The land revenue was a major source of income for the rulers from ancient times.To increase the income the British introduced a number of systems of tax collection.
The land revenue was a major source of income for the rulers from ancient times.To increase the income the British introduced a number of systems of tax collection.
This contains the Personal Details , Characteristics , Contribution towards Islam and World , Related personalities , Wars , Event of That ERA , Lesson leart and Points of Motivation.
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This contains the Personal Details , Characteristics , Contribution towards Islam and World , Related personalities , Wars , Event of That ERA , Lesson leart and Points of Motivation.
I made this presentation for my school project after that I thought that I should upload it on any slide so I uploaded this to help others in making presentations and getting ideas.It is a class 7 project.
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Mughul Timelines, Culture, Economy and Urban Life; Specifications of Mughul Architecture, The Town Planning Concept of a Mughul based City: Shahjahanabad.
Mughal art and architecture - Thesmi ThomasThesmi Thomas
The slide give a basic idea about the lifestyle of during Mughal rule. This slide mainly focus on Mughal architecture, Mughal music, Mughal literature and Mughal paintings.
This ppt contains a compilation of all the necessary pointers to keep in mind while learning about the Evolution of Police in India. I've used available information to create this presentation. Good luck!
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This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The Mughal administration was a sophisticated system of governance established by the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Here are some key features of Mughal administration:
Centralized Authority: The Mughal Empire was ruled by a centralized authority vested in the emperor, who held supreme power. The emperor was regarded as the highest authority in both political and religious matters.
Divine Right: Emperors often claimed their authority was derived from divine right, with the emperor serving as the representative of God on Earth.
Subdivision of Empire: The empire was divided into provinces called "subas" or "sarkars," each governed by a provincial governor known as a "subedar" or "nawab." These officials were appointed by the emperor and were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing local administration.
District Administration: Provinces were further divided into districts known as "sarkars" or "mahals," each under the authority of a "faujdar" or "amalgujar." They were responsible for implementing the policies of the central government, maintaining law and order, and collecting revenue.
Revenue Administration: The Mughal Empire relied heavily on a revenue system called "zabt" or "mansabdari." Under this system, land revenue was assessed based on the productivity of the land and collected by officials appointed by the emperor. The revenue was collected in cash or kind, depending on the region.
Military Administration: The Mughal military was a crucial component of the empire's administration. The army was organized into various units, each under the command of a nobleman known as a "mansabdar." The Mansabdars were appointed by the emperor and were granted land revenue assignments (known as "jagirs") in return for their military service.
Judicial System: The Mughal Empire had a complex judicial system influenced by Islamic law (Sharia). Qazis (judges) administered justice in civil and criminal matters based on Islamic legal principles. The emperor served as the final court of appeal in the empire.
Bureaucracy: The Mughal administration was supported by a large bureaucracy composed of officials known as "mansabdars." These officials held ranks (mansabs) granted by the emperor and were responsible for various administrative and military duties.
Overall, the Mughal administration was characterized by its centralized authority, elaborate administrative structure, and efficient revenue system, which contributed to the stability and prosperity of the empire during its peak.
2. • Akbar introduced major changes in
administration
• Akbar’s theory of state
3. Features
• Mughals imported certain foreign elements into their
administrative system
– Perso-Arabic system in the Indian setting.
• Based on the military system: Mansabs
• Centralized despotism
• Blend of religion and politics existed
• Paper administration: growth of official records
• Aim: police duties and revenue collection
• System of public corporations
• Administration of justice largely left to local administration
• Villages and small towns enjoyed ‘parochial’ self-government rather
than local autonomy. They had no political freedom
4. Personnel Administration
• All civil servants were enrolled in the army as mansabdars
– Although no military obligation was always incumbant on the
mansabdar
• Principle of hierarchy and job classification can be seen
• Recruitment: entirely in king’s hand
• Transfer: king had the final say
• Pay: Each grade had a pay out of which one had to also maintain a
troop. Jagir system was also prevelant.
• Despite job classification an officer could be at any time entrusted
with a new duty; all offices were inter-changeable
• Doctrine of escheat: jagir and mansab were not hereditary. The
property escheated to the crown on the death of the
mansabdar/jagirdar. <later made hereditary>
5. Personnel Administration
• Worked on the maxim: ‘career open to talent’
• Appointment: rested with the emperor
• Qualification: no hard and fast rule
• No rules of promotion
6. Provincial Administration
• Provincial admin was a miniature of the central admin
• Divided the empire into 15 subahs
– Incharge: subedar
– Number of Subahs increased later
– Subedar concentrated in his hands the civil and military powers of the
province
– Subedar’s court was the highest court of appeal in the subah
– He was transferred every 3-4 years
• Subedar and Diwan had almost similar status in a subah.
