البحث العلمي المنشور بين الجيد والرديء د. سيناء العقيل
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The document discusses distinguishing between good and poor scientific publications. It is authored by Abdulmohsen Al-Aqeil, an associate professor in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy at the College of Pharmacy, King Saud University. He thanks the audience.
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البحث العلمي المنشور بين الجيد والرديء
The document discusses a lecture titled "The difference between good and poor scientific research publication" given at the Research Center for Medical and Health Studies at King Saud University. It provides contact information for the lecturer, Dr. Abdulmohsen Al-Aqeil, an associate professor in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy at the College of Pharmacy. The document announces voting for the lecture using an online platform and thanks the audience.
Spotlight Webinar: AMSTAR 2
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AMSTAR (A MeaSsurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews), originally created in 2007, dealt with critical appraisal of systematic reviews. Since then, there has been a shift in focus toward evidence-informed decision making using a broader scope of evidence, including observational studies or non-randomized studies. AMSTAR 2, an update to the original AMSTAR tool, was created to address the contemporary need for clinical and policy decision making that accounts for real-world observational evidence.
How can AMSTAR 2 help you?
AMSTAR 2 is practical for use by health professionals and public health practitioners involved in appraising research evidence from a clinical, public health or policy standpoint. Managers and decision makers should also be familiar with the components of the appraisal tool when they are using systematic reviews to inform the basis of evidence-informed decision making. The goal of AMSTAR 2 is to increase its applicability to include critical appraisal of a broad range of study designs on healthcare interventions used in systematic reviews.
Click here to access the tool: http://www.nccmt.ca/knowledge-repositories/search/307
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
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البحث العلمي المنشور بين الجيد والرديء
The document discusses a lecture titled "The difference between good and poor scientific research publication" given at the Research Center for Medical and Health Studies at King Saud University. It provides contact information for the lecturer, Dr. Abdulmohsen Al-Aqeil, an associate professor in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy at the College of Pharmacy. The document announces voting for the lecture using an online platform and thanks the audience.
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How can AMSTAR 2 help you?
AMSTAR 2 is practical for use by health professionals and public health practitioners involved in appraising research evidence from a clinical, public health or policy standpoint. Managers and decision makers should also be familiar with the components of the appraisal tool when they are using systematic reviews to inform the basis of evidence-informed decision making. The goal of AMSTAR 2 is to increase its applicability to include critical appraisal of a broad range of study designs on healthcare interventions used in systematic reviews.
Click here to access the tool: http://www.nccmt.ca/knowledge-repositories/search/307
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
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Major concerns exist for the large number of environmental chemicals which lack toxicity data. The tens of thousands of commercial substances in need of screening for potential human health effects would cost millions of dollars and take several decades to test in traditional animal-based guideline studies, and these concerns have led many researchers to increasingly rely on alternative screening methods. High-throughput testing (HTT) methods have been developed to evaluate the hazard potential of diverse chemical libraries and are helpful in prioritizing the compounds of greatest concern for adverse effects. As part of a multiagency project to identify substances for prioritized testing, the USEPA ’s National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT) ToxCast program has, to date, screened >3800 unique compounds for biological activity in some or all of over 800 assays. These efforts are designed to inform decision-makers of the bioactivity and/or toxicity of chemicals, but there remains a need to establish confidence in the applicability of these novel technologies to regulatory agencies. Here we describe the status of the NCCT’s development of descriptive ToxCast assay documentation designed to implement OECD Guidance Document No. 211 recommendations for describing non-guideline in vitro test methods to diverse audiences. These annotations are designed to offer a clear and comprehensive depiction of all aspects of the ToxCast and Tox21 assays - from the development of novel methods, to the technological relevancy for examinating chemical-target interactions, through the interpretation of the >1600 different analytical endpoints. Alterations and additions to the OECD Guidance template were necessary to a limited extent to accommodate existing data infrastructure supporting the ToxCast program. Integrating detailed context-based textual information with structured ontology-based annotations into a publicly available database will facilitate the evaluation of these assays for regulatory applications. Our current work will provide critical feedback useful in future improvements to the OECD reporting template. This work is concurrent with efforts to deposit ToxCast data into other publicly accessible repositories (e.g., PubChem BioAssay and DB-ALM) and will help fulfill NCCT’s commitment to increasing transparency and public accessibility to information produced by HTT studies conducted under the ToxCast program.
