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1. MUGHAL EMPIRE
- social structure
Sanjay Kumar Shandilya
Asst.Master(Social Science)
Sainik School Gopalganj

2. Who were the Mughals?
• The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a
Central Asian ruler who was descended from
the Turco-Mongol conquerorTimur (the
founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's
side and from Chagatai, the second son of the
Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother's
side.

3. INTRODUCTION
• The Mughal Empire was an empire that at its
greatest territorial extent ruled most of the
Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan.
• It also parts of what is now Afghanistan and the
Baluchistan region.
• It was established in 1526, enjoyed expansion
and consolidation until about 1707 and survived,
even if in drastically attenuated form, until 1857.

5. 1526-1530 Babur
1530-1556 Humayun
1556-1605 Akbar
1605-1627 Jahangir
1628-1658 Shah Jahan
1659-1707 Aurangzeb
Mughal empire classic period

6. BABUR HUMAYUN

7. AKBAR JAHANGIR

8. SHAN JAHAN AURANZEB

9. 1526-1530 Babur
Babur, born Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn Muḥammad, was a conqueror
from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks,
finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal
dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first
Mughal emperor.
Born: February 14, 1483, Andijan, Uzbekistan
Died: December 26, 1530, Agra
Children: Humayun, Gulbadan Begum, Kamran
Mirza, more
Spouse: Mubaraka Yusufzai (m. 1519), Maham
Begum (m. 1506–1530),Aisha Sultan Begum (m.
1499), Saliha Sultan Begum

10. Babur’s Military Campaigns
• Three major military campaigns were fought
by Emperor Babur. These include:
• 1526 defeat of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat
and establishment of Mughal empire in India.
• 1527 defeat of Mewar king Rana Sanga and
his allies at Khanua
• 1528 defeat of Rajputs at Chanderi

11. 1530-1556 Humayun
• Mirza Nasir ud-din Baig Muhammad Khan Humayun or Humayun was the
second Mughal Emperor who ruled over territory in what is now
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1531–1540 and
again from 1555–1556.
• Born: March 17, 1508, Kabul, Afghanistan
• Died: January 27, 1556, Delhi
• Buried: Humayun's Tomb, New Delhi
• Parents: Babur, Maham Begum
• Children: Akbar, Bakshi Banu Begum, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, more
• Spouse: Mah Chuchak Begum (m. 1546), Hamida Banu Begum (m. 1541–
1556), Bega Begum (m. 1527–1556)

12. Humayun’s Military Campaigns
• 1530-39-- HUMAYUN
• When Babur dies, his son Humayun inherits the throne; but he mishandles Sher
Shah's seizure of Bengal and Bihar
• r.1540-45-- Sher Shah Suri
• The Suri interval-- Humayun wanders in the wilderness in Afghanistan, but his
chance to return doesn't come until well after Sher Shah Sur's death. Sher Shah
Sur is a brilliant ruler and administrator, who works out tacts that were later
borrowed by the Mughals.
• r.1545-54-- Islam Shah Suri
• A reasonably capable son of a brilliant father
• 1552-- the Humayun namah
• Gulbadan Begam (1522/3-1603) ends her memoir of life with her half-brother,
Humayun (or else the rest is missing)
• r.1555-56-- HUMAYUN returns
• Humayun finally fights his way back from a base in Kabul, but his early death
means that his son Akbar must take the throne at the age of 14 (Bairam Khan as
regent)

13. 1556-1605 Akbar
• Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, popularly known as Akbar I and
later Akbar the Great, was Mughal Emperor from 1556 until his death. He
was the third and one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in
India.
• Born: October 15, 1542, Umerkot, Pakistan
• Died: October 27, 1605, Fatehpur Sikri
• Buried: Tomb of Akbar the Great, Agra
• Spouse: Mariam-uz-Zamani (m. 1562–1605), more
• Parents: Humayun, Hamida Banu Begum
• Children: Jahangir, Sultan Murad Mirza, Daniyal, more

14. Akbar’s Military Campaign
• In 1556-1570 Akbar became independent of the regent Bairam Khan and
other members of his domestic staff.Military campaigns were launched
against the Suris and other Afghans and other kingdoms of Malwa and
Gondwana.
• In 1568 he seized the sisodiya capital of Chittor and in 1569 Ranthambhor.
• In 1570-1585 He led military campaigns in Gujarat followed by
Bengal,Bihar and Orissa.
• In 1585- 1605 saw expansion of Akbar's empire.Campaigns were launched
in the north-west.Qandhar was seized ,Kashmir was annexed as also
Kabul.Campaigns in the Deccan started and Berar,Khandesh and parts of
Ahmadnagar were annexed.In the last years of Akbar's reign Prince Salim
rebeled several times.

