interplay between biological predispositions and social/environmental factors.
This document summarizes the key stages and processes of child language acquisition. It notes that children typically acquire fluent control of a language within a few years, with mastery by age 5. The major stages include pre-language babbling from 6 months, a one-word stage around 12 months, two-word combinations by 18 months, telegraphic speech by age 2-3, and basic mastery of phonology, morphology and syntax by ages 4-5. Acquisition continues throughout life with vocabulary expansion. The document also outlines theories of language learning like imitation, hypothesis testing, and innate capacities.
The innateness hypothesis proposes that humans are born with some innate knowledge of language. Hilary Putnam coined the term to describe Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar, which suggests humans possess an innate Language Acquisition Device containing the core principles of grammar. Evidence for innateness comes from observations that language acquisition in children follows predictable stages and is not dependent on formal teaching, and adults generally fail to achieve native-like proficiency in a second language. The critical period hypothesis of Eric Lenneberge further suggests there is an optimal period in early childhood for acquiring full native language competence.
Krashen's theory of second language acquisition includes five main hypotheses: 1) The acquisition-learning hypothesis distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, 2) The natural order hypothesis states that grammar is acquired in a predictable order, 3) The monitor hypothesis explains that conscious learning acts as an editor, 4) The input hypothesis argues that language is acquired through comprehensible input, and 5) The affective filter hypothesis posits that emotional variables can impede or facilitate language acquisition. Krashen's monitor model and hypotheses have significantly influenced second language teaching methods.
This presentation discusses late talkers and specific language impairment. Late talkers are identified at age 2 when they produce fewer than 50 words and do not combine words. Specific language impairment is a language impairment without other issues, where nonverbal skills are normal. It affects around 7% of children and persists into adulthood. The presentation reviews predicting, diagnosing, and helping late talkers versus those with specific language impairment. Parents and teachers can help late talkers through techniques like self-talk, parallel talk, and expanding on a child's words. A speech pathologist diagnoses specific language impairment through language testing.
Children develop semantic skills gradually, learning a few words per week at first and then experiencing a vocabulary burst where they learn around 5 new words per day. By age 5, the average child has a vocabulary of around 6,000 words. Children use principles like fast mapping and whole object assumption to efficiently learn new words and their meanings. Their ability to learn and apply grammatical rules like plurals and past tense is evidenced by tests like the WUG test and their tendency to overregularize irregular verbs. Mean length of utterance (MLU) can measure children's developing syntactic skills as they start combining words.
The Acculturation Model is a model of second language acquisition designed by John H. Schumann (1978) and it is based on the social-psychology of acculturation
This document discusses the micro and macro functions of language. It outlines seven micro functions: physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. The physiological function releases physical and nervous energy through expressions like curse words. The phatic function facilitates sociability in communications like greeting letters. The four macro functions are ideational, interpersonal, poetic, and textual. The ideational function involves conceptual thinking, while the interpersonal function emphasizes language as a social tool to project the speaker. The poetic function manipulates language creatively, and the textual function creates cohesive and coherent long-form writing or speech. In conclusion, these are one perspective on language functions, and other approaches may identify different functions or names
The document discusses four main theories of language development in children: behavioral theory, nativist linguistic theories, social interactionist theory, and cognitive theory. Behavioral theory views language as learned through conditioning and environment. Nativist linguistic theories propose an innate language acquisition device. Social interactionist theory emphasizes the social environment and context. Cognitive theory, proposed by Piaget, sees language developing through cognitive maturation stages. Overall, the document examines the key theories but notes language development remains complex with no single theory providing a full explanation.
Children begin learning language from birth through listening to word patterns in their first year. Their linguistic environment determines their mother tongue. As children develop, they progress through stages of linguistic development from one word utterances to two word phrases to developing grammar and eventually full competence in late childhood. Even children's errors and creative constructions reveal their innate sensitivity to the grammatical structures of the language they are acquiring.
The document discusses several theories of first language acquisition:
1) Behaviourism views language as learned through stimulus-response and imitation, though it does not explain why all humans acquire language while other species do not.
2) The cognitive approach sees innate cognitive abilities as influencing language learning beyond just environmental factors. Piaget's stages of development also related to language acquisition.
3) The nativist approach, proposed by Chomsky, argues humans are born with an innate language acquisition device and universal grammar containing basic language structures. This explains consistent language acquisition across environments.
