Mughals
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The Mughal Empire ruled the Indian subcontinent from 1526 to 1707 under six major emperors: Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The Mughals maintained a large centralized bureaucracy and military, establishing effective control through the mansabdar system of ranking officials and the jagirdari system of land assignments. They implemented revenue systems like land zabt to administer their vast territories and populations.
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The document summarizes the history of the Mughal Empire in India from its founding in 1526 by Babur to its decline in the 18th century. It focuses on key rulers like Akbar, who expanded the empire and promoted religious tolerance, but also Aurangzeb, whose policies of religious intolerance weakened the empire. External threats from groups like the Marathas and invasions by the Afghan Nadir Shah further contributed to the declining control of the Mughals and the rise of European power in India.
The mughals
The document provides an overview of the Mughal Empire in India from its establishment in 1526 until its decline in the mid-18th century. It discusses the key Mughal emperors including Babur, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. It highlights some of the architectural achievements of the Mughals such as the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Fatehpur Sikri. The Mughal Empire reached its peak under Akbar, but began declining under Aurangzeb due to his religious intolerance and heavy taxation.
Mughal art and architecture - Thesmi Thomas
The slide give a basic idea about the lifestyle of during Mughal rule. This slide mainly focus on Mughal architecture, Mughal music, Mughal literature and Mughal paintings.
Mughal Empire
The document provides an overview of the social structure and history of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses the major emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb who ruled from 1526 to 1707. It covers aspects of religion, culture, economy, social classes, the role of women, and art during the Mughal period. Akbar is highlighted for his relatively high tolerance for Hindus and attempt to create a new syncretic faith, though religious tensions increased under later rulers.
Akbar
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was declared the Mughal emperor at age 12 after his father Humayun's death. As emperor, Akbar established the Diwan-i-aam (Hall of Public Audience) and Diwan-i-khas (Hall of Private Audience) at Fatehpur Sikri to conduct matters of state. Some key structures from Akbar's reign discussed include the Panch Mahal, Jodha Bai's palace, Buland Darwaza gate, and Akbar's tomb which his son Jahangir completed after Akbar's death.
Ppt on mughal empire
The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur after his victories at Panipat and Khanwa. He established the empire in India and was succeeded by his son Humayun after his death in 1530. Humayun's rule was interrupted but he regained control in 1555 until his death. He was followed by his son Akbar, who greatly expanded the empire. Later rulers included Jahangir, Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal, Aurangzeb, and finally Bahadur Shah Zafar, who was exiled after the 1857 rebellion, bringing an end to the Mughal Empire.
Architecture during the reign of Akbar
Akbar commissioned many architectural works during his reign from 1556-1605, incorporating both Hindu and Muslim styles. Some of the most important monuments included the Lahore Fort in Pakistan with its large courtyard and decorative buildings, Fatehpur Sikri known for its spacious layout and fusion of styles, and the Agra Fort containing later additions by Shah Jahan and blending of materials like marble. These monumental buildings displayed Akbar's vision of unity and artistic vision through their grand scale and innovative designs.
Mughal architecture
Mughal architecture was greatly influenced by Persian styles with the coming of the Mughals to India. They constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques, forts, gardens and cities across India. Some of the most prominent examples of Mughal architecture include Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaza, Akbar's Tomb in Sikandra, Itmad-Ud-Daula's Tomb in Agra, the Jama Masjid and Red Fort in Delhi, and the Taj Mahal in Agra. Mughal architecture reached its peak under Shah Jahan, known for his buildings made of white marble richly
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Mughals.ppt
The Mughal Empire ruled over India from 1526 to 1707, with six powerful emperors establishing sovereignty. The Mughals maintained the largest standing army of the time and used military might to expand their territories. They developed strong centralizing institutions, including a bureaucracy organized through the mansabdar system of ranking officials. The Mughals also implemented revenue systems like jagir and zamindari to administer their lands and collect taxes. Through religious tolerance policies under Akbar, integration of Hindu and Muslim traditions, and portraying the emperor as a spiritual leader, the Mughals were largely successful in legitimizing their rule over India's diverse populations.
08 mughals
The Mughal Empire ruled the Indian subcontinent from 1526 to 1707. It was founded by Babur and expanded significantly by later emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The Mughals maintained a large standing army and instituted a centralized administrative system with key officials and ministries. They also implemented the mansabdari system which graded all officials by rank to determine their status, duties, pay, and military obligations. This sophisticated bureaucratic infrastructure and strong military enabled the Mughals to effectively govern their vast empire for over 150 years.