15. Akbar,s policies
• 1. Akbar ardently desired religious unity India, and, therefore, he founded a religion of his
own, named Din-i-Ilahi. Din-i-Ilahi was founded with the laudable object of bringing to an end
religious bitterness and conflict.
• 2. Akbar held discussions with the Brahmin scholars, Purushottam and Devi, and reputed
theologians of other faiths in the balcony of his bedroom during the night. He had respect for
all the faiths including Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity.
• 3. The emperor adopted many Hindu beliefs and practices, such as, the transmigration of
Soul and the doctrine of Karma. He began to celebrate many Hindu festivals, such as Raksha
Bandhan, Dushera, Diwali, Shivratri and Vasant
• 4. The spiritual awakening became responsible for radical changes in the religious policy of
Akbar. He first of all abolished the pilgrimage tax (1563) on Hindu Pilgrims visiting their holy
shrines, in all parts of his empire. Next, he abolished the hated jiziya in 1564, and thus
created a common citizenship for all his subjects

16. Mansabdari System
• The Mansabdari systemwas the administrative system of the Mughal Empire
introduced by Akbar in 1595-96 CE. The word mansab is of Arabic origin meaning
rank or position. The system, hence, determined the rank of a government official.
• Higher mansabs were given to princes and Rajput rulers who accepted the
suzerainty of the emperor
• The 'mansab' of a noble implied the following:
• (a) Salary of the officer
• (b) Status of the officer
• (c) Number of soldiers, horses and elephants etc., maintained by an officer.
• During later years of his reign, Akbar introduced the rank of ‘Zat’ and ‘Sawar’ in
the Mansabdari system. Thus, all mansabdars had a zat, or personal ranking, and
a sowar, or a troop ranking.

17. 1605-1627 Jahangir
• Mirza Nur-ud-din Beig Mohammad Khan Salim, known by his
imperial name Jahangir "conqueror of the world", was the
fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death
in 1627. Wikipedia
• Born: August 31, 1569, Fatehpur Sikri
• Died: November 8, 1627, Kashmir
• Children: Shah Jahan, Khusrau Mirza, Shahryar, Muhammad
Parviz,Nithar Begum
• Spouse: Nur Jahan (m. 1611–1627), more
• Books: Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, Memoirs of the Emperor
Jahangueir, Twelve Years of Jahangirʼs Reign

18. Jahangir’s Military Campaigns
• Military campaigns started by Akbar
continued.The sisodiya ruler of Mewar,Amar
Singh accepted Mughal supremacy.Prince
Khurram rebelled in the last years of his
reign.Less successful campaigns against
Sikhs,Ahoms and Ahmadnagar followed.

19. • Born the daughter of a Grand Vizier (Minister) who served under Akbar, Nur Jehan
was married at a young age to Sher Afgan, governor of Bihar, an important Mughal
province. She was a married woman when Prince Jehangir, Akbar's eldest son, fell
in love with her.
• Nur Jehan quickly gained ascendency over her husband. A strong, charismatic and
well-educated woman who dominated a relatively weak-minded husband, Nur
Jehan was the most powerful and influential women at court during a period when
the Mughal Empire was at the peak of its power and glory.
• More decisive and pro-active than her husband, she is considered by historians to
have been the real power behind the throne for more than fifteen years.

20. 1628-1658 Shah Jahan
• Prince Khurram; Shāhjahān; Shihāb al-Din Muḥammad Khurram
• Shah JahānMughal emperor
• Also known asPrince Khurram
• Shāhjahān
• Shihāb al-Din Muḥammad Khurram
• BornJanuary 5, 1592
• Lahore, Pakistan
• DiedJanuary 22, 1666
• Agra, India
• Shah Jahān, also spelled Shāhjahān or Shah Jehan, also called (until
1628) Prince Khurram, original name Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad
Khurram (born January 5, 1592,Lahore [now in Pakistan]—died January
22, 1666, Agra [now in India]) Mughalemperor of India (1628–58) who
built the Taj Mahal.