4) While each theory provides some insights, the document concludes that both innate and environmental factors likely influence language acquisition in a gradual process,
The document summarizes theories of first language acquisition. It discusses the imitation/behaviorist theory proposed by Skinner, which views language learning as habit formation through reinforcement. It also discusses the innateness/nativist theory of Chomsky, which posits that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device. The document further examines cognitive, input, and connectionist theories and their varying perspectives on how the environment and mental faculties influence language learning.
This document discusses theories of first and second language acquisition. It begins by distinguishing between acquisition, which is subconscious, and learning, which is conscious knowledge of rules. It then covers three theories of first language acquisition: behaviorism, nativism, and functionalism. Issues in first language acquisition discussed include competence vs performance, comprehension vs production, nature vs nurture, universals, and the role of input, imitation, practice, and discourse. The document concludes by outlining Krashen's five hypotheses of second language acquisition, including the acquisition-learning distinction and the role of comprehensible input.
The document discusses two main approaches to language acquisition - the content approach and the process approach. The content approach, proposed by Noam Chomsky, suggests that children are born with innate, specific knowledge about language that allows them to learn a language quickly. The process approach argues that children have innate puzzle-solving abilities that allow them to analyze linguistic data without predetermined knowledge. The document analyzes both approaches and their limitations, concluding that children acquire language through a gradual process of analyzing data rather than by setting innate switches or possessing absolute linguistic knowledge from birth.
Theories of PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, Language acquisition, Noam Chomsky, Jean Piaget, F. B. Skinner, Innateness theory, Behaviorist theory, Cognitive theory.
Language attrition can be defined as the reduction, weakening or loss of a first, second, third, or more language in an individual or community. Research focuses on attrition in individuals, though definitions also include attrition within communities leading to language death. There are interesting parallels between individual and community language attrition from various perspectives. This entry focuses on attrition in individuals.
1. The document discusses the development of language in children. It describes several theories of how language is acquired, including reinforcement, imitation, and Chomsky's nativist theory of an innate language acquisition device.
2. Modern interactionist views hold that children are biologically prepared for language but require extensive experience interacting with others using spoken language.
3. The document also discusses antecedents to language development, including pseudodialogues, protoddeclaratives, and protoimperatives - early communication behaviors that precede full language.
The document discusses several theories of language acquisition:
1) Behaviorism/Imitation theory proposes that language is learned through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning. Critics argue children cannot perfectly imitate adult speech and show reasoning in irregular forms.
2) Nativism/Innateness theory argues humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows deducing grammar from input. However, the role of environment is difficult to ignore.
3) Cognitive theory views language within cognitive development, where linguistic structures emerge from conceptual abilities. However, precise correlations are difficult to show.
4) Input theory focuses on modified "motherese" input adapting to children's needs, but occasional correlations do not prove causation
This document discusses first and second language acquisition. It covers:
- The stages of first language acquisition from babbling to combining words to grammatically complete sentences by age 6.
- Theories of language acquisition including cognitive, imitation, and innateness theories.
- Universally accepted facts about first language acquisition being a natural consequence of human society.
- Krashen's theory of second language acquisition including the acquisition vs learning hypothesis and the affective filter hypothesis.
- The natural approach method for teaching second languages which focuses on comprehensible input through visuals and meaning over formal instruction.
The document discusses several theories of language acquisition:
1) Behaviourism - children imitate language and are reinforced for correct utterances
2) Innateness - children are born with innate language mechanisms that allow them to learn language rules
3) Cognitive - language develops alongside general cognitive/intellectual development
4) Interactionist - language is learned through interaction between children and caregivers.
While each theory provides some insights, no single theory fully explains the complex process of language acquisition.
How language developed in early childhood 1-aiimola12
This document discusses language development in early childhood. It covers the key systems that make up language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics). It also discusses the biological and environmental influences on language development, outlining major theories including Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky's emphasis on social interaction and the zone of proximal development. Theories of language development discussed include the nativist view proposed by Chomsky that posits an innate language acquisition device, as well as the empiricist view that language is learned from the environment. Stages of typical language development from 6 months to 5 years are also outlined.
The document discusses four main theories of language acquisition:
1) Behaviorism/Imitation theory which views language as learned through imitation, reinforcement, and habit formation.
2) Nativist/Innateness theory which posits that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language.
3) Cognitive theory which sees language acquisition in the context of cognitive development and links language skills to stages of cognitive growth.
4) Input theory which focuses on the role of modified "motherese" language input from parents in aiding a child's language acquisition. Each theory is examined in terms of its arguments, proponents, evidence, and criticisms.
