The document provides a summary of the Mughal rulers of India from Babur to Aurangzeb. It discusses each ruler's background, major accomplishments, and how they came to power and died. Some of the key points covered include: - Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 and was succeeded by his son Humayun. He is believed to have been poisoned. - Akbar greatly expanded the empire and instituted new administrative practices. He died of dysentery at age 63. - Jahangir continued expansion and was known for his love of art. He died while traveling at age 58. - Shah Jahan's reign marked the Golden Age, with

1. The Mughal Biography
Book

2. Table of contents
Page # Chapter
2. Introduction
3. Babur
4. Humayun
5. Akbar
6. Jahangir
7. Shah Jahan
8. Aurangzeb
9. Conclusion
10. All about the Author

3. Introduction
Today we are going to learn about the history of India. There are the total of seventeen Mughal Rulers. The Mughal Emperors,
from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, the Mughals built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent,
mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughal Empire was an early-
modern empire in South Asia. For some two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the
west, to the northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-
day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan plateau in South India. At its greatest extent, it was one of
the largest empires in the history of South Asia
The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what today
is Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi,
in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of Upper India. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is
sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the
death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. The
empire subsequently fragmented, reduced to the region in and around old Delhi by the time the British East India Company came
to rule most of India. The empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and
peoples it came to rule, but rather equalized and placated them through new administrative practices, and diverse ruling elites,
leading to more efficient, centralized, and standardized rule. The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the
17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes,
instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. Mughal India was also the world leader in manufacturing, producing about 25% of
the world's industrial output up until the 18th century. Burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing
demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts.
There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms,
textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South
Asia are: Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort and the Taj Mahal, which is described as, "The jewel of
Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage
We will learn about them in this book!

4. Babur
Zahir Ud-din Mohammad (Babar) was the first Mughal Ruler, and the founder of The Mughal empire. He was born on 14
February 1483 and, he started ruling from 14 February 1483 to 26 December 1530 that means he ruled for about 47 years. He
was a Chagatai Turk, descendant of king Timur on his father's side and Chengez Khan on his mother's side. In in his life he was
succeeded by his son Humayun, he had total of 7 sons
Where did Babur first entered India from?
Babar entered India for the first time through Punjab. He was the founder of the Mughal dynasty. Babur was born in Andijan, in
the Fergana Valley, in modern Uzbekistan.
Taking the Throne
In 1494, the Emir of Ferghana died suddenly and 11-year-old Babur ascended his father's throne. His seat was anything but
secure, however, with numerous uncles and cousins plotting to replace him.
Evidently aware that a good offense is the best defense, the young emir set out to expand his holdings. By 1497, he had
conquered the famous Silk Road oasis city of Samarkand. While he was thus engaged, however, his uncles and other nobles rose
in rebellion back in Andijan. When Babur turned to defend his base, he once again lost control of Samarkand.
The determined young emir had regained both cities by 1501, but the Uzbek ruler Shaibani Khan challenged him over Samarkand
and dealt Babur's forces a crushing defeat. This marked the end of Babur's rule in what is now Uzbekistan
How did Babar die?
It is also believed that Babur swam through every major river in India, sometimes even against the current, so it is generally
believed that he didn't die a natural death rather was killed. It has been said that he was poisoned by mother of Ibrahim Lodi,
whom he defeated in First Battle of Panipat. He died at Agra Mughal Empire
Legacy
Babur lived a difficult life, always battling to make a place for himself. In the end, however, he planted the seed for one of
the world's great empires. Babur was a devotee of poetry and gardens, and his descendants would raise all kinds of arts to their
apogee during their long reign. The Mughal Empire lasted until 1868, at which point it finally fell to the colonial British Raj.
Now you have a lot of information about Babar! Now you can find out about India’s second ruler and Babar’s Son Humayun!

