The Mughals were a Turkic-Mongol dynasty that ruled northern Indian from the early 16th to mid-18th century. Key Mughal emperors included Babur, who founded the empire, Humayun, Akbar the Great who expanded it greatly through conquest and policy, Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb who expanded the empire to its greatest extent but was also intolerant of other religions. The Mughals established a centralized administration system and strong military to control their large empire. Their revenue system organized tax collection and their nobility were rewarded with land grants. Villages were largely self-sufficient agricultural communities while cities had bazaars and royal women

2. Who are mughals ??
• The Mughal Empire also known as Mogul Empire,
self-designated as Gurkani was a Persianate empire
extending over large parts of the Indian subcontinent .
• Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of
northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th
century .
• After which it continued to exist as a considerably
reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the
mid-19th century.

3. Mughal nobility
• Babur was accompied by a number of central
asian nobles called turains and some Iranis.
• Afghan and indian muslims also became the
nobles.
• In return of all these they maintained army to
the impropr
• 1561—1567ce Akbar was engaged in subduing
them .
• A large number of indian amirs began to serve
the emprior.

4. The Great Mughal Emperors were:
• The Great Mughal Emperors were:
– Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals
– Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader
– Akbar (1556-1605) The Great
– Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability
– Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder
– Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant

5. Babur
• (1526-30ce)
• Full name---Zahiruddin Babur
• Born in --- fraghana in central africa
• Babur he became the ruler of fraghana at the
tender age of 11 in the year of 1491ce
• Then he conquest kabul in 1504ce
• Babur got attracted by india’s wealth

6. Babur
• The battle of panipat ended the rule of lodis
and the Delhi suanate.
• Babur was the fifth descendant from timur’s
side and the fourteenth descendant from
chengizo khan.
• Babur wrote books in persian and arabic he
wrote the biography’s call baburnama.in his
mother tongue the turkish

7. Babur
• Babur acquired territory from indus
to bihar and from himalayas to gwalior .
• He died on 30-december-1530 ce
• He was burried in Agra
• He reigned for 4 short years and died at age
47 years

8. Humayun
The Luckless Leader
• From (1530—56 ce )
• The eldest son of Zahiruddin muhammad
• After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in
1530. Humayun was 23 years old.
• Humayan suceeded babur as badshah in 1530ce
• There were many new rulers called themselves badshah or
padshah to show that they were far suprerior than sulthans.
• Humayun life can be looked upon as the drama in four acyts !
• The third act was in (1545—55ce )

9. Humayun’s Tomb

10. Humayun
• In 1555—56ce he got back the throne
of delhi
• He was not a soldier and unlike his father,
neither skilled nor a wise leader.

11. Akbar 1556 - 1605
The Great
• Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14.
• Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander
– Built the largest army ever in the empire. .
• Great administrator
– developed a centralized government
• Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially
Hindus)
• Akbar was a prince
• At the sge of 13 he became the governer punjab
• In october 1556 hemu was defeated by akbar had no
definite kingdom
• There was the vijayanagar kingdom.with the victory at
the battle of panipat in 1156

12. Akbar 1556 - 1605
The Great
• Akbar was the master in the north
• Bairam khan was arrogant and because of
his rude behavior he had many enemies.
 Akbar had 4 years of tutelage over bairam.
 Akbar became his own master and made
Agra the capital

13. Akbars conquest
• Akbar set out on a plan of expansion and this
took him the rest of his life.
• He conquered the ----- malwa in 1561 ce
• ----- gondwanas in 1564 ce
• ----- ranthambore in 1568
• Akbar subdude in gujarath in 1573 ce

14. Akbar and rajputs
• Akbar realized very easily that he had to be the
pradshah– hindu as well as muslims .
• In middle of 1562ce ,he abolished the pilgrim tax on
bathing at the holy place like Banaras prayag etc.
• In 1564 CE,he abolished the poll tax or jaziya which
the non muslims had to pay .
• He also abolished the practice of forcibly converting
prisoners of war to Islam.
• With these measures he laid a foundation of an
Empire where all the citizens were treated equally.