The document discusses four main theories of language acquisition:
1) Behaviorism/Imitation theory which views language as learned through imitation, reinforcement, and habit formation.
2) Nativist/Innateness theory which posits that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language easily.
3) Cognitive theory which sees language acquisition in the context of cognitive development and links language skills to stages of cognitive maturity.
4) Input theory which focuses on the role of modified "motherese" language input from parents in aiding a child's language acquisition. Each theory is described along with associated thinkers and criticisms.
The document discusses four main theories of language acquisition:
1) Imitation theory proposes that language is learned through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of utterances.
2) Nativist or innateness theory argues that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language quickly based on innate linguistic principles and parameters.
3) Cognition theory views language acquisition through a cognitive-psychological lens, focusing on mental processes like reasoning.
4) Motherese or input theory emphasizes the role of maternal input in language acquisition.
Language is a complex system of communication that humans learn through both innate and environmental factors. It involves using symbols according to a set of rules. Children progress through several stages in acquiring language, starting with babbling and moving to one-word, two-word, and multi-word sentences as their vocabularies and understanding of grammar increase. Theories on language development include nativist, behaviorist, and interactionist perspectives on the roles of biological predisposition, environmental learning, and social interaction.
Children acquire language naturally in the first five years through exposure to their native language environment. Studies of language acquisition aim to understand and explain how children learn grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation by forming hypotheses, testing them through experiments and observations on children's natural utterances, and refining the hypotheses. Caregivers play an important role by using simple language focused on the child's immediate environment when interacting with young children, which helps the children learn without explicit correction of errors. Theories of language acquisition have attempted to explain this process, but both behaviorist and constructivist theories have limitations and the exact mechanisms are still under investigation.
The document discusses four main theories of language acquisition: imitation/behaviorism, innateness/nativism, cognition, and motherese/input. The key points covered include:
- Imitation theory views language learning as a process of reinforcement through stimulus-response and feedback.
- Nativism/innateness theory posits that children are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to deduce grammar from primary linguistic data.
- Universal Grammar proposes principles and parameters that are common across languages.
- Theories have both similarities and limitations in fully explaining the complex process of language acquisition.
Theoretical approaches to first language aquisitionSiwar Bdioui
The document discusses several theories of first language acquisition:
1) Behaviorist perspective views language as learned through imitation, practice, and reinforcement.
2) Innatist perspective argues that humans are biologically programmed for language acquisition through an innate universal grammar.
3) Interactionist/developmental perspectives emphasize the role of social interaction and cognitive development from Piaget and Vygotsky.
4) Connectionism views language acquisition as learning associations between linguistic units through exposure rather than requiring a language module.
The document also briefly discusses language disorders and delays in acquisition.
Similar to Language acquisition and development (20)
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Describe briefly development of the thyroid & parathyroid glands.
Describe the shape, position, relations and structure of the thyroid gland.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands.
List the blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland.
Describe the most common congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland.
List the nerves endanger with thyroidectomy operation.
Is a multilayered structure with the layers that can be defined by the word itself.
Extends from;
The supraorbital margins anteriorly
To the highest nuchal line posteriorly
Down to the ears & zygomatic arches laterally.
The forehead is common to both the scalp & face.
1. The document discusses the meninges, cerebral spinal fluid, and dural venous sinuses. It describes the three meningeal layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
2. It then provides details on the various dural venous sinuses, including their locations, tributaries, and drainage. Key sinuses discussed include the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus.
3. The document also covers cerebral spinal fluid, including its composition and functions. The choroid plexus is described as actively secreting CSF in the ventricles.
The document discusses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and types of dislocations that can occur. It notes that the masticatory system includes the TMJ and masticatory muscles. There are four types of TMJ dislocations: anterior from contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles, lateral from blows to the jaw when open, posterior which are uncommon, and those caused by fractures involving the mandible neck. Treatment involves reduction maneuvers. The document also lists clinical correlates of TMJ issues like arthritis, developmental disorders, metabolic/neoplastic disorders, and inflammatory/pain dysfunction syndromes.
The region on the lateral surface of the face that comprises the parotid gland & the structures immediately related to it
Largest of the salivary glands
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Part of the body between the head and the thorax
Contains a number of vessels, nerves and structures connecting the head to the trunk and upper limbs
These include the esophagus, trachea, brachial plexus, carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagus and accessory nerves, lymphatics among others
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
Has a free tip and attached to forehead by the bridge.
External orifices (nares) bounded laterally by the ala & medially by nasal septum.