08 mughals
The Mughal Empire ruled the Indian subcontinent from 1526 to 1707. The document discusses the six major Mughal emperors who ruled during this period, including Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. It also discusses the primary sources used by historians to study the Mughal Empire. The summary then outlines some of the key administrative and political institutions that contributed to the success and longevity of the Mughal Empire, including its large standing army, charismatic rulers, centralized bureaucratic system, mansabdari military ranking system, jagirdari land revenue assignment system, and the role of local zamindars or landowners
Evolution of Mughal Administrative System : Mansabdri and Jagirdari System
The term mansab determined the holder status in the graded official hierarchy
Mansabdar held both military and civil positions.
Power Check & Balance: reliance on salaries, frequent transfers, diversion revenue to treasury.
As a result they had limited opportunities to develop local contacts or financial means to raise private armies.
Abul Fazl claims that Akbar provided 66 grades of Mansabdars ranging from commanders 10 horsemen to commanders 10000 horsemen.
To maintain a specific no. of contingent with horses & necessary equipment.
The term mansab determined the holder status in the graded official hierarchy
Mansabdar held both military and civil positions.
Power Check & Balance: reliance on salaries, frequent transfers, diversion revenue to treasury.
As a result they had limited opportunities to develop local contacts or financial means to raise private armies.
Abul Fazl claims that Akbar provided 66 grades of Mansabdars ranging from commanders 10 horsemen to commanders 10000 horsemen.
To maintain a specific no. of contingent with horses & necessary equipment.
akbarthegreat-151128155807-lva1-app6892.pdf
Akbar faced many threats when he ascended the throne, but was able to defeat his enemies through battles like the Second Battle of Panipat. He built a large empire through both direct conquests and marriages alliances with Rajput rulers. Akbar established an efficient administrative system with uniform currency, weights and measures. He adopted policies of religious tolerance and established the Ibadat Khana for religious discussions. Akbar was a patron of the arts and surrounded himself with learned scholars, known as the Navaratnas.
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The document provides an overview of the central and provincial administration under the Mughal Empire. At the central level, the key officers were the Diwan (finance minister), Mir Bakhshi (military office), Mir Saman (ordinance and logistics), and Sadr (religious affairs). Occasionally a higher Vakil position was appointed. Provincial administration improved under Akbar, with more defined boundaries and a uniform system across provinces. Each province had a Governor and independent Diwan to oversee revenues, along with other officials representing central functions. A mansabdari system of ranked officials formed an all-India administrative cadre.
Akbar
Akbar rose to power in India amid threats from enemies. He defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556, crushing Afghan power. Over time, through both direct conquest and marital alliances, Akbar expanded his empire across northern and central India. He established a strong administrative system with a central and provincial government. Akbar also implemented policies of religious tolerance, establishing the Ibadat Khana for religious discussions and later founding his own Din-i-Ilahi faith.
025587152 (3).pdf
The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur who defeated the Delhi Sultanate at Panipat. The Mughals were descendants of both Genghis Khan and Timur. There were 6 major Mughal emperors who ruled over large parts of South Asia for over 200 years: Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. Akbar implemented important policies like a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi and a land revenue system called zabt. Under later emperors, the empire began declining due to revolts and foreign invasions. By the 18th century, the empire fractured into independent states
Mughal administratiohn
The Mughal administration was centralized, with the emperor holding absolute power. Key elements included councils of ministers, provincial administration divided into districts and villages, and a military system based on mansabdars who received ranks determining the number of troops they commanded. Revenue was a major focus, with land surveys and classification systems implemented. The justice system incorporated Islamic law but treated Hindus unequally. Overall, the Mughals established an extensive and sophisticated bureaucracy to govern their large empire.
Mughal state
The Mughal Empire was a Persianate empire that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1526 to 1707. It was founded by Babur, a Timurid leader of Turco-Mongol descent. The Mughals governed through a highly centralized administration divided into provinces, districts, and villages. The emperor was the head of state and fountain of law, while the mansabdari and jagirdari systems organized the Mughal military and administrative structures. The Mughal state combined elements of Indian administration with Persian models of governance.
Culture and civilization
The document provides a timeline of important events during the Mughal Empire in India from 1526 to 1857. It begins with Babur founding the empire by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Akbar the Great from 1556 to 1605, who expanded Mughal control across most of India and promoted religious tolerance. Shah Jahan's rule from 1627 to 1658 saw the construction of iconic buildings like the Taj Mahal. Aurangzeb's rule from 1658 to 1707 marked the beginning of decline as he reversed religious tolerance policies. The rebellion of 1857 marked the end of Mughal rule in India and the
Mughal Empire.pptx
The document provides an overview of the Mughal Empire from its founding in 1526 by Babur through its decline in the 18th century. It summarizes the reigns of key emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, noting both the consolidation and expansion of the empire as well as seeds of decline during Aurangzeb's rule. It discusses the Mansabdari system of administration and military ranks established by Akbar that served the empire well but later contributed to its collapse. It also notes that religious diversity generally flourished under the Mughals, though policies varied between more eclectic emperors like Akbar and the stricter Aurangze
Mughal state
The Mughal Empire was a Persianate empire that ruled large parts of South Asia between the 16th and 18th centuries, establishing an administrative structure with the emperor at the top, provincial governors below him, and a military system based on granting land in exchange for military service. Key aspects of the Mughal state included its combination of Indian and Persian administrative elements, a patrimonial bureaucratic system with little distinction between state and household officials, and revenue collection, law and justice, and social classes structured around the nobility, military leadership, and common people.