15. Akbar and rajputs
• Rana pratap met the Mughal’s in a pitched
battle at the Haldighatti in 1576 ce.

16. Relegious belief’s
• Akbar was an muslim to begin with and spent
several hours praying.
• He began the belive sulh or peace for all.and
treated people of all relegion faith’s and all
classes
• The administration supported the group’s as
the rebllion of Turani amir in 1580 ce

17. Tuhid-I-Llahi
• Akbar made a new relegion’s order called
Tuhid-I-Llahi or Divine Faith in the year 1582
ce.
• After 80 year,this path came to be known as
Din-I-Llahi.
• As the part of Sulh-Kul Akbar celebrated
Nauroz, The parsi New year.
• He also translated Gita , Ramayanam, Bible
and other holy books in persian.

18. Jahangir
• Jahangir was the eldest son of
Akbar succeeded to the throne in 1605—27
ce.
• He ended the conflict between the
Mewar and the Mughal’s
• He also subduded the Afghan’s of the bengal’s.
• Jahangir’s son was prince Khurram(shah Jahan)
captured the fort of Kangra
• Jahangir lost the Kandahar to the Persian.
• Jahangir married Nur Jahan in the year 1611 ce .

19. Shah Jahan 1627 - 1658
The Master Builder
• Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627.
• Better ruler than Jehangir.
• The empire(kingdom) was expanded.
• Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts
• He also established the sliver rupia coin

20. Shah jahan
 Prince Khurram ascended the throne inn the
year 1627 ce.
 After the death of shahryar and took the little
of shah jahan.
 He got the Bijapur and the golconda in the
deccan to sign treaties with him and promise
loyality.
 The most notable begin Padshahnama of the
Abdul Hamid Lahori.
 Inayat Khan’s Shahjahannama is a valuable
work.

21. Shah jahan
• Many merchant’s visited india in the 16th and the
17th and the 18th centries.
• The most known are the Bernier’s
• The foregin travellers who visited at the time of
jahangir ;-
– Travel in the mughal Empire (1656-88ce)
– Travel in india by Tavernier (1640-67ce)
– Manucci’s storia do magor(1653-1708ce)

22. Shah Jehan
• Shahjehan build the Taj Mahal
• 1657 - Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute
over the succession of the throne ensued between his
three sons.
• Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan. He died in 1666 and
was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.

23. Aurangazeb 1658 - 1707
• Aurangzeb ascended the throne after
disposing his father and beating out his
two brothers.
• Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs
tolerance
The meaning of tolerance -----the
ability or willingness to tolerate
the existence of opinions or
behaviour that one dislikes or
disagrees with.

24. Aurangazeb
• Aurangazeb reled for 50 year’s
• He streched from Kashmir in the north,to jinji in
the south.
• He also streched from Hindukush in the west to
Chittagong in the east.
• He also was a God-fearing muslim.
• He led a simple life called”Zinda Pir”
• Bernir was a foreginer (from france) who
travcelled to india In the year 1659—1667ce.
• And he met Dara and Aurangazeb

25. Aurangazeb
• The ahoms of the north-east were able to
hold their own against the mughal attacks.
• Aurangazeb came to India in the conflict with
the sikh guru Teg Bahadur.

26. Aurangzeb’s Architectural Legacy
Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangbab 1678
Aurangzeb
Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-1652
Shah Jehan
Built nearly 50 years apart, the Taj Mahal and the Bibi la Maqbara are very
similar in architectural style. Aurangzeb’s other architectural legacy included:

27. Sher shah
• After the defeat of of humayun in two battles
• Sher shah became the sultan of delhi .
• Sher shah improved his administration.
• His carrier was cut short in 1545 ce when he
died in a explosion.
• His name book are written by abbas khan in
1579ce .
• Another connected lahor to multan.

28. The important Mughal’s
• Gūrkāniyān
• 1526(from the
beginning of the
dynasty ) – 1540
• Mug̱liyah Salṭanat
• 1555-1857

29. The time line of mughal’s

30. Map of mughal’s
1530
death of
Babur
1650
death of
Akbar
1707 death
of
Aurangzeb

31. Administration
• Due to the great work of Akbar.The mughal
administration was highly centralised
• The empires word’s were the law
• Akbar divided the administration into fifteen
subas.
• Each of the subas had a governer.
• Akbar was the constantly on the move and and
he had canvas tent’s.
• Abul fazl gave a description of awe—inspiring
Ain—i—Akbari.