Framework above made up of: nasal bones, frontal process of maxilla, nasal part of frontal bone.
Framework below : by plates of hyaline cartilage; upper and lower nasal cartilages, and septal cartilage
The head and neck region of four week human embryo somewhat resemble these regions of a fish embryo of comparable stage
This explains the former use of designation branchial apparatus
Branchial is derived from the Greek word branchia or gill
Located on the side of the head
Extends from the superior temporal lines to the zygomatic arch.
Communicates with the infratemporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch.
Contains a numbers of structures that include a muscle, nerves, blood vessels
The larynx is a respiratory organ located located within the anterior aspect of the neck.
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower urinary tract. It describes the kidneys, including their location, internal structure consisting of the cortex, medulla and renal sinus. It discusses the vascular segments and blood supply to the kidneys. It also describes the ureters that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, and provides details on the anatomy of the urinary bladder in both males and females.
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm.
This document summarizes the internal female genitalia, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina. It describes the location, structure, blood supply, functions, and common disorders of each organ. The ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones. The fallopian tubes receive eggs from the ovaries, provide a site for fertilization, and transport fertilized eggs to the uterus. The uterus receives and nourishes a fertilized egg. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which acts as a birth canal. Common disorders like ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, and ectopic pregnancies are also discussed.
At the end of the presentation ,we should be able to describe the:
Location, shape and relations of the right and left adrenal glands.
Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of right and left adrenal glands
Parts of adrenal glands and function of each part.
Development of adrenal gland and common anomalies.
The pericardium is the sac that encloses the heart. It consists of an outer fibrous part known as the fibrous pericardium, and a double layered serous sac known as the serous pericardium.
The pericardium prevents
sudden dilatation of the heart, especially the right chamber, and displacement of the heart and great vessels,
minimizes friction between the heart and surrounding structures, and
prevents the spread of infection or cancer from the lung or pleura.
Major Function:
Makes sperm cells (gametes) and transfer the sperm into the female reproductive system in order to fertilize the female gametes to produce a zygote.
Include:
the testes, the epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the Cowper’s glands.
The testes, (To Testify) the paired, oval-shaped organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones, are located in the scrotum.
They are highly innervated and sensitive to touch and pressure.
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics and sex drive (libido).
The azygos vein connects the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel that ultimately drains lymph from all parts of the body into the blood circulation
We shall look at them one at a time
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
3. Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken,
consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense
and enable communication.
Language acquisition is the process by which we learn how to
speak, write, or even use sign language in meaningful ways to
communicate.it can also be defined as a process by which humans
acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as
well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
4. These are 5 main components of language:
Phenomes
Morphemes
Lexemes
Syntax
Context
5. Phenomes:An indivisible unit of sound in a given
language, it can cause change of meaning within a
language but it does not have meaning by itself
Morpheme :The smallest linguistic unit within a word
that can carry meaning
Lexemes :It is a set of all the inflicted forms of a single
word
Syntax:Is the set of rules by which a person constructs a
full sentence
.Context :is how everything within the language works
together to convey a particular meaning
6. The Behaviorism/Imitation theory
The Nativist or Innateness Theory
The cognitive theory
The interactionist (input) theory
These are 4 Theories of language
development:
7. The theory was suggested by B.F SKINNER and was an American psychologist and
behaviorist
Skinner viewed babies as empty vessels which language had to be put into. He viewed
language acquisition as a cognitive behavior he suggested that language is learned through
operant conditions, he argued that a child goes through trial and error coupled up with
reinforcement such as smiles from the parents.
He differentiated verbal behavior into two
1.Verbal behavior that is reinforced by the child receiving a gift
2.Verbal behavior caused by imitating others
Skinner’s theory step by step process.
Imitation –repetition- memorization – controlled drilling – reinforcement which can either be
positive or negative
8. Children are often unable to repeat what the parents say
especially if the adults utterance contains a structure a
child hasn’t started to use
Critical period for language acquisition is limited
Children who haven’t gotten the language by age 8 will
never catch up
Observational studies of parent child conversation
show that parents rarely reinforce correct grammar in a
child’s speech but instead tend to focus on truthfulness
or accuracy of statements
9. This theory was stated up by Chomsky AvramNaom. This theory is also known as the
Chomsky’s linguistic theory
Chomsky was an American linguist philosopher born on 7th December 1928 in
Philadelphia. He was sometimes referred to as “The father of modern linguistics”.