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This document discusses key concepts in evidence-based medicine including:
1) The 5 steps of evidence-based practice: ask, acquire, appraise, apply, and audit.
2) Levels of evidence for different study designs, ranging from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials having the highest levels of evidence to case reports having the lowest.
3) Factors for evaluating the quality of evidence such as study methodology, risk of bias, consistency, and applicability.
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12/24/16, 11(23 AMModule 8: Mastery Exercise | Schoology
Page 1 of 3https://app.schoology.com/assignment/885059160/assessment
Statistics and SPSS: WINTER16-B-8-MIS445-1
Module 8: Mastery Exercise
Question 1 (1 point)
In a body weight loss trial, the calculated F-value was 5.91 and the tabulated F (0.95, 3, 16) = 3.2; what should be the conclusion?
a Since F-calculated, 5.91 is bigger than F-tabulated, 3.2, therefore, reject the null hypothesis that dietary treatments were
similar in reducing body weight.
b Accept the null hypothesis of no dietary treatments effects.
c Nothing can be calculated.
Question 2 (1 point)
Some of the assumptions, for the data used in ANOVA are _________.
a data follows a normal distribution
b population means have similar variance (or standard deviation)
c samples are randomly selected and independent of one another
d all of the above
Question 3 (1 point)
Researchers wish to examine the effectiveness of a new weight-loss pill. A total of 200 obese adults are randomly assigned to one of
four conditions: weight-loss pill alone, weight-loss pill with a low-fat diet, placebo pill alone, or placebo pill with a low-fat diet. The
weight loss after six months of treatment is recorded in pounds for each subject. To analyze this data, you would use __________.
a a z-test
b a t-test
c an ANOVA F test
d a Chi-square test
Question 4 (1 point)
A medical research team is interested in determining whether a new drug has an effect on creatine kinase (CK), which is often assayed in
blood tests as an indicator of myocardial infarction. A random selection of 20 patients from a pool of possible subjects is selected, and
each subject is given the medication. The subjects’ CK levels are observed initially, after three (3) weeks, and again after six (6) weeks.
The purpose is to study the CK levels over time. Here is a summary of the findings:
Time (weeks) Mean CK level (U/L) Standard devia9on (U/L)
0 121 20.37
3 106 16.09
6 100 10.21
In this example, we notice that ____________.
a the data shows very strong evidence of a violation of the assumption that the three populations have the same standard
deviation
Questions 1-10 of 10 | Page 1 of 1
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12/24/16, 11(23 AMModule 8: Mastery Exercise | Schoology
Page 2 of 3https://app.schoology.com/assignment/885059160/assessment
b ANOVA cannot be used on this data because the sample sizes are much too small
c the assumption that the data is independent for the three time points is unreasonable because the same subjects were
observed each time
d there is no reason not to use ANOVA in this situation
Question 5 (1 point)
The degree of freedom for the total number of observations in ANOVA will be ________.
a total number of observations less one
b total number of observations less two
c total number of observations plus one
d total number of observations plus two
Question 6 (1 point)
How much corn should be plante ...
Sampling concept
This document outlines the key concepts and steps for audit sampling, including defining representative samples, statistical vs nonstatistical sampling, probabilistic vs nonprobabilistic selection methods, important sampling terms, and the 14 steps to planning, selecting, and evaluating audit samples. Statistical sampling uses mathematical rules and probabilistic selection to quantify sampling risk, while nonstatistical sampling relies on judgment and nonprobabilistic selection. The goal is to obtain samples that accurately represent the full population.