21. Shah Jahan’s Military Campaigns
• Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan under
Shah Jahan.
• The Aghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi rebelled and was
defeated.
• Campaigns were launched against Ahmadnagar,the
Bundelas were defeated and Orchha seized.
• In 1632 Ahmad Nagar finally annexed and Bijapur
ready for peace.
• In 1656-1658 there was conflict over succession
among Shah Jahan's sons.Auranzeb imprisoned his
father at Agra.

22. 1659-1707 Aurangzeb
• Reign31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707Coronation13 June 1659 at Red Fort, DelhiPredecessorShah
JahanSuccessorMuhammad Azam Shah (titular)
Bahadur Shah I
• Born3 November 1618 (N.S.)
Dahod, Mughal EmpireDied3 March 1707 (N.S.) (aged 88)
Ahmednagar, Mughal EmpireBurialTomb of Aurangzeb, Khuldabad,Aurangabad, MaharashtraConsortDilras
Banu BegumWivesNawab Bai
Aurangabadi MahalIssueZeb-un-Nissa
• Muhammad Sultan
• Zinat-un-Nissa
• Muhammad Azam Shah
• Mehr-un-Nissa
• Sultan Muhammad Akbar
• Bahadur Shah I
• Badr-un-Nissa
• Zubdat-un-Nissa
• Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
• Full nameAbul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Mohammad Aurangzeb

23. Aurangzeb’s Military Campaigns
• Ahoms were defeated in 1663 but rebelled again in
1680s.Campaigns against Yusufzai and the Sikhs were
temporarily successful.Mughal intervention in the
succession and internal politics of Rathors of Marwar
led to their rebellion.Campaign against Maratha
Chief Shivaji was initially successful.Campaign to the
Deccan partialy successful with Bijapur annexed in
1685 and Golconda in 1687.Aurangzeb also faced
rebellions of Sikhs,Jats and Satnamis.
•

24. RELIGION
• The Mughal ruling class was Muslims,
although most of the subjects of the
Empire were Hindu.
• Although Babur founded the Empire, the
dynasty remained unstable until the reign
of Akbar.
• Akbar was quite possibly the emperor with
the most tolerance for Hindus.
• He abolished the discriminatory taxes on
Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his
group of advisors
• He never began any wars for religious
reasons (jihad), unlike many other emperors

25. RELIGION
• He invited Hindus, Muslims and many others
to come debate at his palace for
entertainment purposes.
• Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith,
a mixture of his own ideas and those from
the debates.
• Akbar ‘s bold attempts at religious reform
encouraged many Hindus to believe they could
live in peace with their conquerors
• As other rulers came to power, the religious
tolerance that Akbar had created started to
diminish.
• Mughal emperors tried to convert Hindus,
Hindu men married Muslim women and
converted them and very few accepted any

26. •Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through
India
•Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic
world to Delhi
•New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian
elements
•Example: new language, Urdu, formed from
combination of Arabic, Sanskrit
•Religious tolerance was a new idea that Akbar
brought with him, but this declined as other emperors
came to power.
•The Mughal empire also merged their beliefs on the
CULTURE

27. ECONOMY
• The Mughals used the Mansabdar system to
generate land revenue.
• The emperor would grant revenue rights to a
Mansabdar in exchange for promises of
soldiers in war-time.
• The greater the size of the land the
emperor granted, the greater the number of
soldiers the Mansabdar had to promise.
• The Mansab was both revocable and non-
hereditary.
• This gave the center a fairly large degree of
control over the Mansabdars.

28. • The Indian economy boomed under the Mughals, because
of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency,
together with the unification of the country
• Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals
• however, for the most part, they were military and
political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres.
ECONOMY

29. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
• The Mughal control of India impact the
society in several large ways.
• Religious tolerance was a new idea that
Akbar brought with him, but this
declined as other emperors came to
power.
• He also appreciated the arts, and
brought Islamic and Persian perspective
to the artwork.
• The Mughal empire also merged their
beliefs on the role of women and social
classes into daily Indian life.

30. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
• Akbar was quite possibly the emperor with
the most tolerance for Hindus.
• He abolished the discriminatory taxes on
Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his
group of advisors.
• He never began any wars for religious
reasons (jihad), unlike many other emperors.
• Akbar was angry with the religious situation.
He did not see the need for clashing of
religions. Instead, he invited Hindus, Muslims
and many others to come debate at his
palace for entertainment purposes.
• Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith,
a mixture of his own ideas and those from
the debates.

31. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
• His new religion was never certified by the
courts but he still had a huge impact on the
citizens of his empire.
• "Akbar's bold attempts at religious reform
encouraged many Hindus to believe they could
live in peace with their conquerors."
• However, as other rulers came to power, the
religious tolerance that Akbar had created
started to diminish.
• Mughal emperors tried to convert Hindus,
Hindu men married Muslim women and
converted them and very few accepted any
religion besides their own.

32. CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL
SOCIETY
• Society in Mughal times was organized on a feudal basis and the head of
the social system was Emperor.
• He enjoyed an unparallel status. He was the ultimate authority in
everything.
• Next in rank were the nobility along the zamindars.
• The Mughal nobles monopolized most of the jobs in the country.
• Socially and economically the Mughal nobility formed a privileged class.
There were men of every type and nationality among the Mughal nobles.
• Clan or family links were the most important considerations for
recruitment and admission to the aristocratic class of the society.
• Zamindars or the chieftains also constituted the nobility. They had their
own armed forces and generally lived in forts or garhis which was both a
place of refuge and a status symbol.
• There was a large class of merchants and traders. They had their own
rights based on tradition and protection of life and property. They also
maintained a high standard of living.

33. WOMEN”S CONDITION IN
MUGHAL PERIOD
• Mughal rule also brought about better
treatment of women.
• They had always played an important role in
Mughal society.
• Men in the government often relied on their
wives for political advice and many rich or
aristocratic women learned to read and
write.
• Those women sometimes worked and
received salaries, and were also allowed to
own land.

34. WOMEN”S CONDITION IN
MUGHAL PERIOD
• Some women even fought in wars, right
beside the men.
• Women of course were not treated
equally, but the Mughals brought the
Indian society closer to the equality of
men and women than they had ever been
before.
• However, the Mughals imposed several
Islamic laws that restricted women, such
as isolating women (purdah).
• Also, many of the Hindu laws remained
intact, so women were clearly not
treated equal to men.

35. ART IN MUGHAL EMPIRE
• Akbar brought his love of the arts with
him to India.
• His style was a mixture of Persian and
Indian motifs.
• He also had his artists mimic the
European style art work, focusing on
perspective and life-like recreation.
• Also, the Islamic influence of not
including humans in pictures lead to the
floral motifs that are seen today in
carpets, lamps and textiles.

36. Mughal Paintings
• The very mention of
Mughal Paintings
evokes stylized
images of richly
draped figures
involved in various
court activities.

37. Mughal Paintings
• Though there is
very little regard
to realism, these
paintings capture
ones imagination
because of their
unique style and
choice of themes.

38. Mughal Paintings
• The popular perception of Mughal
paintings is not altogether an
unfounded one, these paintings
hardly follow the dictum of realism
in style but their themes are as
true to their period as possible.
• In fact they can be seen as the
most substantial specimens of
their times.

39. Mughal Paintings
• A blend of the Indian and the
Persian style, these paintings
depicted various themes.
• From scenes of a Mughal court
to lovers in intimate positions,
the themes were both
informative and provocative.

40. ARCHITECTURE
• The love of beauty that the Mughals had
was also seen in their architecture.
• The beautiful Taj Mahal was built in 1632,
under the rule of Shan Jahan, in memory of
his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• The architecture of this building combined
Persian and Islamic styles and is
constructed of sandstone and white marble.
• It is obvious that the Mughals treasured
presious stones because the interior of the
Taj Mahal, and of other amazing creations,
is inlaid with geometirc patterns of
beautiful black and colored stones, gold and
other valuable stones.
• Lal Qila, the Red Fort, is another
breathtaking structure built in 1639 by
Shan Jahan. This building was constructed
of red sand stone, and the interior was all
gold, silver, white marble and other various
stones.

41. THANK YOU