– This led to conflicts and violation of the principle of unity of command
• Sadar, ulema, qazi, fauzdar etc
• Provincial Bakshi was incharge of the military establishment
• Kotwal was incharge of police in big towns
• The central govt maintained a regulating chain of communication between
itself and the provincial governments.
7. Local Administration
• Subah divided into sarkars. Sarkars divided into Paraganas. Paraganas into
villages.
• District governed by a shiqdar or a faujdar
• Amalguzar: head of revenue administration (aka Krori)
– Revenue collectors were under orders not to oppress the cultivators while
collecting the state demands
• Other officers
– Bitikchi: record keeper of land revenue
– Khazandar: treasury officer
• Sarkar divided into paraganas (tehsils)
– Tehsils had a batch of subordinate officers
– Shiqdar, amil, fotdar and qanungo
• Each tehsil had about 12 villages
• Villages were the lowest units of administration
– Mughals gave legal sanction to the panchayats
– Patwari and Chaukidar
8. Law and Order Administration
• The king and PM primarily responsible for
maintaining peace
• Provincial level: Faujdar. Below him kotwal.
• Villages neglected
9. Judicial Administration
• Emperor was the fountainhead of justice and highest
appeal lay to him
• Sadr-i-Sudur decided important civil cases especially of
a religious character
• Chief Qazi (Qazi-ul-Quzat) was the highest judicial
officer
• Main judicial funcationaries
– Mufti: expounded the law
– Qzai: investigated the evidence
– Miradi: delivered the judgement
• Miradi acted as a counterpoise to the Qazi’s influence
10. • No definite codes of law existed
• Quran and Hadis were major sources of law
• Officers were expected to know Hindu
customs while dealing with cases concerning
them
• Qazi’s court had civil and criminal jurisdication
• Criminal law is uniform irrespective of the
religion
11. Revenue Administration
• It adhered to the old practices, procedures and
traditions of the country
• Revenue Dept under Wazir/Diwan
• Diwans also at the provincial level
• Krori at local level to collect revenue
• Mughal state was essentially a revenue collecting
state.
• Bitikchi
– Land records and deeds
– First time?
12. Mansabdari System
• No division between civil and military
functions of the state
• The mansabdari system determined the rank,
pay-scale and the position of the imperial
officer in the royal court in respect of other
government officers
13. Evaluation of the Mansabdari System
• Merits
– A systematic and progressive system to reorganise the
army within the fold of despotic monarchy
– First such system in India
– Improvement over the system of tribal chieftainship
and feudalism
– Offices were not hereditary
– Every mansabdar was held personally responsible to
the monarch
• This eliminated all chances of dis-affection and revolts by the
military officers
14. • Demerits
– This system did not give birth to a national army
• About 2/3rd of the mansabdars were either foreigners or the
immediate descendents of the foreign immigrants
– Non-regimentation of the army
– Hesitation on the part of the imperial govt to recruit
all the soldiers of the mansabdars
– No uniform rules were prescribed for systematic
training of the soldiers
– The nature and the quality of the war weapons borne
by them differed from contingent to contingent
15. Provincial and Local
• Centre
• Subah - Subedar
• Sarkar - Fauzdar
• Pargana - Shiqdar
• Village
17. Aspects of Secularism
• Hindus were given high mansabs
• Hindu customs were followed in cases related
to them
18. Welfare
• Revenue collectors were under orders not to oppress
the cultivators while collecting the state demands
• Panchayats had some powers for local taxation
• Responsibility for social development
19. Centralised Despotism
• For
– The state was based on a military system with the
mansabdars responsible to the emperor
– No division between civil and military power gave
immense power to the officials
• Against
– Some elements of decentralisation
– Mughals had given a legal sanction to the
panchayati raj
20. Legacy of MA for Indian Admin
• Provincial administration
– Akbar was the first to develop an elaborate system of Provincial
Administration
– Provinces had an administrative structure that was miniature of the imperial
administration
– Similar to modern day states?
• Kotwals
– The system of Kotwals was inherited by the British in modified form and
helped in the development of the modern police system
– Kotwal was primarily a police chief who combined in his office the functions of
a municipal commissioner as well
– Municipal Commissioner
• Revenue administration
– Todar mal’s bandobast
– Revenue officers continue to this day in some modified form: eg patwari
– Division of provinces/districts.
21. Conclusions
• The monarchy, though benevolent, was backward in its
outlook.
• Elements of democracy were conspicuous by their
absence.
• It contained no element of self-criticism and
endogenous reforms
• Through their administration they installed an element
of homogeneity in the governance of the country
• A useful element introduced by them was of compiling
and codifying all the records.
• Although it was a muslim state, no discrimination was
made in the selection of personnel