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This document outlines the policy and procedure for method verification at Presbyterian Laboratory Services. It defines key terms and describes the process for selecting, approving, and verifying new testing methods before reporting patient results. The verification process involves evaluating a method's precision, accuracy, linearity, reference range, and potential for carryover through statistical analysis of test results using quality controls, patient samples, and known standards. The goal is to ensure new methods meet performance standards before clinical use.
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This document discusses selective outcome reporting bias (ORB), which occurs when researchers select a subset of original outcomes to report based on statistical significance. ORB threatens the validity of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The document describes different types of ORB and methods to assess risk of bias. It proposes the ORBIT classification system to code incomplete outcome reporting in trials. Sensitivity analyses can estimate the potential impact of ORB on review conclusions. While awareness of ORB is growing, more needs to be done to address this issue through improved trial registration, reporting and access to protocols and outcomes.
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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are experimental studies used to test interventions by randomly assigning participants into treatment and control groups. This document outlines key aspects of RCTs including randomization procedures, blinding techniques, and methods to minimize bias. It describes the steps involved in random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and implementing randomization. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of RCTs, different trial designs, and reporting standards like CONSORT to improve transparency of RCT results.
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The document discusses the concept of traceability in laboratory medicine. It provides an overview of how traceability developed through the work of organizations like NIST and NCCLS. Traceability means relating measurement values to international standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons. This ensures accuracy and comparability of results across laboratories and diagnostic methods. The key aspects of traceability include certified reference materials, reference measurement procedures, and qualified reference laboratories. Traceability is important for standardization in laboratory medicine and compliance with regulations like the EU IVD directive.
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This presentation analyses how to critically appraise a randomised control trail paper through CASP checklist.
NUR 2180 Health Assessment Instructor-
NUR 2180: Health Assessment
Instructor-Observed Skill Demonstration: Cardiorespiratory System
Student Name: ______________________________________
Date: _________________
Points Possible
Points Earned
Comments
Pre-Procedure Steps
Knocks
1
Washes hands
1
Identifies the client with 2 identifiers
1
Provides privacy
1
Explains procedure
1
Identifies any issues that may impact client safety or personal safety
1
General Survey
Assess level of consciousness
2
Assess skin color
2
Thorax
Inspect shape of thorax with comparison of anteroposterior to transverse diameters
5
Assess respiratory rate, rhythm, depth, presence of accessory muscle use or cough
5
Palpate thoracic expansion
5
Palpate for tactile fremitus
5
Lungs
Auscultate breath sounds 8 places on anterior thorax (stethoscope on skin)
10
Auscultate breath sounds 8 places on posterior thorax (stethoscope on skin)
10
Auscultate breath sounds 2 places each in axillary area bilaterally (stethoscope on skin)
10
Carotid Artery
Palpate carotid pulses (One at a time)
5
Auscultate each carotid artery for bruits (have client hold exhale, and hold breath)
5
Heart
Palpate anterior thorax for heave or thrill
5
Auscultate heart sounds in aortic, pulmonic, Erb’s point, tricuspid, and mitral areas (stethoscope on skin)
20
Post-Procedure Steps
Inquires if the client is comfortable
1
Student is professional and courteous with their communication
1
Ensures the client has their call light
1
Ensures client’s personal items are within reach (glasses, phone, etc.)
1
Washes hands
1
Total Points Earned
of 100 possible
Student Name: ______________________________________
Date: _________________
The above named student has:
Passed this skill evaluation
Failed this skill evaluation and must remediate. Plan for remediation:
Student signature and date indicating agreement with remediation plan: _____________________________________
Instructor signature and date indicating agreement with remediation plan: ___________________________________
09/01/2021 Page 2 of 2
Title:
Documentation of problem based assessment of the cardiac system.
Purpose of Assignment:
Learning the required components of documenting a problem based subjective and objective assessment of cardiac system. Identify abnormal findings.
Course Competency:
Select appropriate physical examination skills for the cardiovascular and peripheral vascular systems.