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Mughal Empire system for establised .pptx
The Mughal administration was a sophisticated system of governance established by the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Here are some key features of Mughal administration:
Centralized Authority: The Mughal Empire was ruled by a centralized authority vested in the emperor, who held supreme power. The emperor was regarded as the highest authority in both political and religious matters.
Divine Right: Emperors often claimed their authority was derived from divine right, with the emperor serving as the representative of God on Earth.
Subdivision of Empire: The empire was divided into provinces called "subas" or "sarkars," each governed by a provincial governor known as a "subedar" or "nawab." These officials were appointed by the emperor and were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing local administration.
District Administration: Provinces were further divided into districts known as "sarkars" or "mahals," each under the authority of a "faujdar" or "amalgujar." They were responsible for implementing the policies of the central government, maintaining law and order, and collecting revenue.
Revenue Administration: The Mughal Empire relied heavily on a revenue system called "zabt" or "mansabdari." Under this system, land revenue was assessed based on the productivity of the land and collected by officials appointed by the emperor. The revenue was collected in cash or kind, depending on the region.
Military Administration: The Mughal military was a crucial component of the empire's administration. The army was organized into various units, each under the command of a nobleman known as a "mansabdar." The Mansabdars were appointed by the emperor and were granted land revenue assignments (known as "jagirs") in return for their military service.
Judicial System: The Mughal Empire had a complex judicial system influenced by Islamic law (Sharia). Qazis (judges) administered justice in civil and criminal matters based on Islamic legal principles. The emperor served as the final court of appeal in the empire.
Bureaucracy: The Mughal administration was supported by a large bureaucracy composed of officials known as "mansabdars." These officials held ranks (mansabs) granted by the emperor and were responsible for various administrative and military duties.
Overall, the Mughal administration was characterized by its centralized authority, elaborate administrative structure, and efficient revenue system, which contributed to the stability and prosperity of the empire during its peak.
Feudalism
The document summarizes the feudal system of medieval Europe. It describes the hierarchical power structure with the monarch at the top, followed by nobles and lords, knights and vassals, merchants and farmers, and peasants and serfs. Each class had distinct roles and responsibilities within the system. The purpose of feudalism was to provide security and protection of lands through this stratified social order.
Feudalism
Feudalism was a hierarchical system where the king granted land to lords in exchange for military service. Lords ruled over sections of land and peasants worked the land in exchange for protection. This system ensured security and order but restricted individual rights. Peasants were at the bottom and had little freedom while kings, lords, knights and merchants held higher positions with more power and wealth. Feudalism declined as the economy changed after the Black Plague and lords and peasants demanded more power and rights.
Mughals and Mandabdari System
The document discusses the Mansabdari system introduced by Akbar in 1570. It divides the imperial officers of the Mughal state into 66 grades ranging from 10 to 10,000 based on their rank and status. The highest ranks were reserved for royal princes. Mansabdars were classified based on their zat (personal rank) and sawar (number of troops maintained). The system aimed to replace the feudal jagirdari system with direct allegiance to the emperor. It played an important role in administering and expanding the Mughal Empire during Akbar's reign.
UNIT 2. Feudalism
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Society was divided into hierarchies with the king at the top, followed by nobles who received land from the king in exchange for loyalty. Peasants, known as serfs, were bound to work the land and live on manors belonging to lords, who offered protection in return. Serfs had to follow the manorial system and pay taxes and labor services to their lords. Feudalism organized society into estates of nobility, clergy, and peasants, with nobility and clergy enjoying privileges over peasants. The feudal economic system was based on farming and livestock on manors worked by ser
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Mughals
- 56. THE TAJ MAHAL
- 57. ANOTHER VIEW OF TAJ
- 59. LAL QILA, DELHI
- 60. FATEHPUR SIKRI
- 62. MUGHAL PAINTINGS
- 63. MUGHAL PAINTINGS
- 64. MUGHAL PAINTINGS
- 65. MUGHAL ART
- 66. MUGHAL JEWELLRY