class 7 ncert history mughals

1. HISTORY
CHAPTER-4: The Creation of the Mughal
Empire The Mughal Dynasty
GRADE-7

2. Content:

3. Class 1
• CHAPTER-4: The Creation of the Mughal
Empire The Mughal Dynasty

4. Mughal
dynasty
(1526-1857)
◦ Babur (r. 1526-1530)
◦ Humayun (r. 1530-1540; 1555-
1556)
◦ Akbar (r. 1556-1605)
◦ Jahangir (r. 1605-1627)
◦ Shahjahan (r. 1628-1657)
◦ Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)
◦ Bahadur Shah (r. 1707-1712)
◦ Jahandar Shah (r. 1712-1713)
◦ Farrukhsiyar (r. 1713-1719)
◦ Muhammad Shah (r. 1719-1748)
-
◦ Bahadur Shah II (r. 1837-1857)

5. Introduction
• Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and
a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning.
• Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty
to rule India.
• Mongol Descendents
• The Great Mughal Emperors were:
• Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals
• Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader
• Akbar (1556-1605) The Great
• Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability
• Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder
• Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant

6. The Mughals were
descendants of two
great lineages
◦ From the mother’s side they were the descendants of
Genghis Khan ( died 1227)
◦ From the father side they were the successors of Timur
(died 1407) the ruler of Iran, Iraq and Modern
◦ day Turkey
◦ Mughal did not like them to be called Mughal or Mongol
but they were proud of their Timurid ancestory

7. The Mughals
were
descendants
of two great
lineages
• Babur , the first Mughal emperor ( 1526-1530)
succeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494
when he was 12 years old
• He was forced to leave because of the
the Uzbegs, another mongols
• After wandering he seized Kabul in 1504
7

9. Akbar was 13 years old when he became emperor, his reign can be divided into
3 periods
– 1556-1570
■ Akbar became independent of his regent Bairam
Khan, Military campaign were launched against
the Suris and otherAfghans, neighboring
kingdoms of Malwa and Gondwana and to
suppress the revolt of his half brother Mirza Hakim
and Uzbegs, Sisodiya, the capital ofChittor was
seized in 1568 and in 1569, ranthambhor
– 1570-1585
■ Military campaigns in Gujarat were followed by
campaigns in the east in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa,
these campaigns were complicated by the revolt
by Mirza Hakim in 1579 -1580
– 1585 -1605
■ Expansion of Akbar’sempire
■ Qandahar was seized from the Safavids, Kashmir
was annexed, Kabul was annexed after the death
of Mirza Hakim
■ Campaigns in the deccan started, Berar, Khandesh
and parts of Ahmadnagar were annexed
■ In the last year, Akbar was distracted by Prince
Salim, future emperorJahangir
9

11. 11
Jahangir 1605 – 1627
•Sisodiya ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh accepted Mughal Service
•Prince Khurram, future emperor Shah Jahan rebelled in the last
year of his reign
1605–1627
Shah Jahan 1627 -1658
•Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi rebelled and was defeated
•Campaigns were launched against Ahmednagar, Bundelas were
defeated and Orchha seized.
•Campaign against Uzbegs in the north west was unsuccessful and
also the Qandahar was lost to the Safavids
•In 1632, Ahmadnagar was annexed and Bijapur forces sued for
peace
•In 1657- 1658, there was fight among Shah Jahan’s brothers and
Aurangazeb was victorious and three brothers were killed
•Shah Jahan was imprisoned for the rest of his life in Agra
1627–1658
Aurangazeb 1658 – 1707
•Ahoms were defeated in 1663, rebelled again in 1680s
•Rathor Rajputs Rebelled against Mughal intervention
•Campaigns against Maratha Shivaji was initially successful
•Prince Akbar rebelled against Aurangazeb and received support
from Marathas and Deccan Sultanate.
•Aurangazeb fled to Safavid Iran
•Aurangazed sent Armies again and annexed Bijapur in 1685 and
Golcunda in 1687
•He also faced rebellion in th north india from Sikhs, Jats and
Satnamis, in the deccan from Marathas and in the north east
from Ahoms
•His death was followed by a succession conflict among his sons
1658–1707

13. • Mughals did not believe in the rule of
primogeniture, sons succeeding the king,
instead they followed the Timurid style
of Coparcenary inheritance, division of the
inheritance among the sons
• Mother of Jahangir was Kachwaha , daughter
of the Rajput ruler of Amber(Jaipur)
• Mother of Shah Jahan was Rathor Princess,
daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar
(Jodhpur)
• Many Rajputs accepted the Mughal influence
but some of them resisted. Eg: Sisodiya
Rajputs
• Mansabdars and Jagirdas
• Those who joined the Mughal service
were called Mansabdars
• Mansab – meaning a position or rank
• It was the grading system used by
Mughals to fix rank, salary and
military responsibilities
• Rank was determined by numerical
value called zat
• Higher the zat higher the
rank
• Mansabdars received the salary
in the form of revenue
assignments called Jagirs (like
iqtas)
• Jagirs should be equal to the
Mansabdars salary, but it was
less during the Aurangazeb’s
period
13