Instructions:
Content: Use of three sections:
· Subjective
· Objective
· Actual or potential risk factors for the client based on the assessment findings with description or reason for selection of them.
Format:
· Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.)
Resources:
Chapter 5: SOAP Notes: The subjective and objective portion only
Sullivan, D. D. (2012). Guide to clinical documentation. [E-Book].
Smith, L. S. (2001, September). Documentation do’s and don’ts. Nursing ...
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This document provides an overview and summary of the STROBE Statement, which is guidance on how to report observational studies. It describes the main elements of the STROBE checklist, which contains 22 items addressing different aspects of observational study reporting such as the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. The goal of STROBE is to improve transparency in observational study reporting. It focuses on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional study designs. Several extensions of STROBE have also been developed for specific study types such as genetic association studies.
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The document discusses experimental and quasi-experimental research methods. It defines key characteristics of experimental research such as random assignment, control and intervention groups, and pre- and post-testing. Issues of internal and external validity are examined. Common statistical analyses for experimental designs are introduced, including t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Examples of experimental designs like single-group, non-equivalent groups, interrupted time series, and factorial designs are also summarized.
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This document discusses factors to consider when determining sample size for research, including effect size, population standard deviation, power, and significance level. It provides examples of how to estimate these factors from literature, historical data, or expert opinion. Free online sample size calculators and software tools are listed. Steps for determining sample size include understanding the study objective, selecting the appropriate statistical analysis, calculating the sample size, and allowing for non-response. Sample size statements should outline these steps.
Topic 5 chapter 7
The test manager decided to review and update the test policy and procedures for a new project managing hospital pharmacy inventories using software previously used for library management. Different industries have different risks and quality requirements, which impacts the test process.
A QA manager of a startup needs a low-cost incident management tool to implement within a week. Managing incidents through emails and phone calls would be the best low-cost option.
Age groups for a welcome screen on a software system are 0-12, 13-18, and over 18. The boundary values representing these groups are -1, 0, 12, 13, 18, and 19.
Narrative review | Prisma systematic review | Medical writing
At Pubrica, we collect data from a wide range of sources and perform semantic annotation based on the research questions that you wanted to solve. Pubrica has the vast majority of the data in doctor’s notes; electronic medical records, prescriptions, and similar information are available. Although therein lies the golden possibility of big data in medical care, it’s challenging to yield valuable insights due to complex, unstructured, longitudinal, and voluminous data.
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/academy/systematic-review/variables-used-in-data-extraction-for-prospective-cohort-studies-in-a-systematic-review/
Mb0050 “research methodology answer
The document discusses research methods. It distinguishes between double sampling and multiphase sampling, noting that double sampling involves taking two samples to make acceptance or rejection decisions, while multiphase sampling collects some data from the full sample and more detailed data from a subsample. The document also defines replicated or interpenetrating sampling as involving multiple samples from different batches or processes to account for variation.
Mb0050 “research methodology answer
Here are short notes on median and standard deviation:
[a. Median]
The median is the middle value in a data set arranged in numerical order. To find the median, the
values must be listed in numerical order from smallest to largest, and the median is the middle
value. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.
The median is not affected by extremely large or small values (outliers) and provides a measure
of central tendency that is more representative for skewed data sets compared to the mean.
[b. Standard Deviation]
The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the values are in a data set
Chapter 8SamplingSamplingSampling involves decisions a.docx
Chapter 8
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling involves decisions about who or what will be tested, observed, or interviewed in your study (Morse, 2007)
Key questions to address:
Who should and should not be included?
How many should be included?
