Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 and ruled until 1530, conquering much of northern India with a small army. His grandson Akbar expanded the empire further and instituted policies of religious tolerance. During the reign of Aurangzeb in the late 1600s, the empire began to decline due to overextension and religious intolerance.

5. Babur the tiger came to power in1483 & ruled
till 1530. he ruled over a very small kingdom
in Turkestan. With significantly small armies
he managed to conquer Afghanistan & the
Delhi sultanate & all of Hindustan.

6. Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun (Persian:
full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal
Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa
Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Abu'l Muzaffar Nasir ud-din
Muhammad Humayun Padshah Ghazi, Zillu'llah; OS 7
March 1508–OS 22 February 1556) was the
second Mughal Emperor who ruled present
day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of
northern India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–
1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom
early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an
even larger one. On the eve of his death in
1556, the Mughal empire spanned almost one million
square kilometers.
He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-
brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a rather
bitter rival, obtained the sovereignty
of Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of their
father's empire. He originally ascended the throne at
the age of 22 and was somewhat inexperienced when
he came to power.

7. Humayun inherited one of the largest empires in the
world at the time and nearly ruined it. Between 1530
and 1540 he managed to lose all the land that his
father worked so hard to get through rebellions from
Afghanistan and India. He was sent into exile in
Persia and created a small army. He ended up
eventually regaining all the lands back but is looked
upon as one of the worst Mughal emperors. At the
end of his conquests he fell down a flight of stairs
and broke his neck. He was succeeded by his son
Akbar which in Arabic means" Great One."

8. Akbar (Urdu:
Hindi:
Hunterian Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad
Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam
or Akbar the Great (14 October 1542 – 27 October
1605),[2][3] was the third Mughal Emperor. He was
of Timurid descent; the son of
Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal
Emperor Zaheeruddin MuhammadBabur, the ruler
who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end
of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most
of the northern and central India. He is most
appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths
and beliefs and during his era, culture and art
reached to zenith as compared to his predecessors.

9. Muslim, Indian and Western Historians all see
Akbar as the greatest ruler throughout Indian
history. He became emperor at the age of
thirteen in 1556. He immediately began seizing
land in Hindustan. He conquered more lands than
any of his ancestors before him had. He was
very wise in his rulings and tried to govern all
his people equally and fairly. Since his
conquered lands were so many he assigned
governors to each region called mansabars.

10. Jahangir (Urdu:
Persian:
Hindi: full title:Al-
Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-
Giti Panah, Abu'l-Fath Nur-ud-din Muhammad
Jahangir Padshah Ghazi [Jannat-Makaani]) (20
September 1569 – 8 November 1627) was the ruler of
the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The
name Jahangir is fromPersian meaning
"Conqueror of the World". Nur-ud-din or Nur al-Din is
an Arabic name which means " Light of the Faith."
Born as Prince Muhammad Salim, he was the third
and eldest surviving son of Mogul Emperor Akbar.
Akbar's twin sons, Hasan and Hussain, died in
infancy. His mother was the Rajput Princess of
Amber, Jodhabai (born Rajkumari Hira
Kunwari, eldest daughter of Raja Bihar Mal or
Bharmal, Raja of Amber, India).

11. Akbar was succeeded by his favorite son, Jahangir, who
ruled the empire from 1605 to 1628. Jahangir did not
pursue military conquests as forcefully as his father, but
he did manage to extend the empire into Bengal. His father
had once said that any Empire that is not expanding is in
decline. Jahangir had a great passion for the arts:
painting, culture architecture, philosophy, and literature.
He was known to carry the Mughal Empire through their
richest cultural period.

12. Shah Jahan (also spelled Shah
Jehan, Shahjehan,(Urdu: Persian:
January 5, 1592 – January 22, 1666) (full
title His Imperial Majesty Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal
Khaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala Hazrat
Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan
I, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Padshah Ghazi
Zillu'llah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahanshah—E--Sultanant
Ul Hindiya Wal Mughaliya, Emperor of India ) was the
emperor of the Mughal Empire in the Indian
Subcontinent from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah
Jahan comes from Persian meaning "King of the
World." He was the fifth Mughal emperor
after Babur, Humayun,Akbar, and Jahangir. While
young, he was favourite of his legendary
grandfather, Akbar the Great. He is also called
Shahjahan the Magnificent. Besides being a
descendant of Genghis Khan, Emperor of Mongol
Empire and Tamerlane, he is also a descendant of
EmperorCharlemagne, the King of the Franks, King of
the Lombards and the Emperor of the Romans.