5. Akbar
Abudl-Fath Jalal Ud-din Muhammad Akbar was the 3rd Ruler of the Mughal Dynasty He is known
as the greatest ruler of the Mughal empire. He was the son of Humayun. He had 5 sons, Jahangir
(next King), Murad Mirza, Danial Mirza, Hussain, and Hassan. Jahangir was the next leader of the
Mughal Empire. Akbar ruled from 1556-1605 an interesting fact is that Akbar became king at the
age of 13. Since, he was only a teenager a he had a tutor named Bairam Khan.
Akbar's New Religion
Akbar made his new religion at about years, 1662 and 1665 he made this religion from
Abrahamic and Dharmic-influenced Syncretism. This religion right now is not very popular.
Akbar’s constructions
Akbar works included Babri Masjid, Jama Masjid, Panipat Mosque and Kabuli Bagh Mosque. The
construction of the Agra fort was started around 1565, when the initial structures were built by
the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and subsequently taken over by his grandson Shah Jahan, who
added most of the marble creations to the fort.
How did Akbar die?
Death. On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never
recovered. Twelve days after his sixty third year he died on 27 October 1605, after which his
body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra (Agra): Akbar's tomb.

6. Jahangir
Nur Ud Din Muhammad Salim Jahangir who was the son of Akbar and the fourth Emperor of the
Mughal empire. He had 4 son’s and 2 daughter Shah Jahan, Khusra mirza, Shahryar mirza, and
Parviz mirza, Bahar Banu Begum,. Also he had 20 wife’s his last wife was Saleha Banu Begum Nur
Jahan. The others were Shah Begum, Jagat Gosain, Sahib Jamal, Malika Jahan begum, Nur-un
Nisa(saliha Banu Begum) Begum, Khas Mahal Begum, Koka Kumari Begum, and Nithar Begum
and etc.…. He ruled over India for a period of 22 years from 1605 to 1627, and was well known
for his love for fine arts. As the eldest surviving son of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, he
was trained for succession from a young age by his father. He was born on 31st August 1569.
Jahangir’s Monuments
Jahangir made the Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar in the year of 1619 for his wife. Also Akbar's Tomb
was finished by Jahangir. Jahangir’s wife Nur Jahan made the Tomb of Itmad-ud-daula at Agra.
Death
Jahangir died at the age of 58 in Kashmir 8th November 1627 when he traveled from Kashmir to
Lahore near Sarai Saadabad at Bhimber in 1627.
Jahangir was trying to recover his health by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. While he was traveling to
Kashmir unfortunately return back to Lahore because of a severe cold.

7. Shah Jahan
Alla Azad Abdul Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Mohammad Jahangir, Born as Prince Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram in the Lahore, Pakistan of
1592, Shah Jahan was the son of Emperor Jahangir. ... The most significant part of Shah Jahan's life history began in 1607 when he was 15 and was
betrothed to Arjumand Banu Begum, the granddaughter of a Persian noble and was just 14 at that time.
The Golden Age
The age of Shah Jahan(January 1628-July 1658) is considered to be the golden age in Mughal Empire because during his reign there was peace in
the country. There were no foreign threats. He did a lot of work for the welfare of people like he constructed roads, canals, sarais etc. During
famine, which broke out in Deccan (1630)
Education
As a child, Khurram received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide
variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and Hindustani classical music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and
Ruqaiya. In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point was 13, remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his
mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Khurram was in a fair amount of physical
danger from political opponents of his father, His conduct at this time can be understood as a precursor to the bravery that he would later be
known for Bravery.
War with Portuguese
Shah Jahan gave orders in 1631 to Qassim Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, to drive out the Portuguese from their trading post at Port Hoogly.
The post was heavily armed with cannons, battleships, fortified walls, and other instruments of war. The Portuguese were accused of trafficking
by high Mughal officials and due to commercial competition the Mughal-controlled port of Saptagram began to slump. Shah Jahan was
particularly outraged by the activities of Jesuits in that region, notably when they were accused of abducting peasants. On 25 September 1632
the Mughal Army raised imperial banners and gained control over the Bandel region and the garrison was punished
Death Of Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan died on 22 January 1666 Shah jahan ruled in the Mughal throne from 1627 till 1658. He was ruling on a vast empire. On 6
September 1657 , he became severely sick. ... In January 1666 Shah jaha's health again became serious and he died on 22 January, 1666