33. Show of the power
• Akbar observed many ritwal’s that showed
him as the superior person to everyone.
• He was weighed on auspicious occasion and
the weighed was given to the needy as a gift.
• He had addressed as Alampanah or
Jahanpanah
• The picture of peacock Throne of
Shah Jahan

34. Show of the power
• At the end an engraved seal ,cast in brass is
a emprior shah jahan
• The seals were mostly used for signature’s on
farmers and in royal document’s
• The french rulers and travelers by Aurangzed.
• The thrones of empriors were made from
gold and silver
• There was a tree covered with diamond and
all types of jewels.

35. Manasabdari system.
• Akbar changed his army and noblity into
Manasabdari system.
• The meaning of Manasabdari system.--
Mansabdari system was the system of taking
back the ranks to the officials of the Mughal
Empire.
• The lowest rank were 10 and heigher was
reserved 5,000 and prince recevided 7,000 to
40,000.

36. Manasabdari system.
• The mughal army was very efficient as long as
this system followed
• The Manasabdari loyal officers through which
empire controlled the empire.
• The mughal Manasabdari was given jagir
“keeping, holding“ instead of salaries.
• The revenues from from jagir became the
income.
• He usually appointed the Zamindars to do his jobs

37. Manasabdari system.
• The emperor always stood in the court
according to his rank.
• The emperor was not armed or attendant.
• This type of Manasabdari system continued
till the 18th centuary.

38. Army
• The army contained of 4 tings;-
• The Cavalry,
• The Infantry
• The Artillery
• The Elephant’s

39. Army
• A large part cavalry was given to the
mansabdar’s and some rulers
• The Ahadis were especially chosen forces loyal
only to the emperor

40. The revenue system
• The mughal emperor’s needed the revenu to
maintain their army.
• They also wanted to build more buildings and
monuments.
• Land revenue are also called as kharaj.

41. The revenue system
• They also had money from tax,duties,tax on
property.
• Akbar had an revenu system and was desined
by Raja Todar Mal.
• Surveyour visited the village with the help of
Patwari.

42. The revenue system
• The fertility of the land was taken in to
importance.
• The people normally paid 1/3 of the produce
as the tax.
• When the crop’s were harvested the village
headmen Muqaddamcollected the land
revenue’s.

43. Rebellions by peasents
• The tax burden was heavy by the peasent’s to
pay.
• Many peasents wanted to run away from the
city or town where Shah jahan and Aurangzeb
ruled.
• Some of the peasents rebelled over Shah
jahan and Aurangzeb.
• Aurangzeb needed a large army to supress
him.

44. Rebellions by peasents
• The mughal’s had a lot of land in those time
• The ughals had killed many peasents also
during these time.

45. Economic and social condition’s
• Many foreign traveler's visited india during
this period.
• During those period india was very rich and
wealthy.
• The countries were not the same during these
period.

46. Village life
• In the village the landless peaents normally
had to do hardwork.
• There was enough to eat but iin the summer
season they suffered a lot.
• These peasent’s leaved in the mud house’s
• There was no funiture in these days.
• These people had to go to the money lenders
to borrow money.

47. Village life
• There was a variety of crops like
wheat,rice,barley.etc.
• The peasent’s also bought tobacco and
cotton.
• Barter system or exchanging of the goods
took place in this period.
• The childrens got education from the temples
or the mosques.

48. Village life
• These people could write in the language of
hindi, gujarati
• The girls from lower cast families were
illiterate.
• Pan was used as todays lipstick.
• Most of the girls were taught cooking by their
motheir.

49. Womans of the loyal familie’s
• There was women’s like Nur Jahan she
gained a lot of power.
• During the rule of Nur jahan she made coin’s

50. Womans of the loyal familie’s
• New coins had month’s Zodiac sign stamped
on the back.
• There was a central bazar in which 1,560
shop’s were present
• Jaharnara was a well educated woman and
she wrote many poetry’s.
• Emperior ahah jahan was very found of her .
• Zeb—Un—Nisa, was Aurangzeb’s daughter

51. Womans of the loyal familie’s
• Zeb—Un—Nisa, died at the age of 53 at the
red fort.
• Ahah jahan’s daughter was Jahanara and
Roshanara
• They were also involved in the struggle that
took place between their brother’s
• Their brothers were Dara and Aurangazeb

52. A painting of the chandni chowk as it
looked in the 17th centuary