14. • Zabt and Zamindars
• The main source of income was tax on the
produce of the peasants
• Peasants paid taxes through Headman or local
chieftain
• Mughals used one term called Zamindars to
refer the headman or local chieftains
• Akbar’s Revenue Minister Todar Mal Carried
out a survey oif crop yields and collected
tax accordingly
• Each Province was divided into revenue
circles with its own schedule of revenue
rates this system is called zabt
• Sometimes zamindars and pesants of the same
caste allied in rebellion against the Mughal
in the the
• seventeenth century
• Akbar Nama and Ain – I – Akbari
• Abul Fazl wrote a history of his reign titled
Akbar nama
• First volume: Akbar’s Amcestors
• Second Volume: Events of Akbar’s reign
• Third Volume is Ain – I – Akbari, deals
with Akbar Adminsitration , household
army, the revenues and geography of
his empire
14

15. • Abul Fazl explained that the empire was
divided into provinces called subas
governed by a subadar who carried out
both political and military functions
• Each province had a financial officer or
diwan
• Subadar was supported by other officers
such as military paymaster (bakhshi), the
minister in charge of religious and
charitable patronage (sadr), military
commanders (faujdars) and the town police
commander (kotwal)
• Mehrunnisa married the Emperor Jahangir in
1611 and received the title Nur Jahan.
• Ibadat khana is the place where the Akbar
held meetings with different religious
leaders
• Akbar’s teachings of tolerance to other
religions is called sulh- I kul or universal
peace
• There were several great monarchs during 16th
century
• Queen Elizabeth (1558 – 1603) of
England was the last ruler of a dynasty
called Tudors
• Her period was having conflict between
Roman Catholics and Protestants
• She defeated Philip II Spanish ruler
and supported William Shakespeare
• Ruler of ottoman Turkey was Sultan
15

17. Expansion – key dates
1526
Babur
defeats
sultan of
Delhi at
Panipat
1540–1555
Humayun
expelled by
Sher Khan
Suri/
returns in
triumph
1560s
extension of
Mughal rule
in Rajasthan
1572
3: Akbar
conquers
Gujarat
1576-1590s
Mughal
conquest of
Bengal
1636
Bijapur
acknowledges
Mughal
suzerainty
1686
7: Bijapur
and Golconda
formally
incorporated
1698
Conquest of
Gingi
extends
Mughal rule
deep into
South India

18. NCERT SOLUTIONS
1. Match the following:
Answer:
• mansab – rank
• Mongol – Uzbeg
• Sisodiya Rajput – Mewar
• Rathor Rajput – Marwar
• Nur Jahan – Jahangir
• subadar – governor
2. Fill in the blanks:
Answer:
• Kabul
• Bijapur, Golconda
• number of horses maintained
• administration

19. 3. What were the central provinces under the control of
the Mughals?
Answer: Panipat, Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Amber,
Ajmer, Fatehpur Sikri, Chittor, Ranthambhore and
Allahabad.
4. What were the relationships between the mansabdar and
the jagir?
Answer:
• Relationship between the mansabdar and the jagir:
• Mansabdars were those who joined Mughal service.
• Jagirs were the salaries of the mansabdars in the form of
revenue assignments.
• It means mansabdars received jagirs as their salaries.
Hence, mansabdars depended upon jagirs for their
livelihood.
5. What was the role of the zamindar in Mughal
administration?

20. 7. How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on
governance?
• Answer:
• In the 1570’s at Fatehpur Sikri Akbar started discussions on religion with people of different
faiths. There were ulemas, Brahmanas, Jesuit Catholic priests and Zoroastrians.
• These discussions took place in Ibadat Khana. These were about social and religious customs.
• These interactions made him realise that religious scholars are bigots. They emphasize rituals and
dogma.
• Their teachings create divisions in society. This led to the idea of Sulh-i-Kul or ‘Universal
peace’.
7. Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer: The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers. From their mother’s side they
were descendants of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol tribes. From their father’s side they were the
successors of Timur, the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey. However, the Mughals did not like
to be called Mongol because Mongol’s especially Genghis Khan’s, memory was associated with the
massacre of innumerable people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the
other hand, the Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry, because it achieved good name in the
history.
• 8. How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
• The income from land revenue is very important to the stability of the Mughal Empire as:
• It was used for extension of empire, wars, etc.
• Income is used to pay salaries/wages to army, bureaucrats, artisans and workers.
• The administrative expenditure is dealt by this income.
• 9. Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just
Turanis and Iranis?
• Answer: The Mughal Empire expanded to different regions. Hence, it was important for the Mughals