8. Aurangzeb
Muhi- ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir mostly known as Aurangzeb and the 6th ruler of the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb was born on Oct. 24, 1618 at Dohad and
was the 3rd son of Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb ruled almost all the subcontinents of India for about 49 years. His sons were Bahadur Shah, Mohammad Azam Shah,
Mohammed Kam bakhsh, Mohammad Akbar and Mohammad Sultan. Unfortunately Aurangzeb was the last ‘great Moghul’.
Education
Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance was fixed at Rs. 500, which he spent on religious education and the study of
history
The History of Aurangzeb
In 1645 he became governor of Gujarat, the empire's richest province. Two years later he led an expeditionary force against the Uzbek's in Central Asia but was
unsuccessful in establishing Mogul authority over Balkh (now northern Afghanistan). An expedition against Kandahar also failed. In 1653 he returned to the Deccan to
restore law and order and extended to the south the Mogul revenue system that had been established in northern India by Emperor Akbar. During this second
viceroyalty his relations with his eldest brother, Dara Shukoh, who was Emperor Shah Jahan's principal adviser, deteriorated. Aurangzeb believed in territorial
expansion and Moslem orthodoxy; Dara stood for imperial consolidation and a secular empire. Thus a clash for succession became inevitable.
When Shah Jahan fell ill in September 1657, Aurangzeb challenged Dara, defeated him, imprisoned their father, and assumed imperial authority on July 21, 1658.
After liquidating his three brothers, he crowned himself emperor of India, assuming the title Alamgir (Conqueror of the World) on June 5, 1659.
Committed to making India an orthodox Moslem state, Aurangzeb restricted Hindu festivals and destroyed many Hindu temples. In 1664 the practice
of sati (immolation of widows on funeral pyres) was enjoined. Poll tax on Hindus was imposed in 1679. Censors were appointed to enforce morals, and edicts were
issued against drinking, gambling, prostitution, and narcotics. When a defiant Sikh guru, Tegh Bahadur, refused to embrace Islam, he was executed. Employment of
non-Moslems was restricted in the imperial bureaucracy.
Such discriminatory policies naturally led to rebellions. In 1660 the Marathas began a revolt, followed by the Jats in 1669, the Satnamis in 1672, the Sikhs in 1675, and
the Rajput's in 1679. Even the English East India Company took up arms against him in 1686. One by one all these revolts were subdued, but the victories were always
short-lived. Mogul imperial unity was lost, and the treasury was exhausted.
Death
Under Aurangzeb's piety and austerity, Mogul culture also suffered. Music and arts lost royal patronage, and the position of women rapidly declined. The Emperor
strove to live up to the ideals of orthodox Islam. In his spare time he copied the Koran to provide for his funeral expenses. He was a man of literary tastes, and his own
letters are a model of elegant Persian prose. At the age of 90, with all his faculties, except hearing, unimpaired, he died on Feb. 20, 1707. He is buried in Daulata bad.

9. Conclusion
Now You have gained a lot of knowledge about The Great Indian Mughal Rulers,
from the first Babur from 1526 to the last of Aurangzeb from 1707. I hope you had
fun while learning about the Mughals. I hope you learn more interesting things
from other informational resources in the future.
Thank you for Reading

10. About the Author
I am Syed Shumail Ali and I like writing books, and gaining knowledge online so one
day I thought about writing an Informational book about History and since, right
now I am living in India I thought about writing the History of India. I hope this
book of my helped you in learning India’s History. And I would like to write more
non-fictional books.
I can write more if you encourage me!