14. Aurangzeb, Emperor Shah Jahan's sixth son, was
born on 24th October 1618 at Dohad in Madhya
Pradesh, and wrested India's crown from his
father before the end of June 1658, after
defeating his brother Prince Dara Shukoh's
armies, first at Dharmat near Ujjain (15th April
1568) and the second, led by Dara himself, at
Samugarh on 29th May 1658. The War of
Succession to the richest throne in the world was
practically over with this victory, and Aurangzeb
secured his position by making Murad, his
brother and accomplice in his impetuous pursuit
for power, his prisoner, by treachery, on 25th
June. He had already made his old father
Emperor Shah Jahan a prisoner in the Agra Fort
(8th June 1658).

17. • Known for manuscripts and Persian
miniature paintings.
• Very symbolic.
• Involved a lot of nature
(birds, flowers, animals, etc.)
• Very colorful and detailed.
•In 1680 Emporer Shah Jahan banned
music and painting from his court, but he
allowed architectural art, such as the Pearl
Mosque and the Taj Mahal.

18. • Nearly 400 monuments have
survived a time-span of 132 years.
•White marble and red sandstone
was favored.
•Semi-precious gemstones were
popular (jade, crystal, etc.)
• Used arches sparingly.
• Symmetry and balance stressed.
• Used octagons a lot.

19. • Kurta ~ an informal dress worn by
Mughal men and women.
• Sometimes sewn with gold or
silver threads.
• Cut in long, flowing panels for
comfort; about knee-length.
• Traditional wear in
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, P
akistan, and Sri Lanka.

20. • Spicy
• Dried fruit
• Rich and Creamy
• Known for various sauces
• Numerous kabobs
• Non vegetarian!

21. Military
Babur, the first Mughal emperor , succeeded to the
throne of Fergana in 1494 when he was only 12 years
old.
He was forced to leave his ancestral throne due to
invasion of Mongol group, the uzbegs. In 1526 he
defeated the sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at panipat &
captured Delhi & Agra

22. Mughal relations with other
rulers
As the Mughals became powerful many other rulers also
joined them voluntarily. The rajputs are good example
of this. many of them married their daughters into
Mughal families and received high positions. But many
resisted as well. once defeated, however, they were
honorably treated by Mughals, given lands back as
assignments.

23. Religion
Mughals followed a different kind of religion.
It was named sulh-i-kul .As in the wide expanse of the divine
compassion there is room for all classes and the followers of all
creeds, so…. in his Imperial dominions, which on all sides were
limited only by the sea, there was room for the professors of
opposite religions, & for beliefs, good & bad, and the road to
intolerance was closed . Sunnis and shias met in one mosque and
Christians and Jews in one church to pray. He consistently
followed the principle of “universal peace” {sulh-i-kul} it was
also followed by jahangir & shan jahan.

24. Mughals Traditions of succession
The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture where
the eldest son inherited his father’s estate. Instead they
followed the Mughal and Timurid custom of` coparcenary
inheritance amongst all sons.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance:
primogeniture or coparcenary?

25. Akbar’s policies
The broad features of administration were laid down by
Akbar. The empire was divided into provinces called
subas, governed by a subadar who carried out both political
and military functions. Subadar was supported by other
officers.
Akbar’s nobles commanded large armies and had access to
large amounts of revenue. While they were loyal the empire
functioned efficiently.

26. He was defeated by the new Afghan leader, Sher Khan Sur (later known as
Sher Shah), wandered in exile in Persia, and finally settled in Kabul.
After 15 years, by which time the Sur regime was in a
shambles, Humayan recaptured Hindustan just before his death in 1556.
His young son Akbar soon recovered the lost empire, expanding its almost
to the entire upper India. Akbar, who is often considered the true founder
of the Mughal Empire, laid the grounds for the significant economic
growth and the fabulous art and building activities of his successors. He
died in 1605 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Jahangir.

27. Mughal influence on the subcontinent
The main Mughal contribution to the south Asia
was their unique architecture. They also
influenced these points:

28. The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent in the
time of Aurangzeb Alamgir, but it collapsed with
dramatic suddenness within a few decades after his
death. The Mughal Empire owes its decline and
ultimate downfall to a combination of factors;
firstly Aurangzeb religious policy is regarded as a
cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it
led to disunity among the people. Although the
policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the
major cause of decline was the lack of worthy and
competent successors after him. The character of
Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of
time. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were
weak and lacked the character, motivation and
commitment to rule the empire strongly. They had
become ease loving and cowardly. They totally
disregarded their state duties and were unable to