Chomsky believes that there is a special structure in the brain that controls the
interpretation and production of speech. He argues that children don’t need any kind of
formal teaching to learn how to speak.
He argues that infants learn at a speed that can’t be simply explained by the laws of
behaviorism.
10. Chomsky’s theory therefore states:
We are born with an innate ability to learn language and
with little guidance, children will naturally learn
language:
Chomsky believed we are born with a device for
language acquisition and called it the Language
Acquisition Device-LAD.
The LAD is what we would use to learn every word we
use today naturally according to him.
The children learn the rules in their own way
12. Chomsky's work on language was theoretical. He
was interested in grammar and much of his work
consists of complex explanations of grammatical
rules. He did not study real children. The theory
relies on children being exposed to language but
takes no account of the interaction between
children and their careers. Nor does it recognise
the reasons why a child might want to speak, the
functions of language
The theory is hard to prove because it’s not
allowed to insulate somebody and just to do a
research
13. The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget placed acquisition of
language within the context of a child's mental or cognitive
development. He argued that a child has to understand a
concept before s/he can acquire the particular language form
which expresses that concept.
A good example of this is seriation. There will be a point in a
child's intellectual development when s/he can compare objects
with respect to size. This means that if you gave the child a
number of sticks, s/he could arrange them in order of size.
Piaget suggested that a child who had not yet reached this stage
would not be able to learn and use comparative adjectives like
"bigger" or "smaller".
14. Object permanence is another phenomenon often cited
in relation to the cognitive theory. During the first year
of life, children seem unaware of the existence of
objects they cannot see. An object which moves out of
sight ceases to exist. By the time they reach the age of
18 months, children have realised that objects have an
existence independently of their perception. The
cognitive theory draws attention to the large increase in
children's vocabulary at around this age, suggesting a
link between object permanence and the learning of
labels for objects.
15. During the first year to 18 months, connections of the
type explained above are possible to trace but, as a
child continues to develop, so it becomes harder to find
clear links between language and intellect. Some
studies have focused on children who have learned to
speak fluently despite abnormal mental development.
Syntax in particular does not appear to rely on general
intellectual growth.
16. In contrast to the work of Chomsky, more recent theorists have stressed the importance
of the language input children receive from their care-givers. Language exists for the
purpose of communication and can only be learned in the context of interaction with
people who want to communicate with you. Interactionists such as Jerome Bruner
suggest that the language behaviour of adults when talking to children (known by
several names by most easily referred to as child-directed speech or CDS) is specially
adapted to support the acquisition process. This support is often described to as
scaffolding for the child's language learning. Bruner also coined the term Language
Acquisition Support System or LASS in response to Chomsky's LAD. Colwyn
Trevarthen studied the interaction between parents and babies who were too young to
speak. He concluded that the turn-taking structure of conversation is developed
through games and non-verbal communication long before actual words are uttered
17. These theories serve as a useful corrective to Chomsky's
early position and it seems likely that a child will learn
more quickly with frequent interaction. However, it has
already been noted that children in all cultures pass through
the same stages in acquiring language. We have also seen
that there are cultures in which adults do not adopt special
ways of talking to children, so CDS may be useful but
seems not to be essential.
As stated earlier, the various theories should not be seen
simply as alternatives. Rather, each of them offers a partial
explanation of the process.
19. It involves changes in characteristics or functions of the organism
e.g. language, intellectual, moral, social development.
Pre-linguistic Stage :Baby’s ability to understand and convey a
message either by Crying or Cooing & Babbling
(around 2 month – babies make vowel-like noises called cooing)
Cooing ex:”Ooh, aah, goo, a goo”
(about 4 months consonants combine with vowels babies
began babbling)
Babbling “ ma, ba, ga, da ,pa pa pa”Becoming a
communicator
20. Holophrastic stage (one word sentence)
(10 and 13 months).
The child makes up words such as dada and mama
coupled up with the non verbal cues.
These words could only be understood by the mother
and care taker of the child.
Telegraphic stage(two word sentence)
(At 18 months).
The sentences it makes comprise a noun or a verb plus a modifier.
This enables the child to formulate a sentence which may either
be declarative, negative or interrogative, such as doggy big,
where ball...
21. Complete sentence
(From 24 month and obove)
.The grammar is in form of prefixes or suffices which are used change
meanings or tenses. The child can now form sentences with a
subject. For example, I want more sugar, where is ball, that is not
egg.
.The children can use grammar in a sensible way to form meaningful
statements such as take me to the shop, I can’t play and so on.
Thank you..