Probability
Probability is the likelihood that an event or a condition will occur
You can express probability in terms of the chance the event will occur or in percentages
Levels of Significance
Levels of significance are the difference that will be accepted as too large to be attributed to chance
These levels are set by the researcher at the outset of a study
Probability Samples
Probability samples are formed to ensure that each subject has an equal chance of being included so an unbiased sample can be used
Probability Samples
A sampling design explains how the subjects are chosen and should include:
Number of subjects
How they will be assessed, screened, and selected
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Probability Samples
Random selection is accomplished by having:
Identification of all possible participants
Every potential participant is given an equal chance of being selected
Probability Samples
Variations of random sampling include:
Stratified: randomly select from each stratum
Cluster: sample groups rather than individuals
Multistage: sample from multiple sets of clusters
Nonprobability Sampling
Reasons why researchers use nonprobability samples are:
Limited resources for developing an accurate sampling frame or purchase lists of potential subjects
Information needed to identify all potential subjects is not available
Nonprobability Sampling
Reasons why researchers use nonprobability samples are:
Limited number of subjects
Subjects are difficult to find or difficult to persuade to participate in study
Subjects do not complete study
Experimental mortality
Nonprobability Sampling
Types of nonprobability samples include:
Quota sampling: select a specified number of participants from each group
Convenience sampling: enroll those who are available
Snowball network or referral sampling: begin with known individuals and ask them to refer others who meet selection criteria
Tracking and Reporting
Sample Development
In order to improve the reporting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) were developed
A flow diagram that can be used for tracking sample development
CONSORT Flow Diagram
Source: Altman, D.G., Schulz, K.F., Moher, D., Egger, M.. Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., Gøtzsche, P.C., & Lang, T. (2001). The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: Explanation and elaboration. Annuals of Internal Medicine; 134(8), 663-694.
Example of Flowchart
Source: Buchbinder, R., Osborne, R.H., Ebeling, P. R., Wark, J.D., Mitchell, P.M., Wriedt, C., Graves, S.D., Staples, M.P., & Murphy, B. (2009). A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral factures. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361 ...
5. Validity Test & Reliability Testand Sampling Design.docx
This document discusses validity, reliability, and sampling methods in research. It defines validity as measuring what a study aims to measure, and reliability as the consistency of measurement. Validity is necessary for reliability, but reliability does not ensure validity. The document discusses various types of validity including content, criterion, and construct validity. It also discusses reliability measures like internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and alternative forms reliability. Finally, it summarizes various sampling methods including probability and non-probability techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and their procedures.
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I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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البحث العلمي المنشور بين الجيد والرديء د. سيناء العقيل
- 1. والردي الجيد بين المنشور العلمي البحثء العقيل المحسن عبد سيناء االكلينكية الصيدلة بقسم مشارك استاذ الصيدلة كلية Salageel@ksu.edu.sa @alaqeels
- 6. Peer Review Process William Whewell, peer-review pioneer Source: N AT U R E, VO L 5 3 2 . 2 0 1 6
- 8. Critical appraisal tools to evaluate the quality of published research 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Experimental studies Systematic reviews Observational studies Diagnostic studies Qualitative studies Experimental and observational studies All studies designs Source:BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004; 4: 22.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521688/
- 9. NEWCAS TLE - O TTAW A Q UALITY ASS ESS MENT SCALE CO HORT S TUDIES Note: A study can be awarded a ma ximum of one star for each numbered item within the Selection and Outcome categories. A maximum of two stars can be given for Comparability Selection 1) Representativeness of the exposed cohort a) truly representative of the average _______________ (describe) in the community b) somewhat representative of the average ______________ in the community c) selected group of users eg nurses, volunteers d) no description of the derivation of the cohort 2) Selection of the non exposed cohort a) drawn from the same community as the exposed cohort b) drawn from a different source c) no description of the derivation of the non exposed cohort 3) Ascertainment of exposure a) secure record (eg surgical records) b) structured interview c) written self report d) no description 4) Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study a) yes b) no Compara bility 1) Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis a) study controls for _____________ (select the most important factor) b) study controls for any additional factor (This criteria could be modified to indicate specific control for a second important factor.) Outcome 1) Assessment of outcome a) independent blind assessment b) record linkage c) self report d) no description 2) Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur a) yes (select an adequate follow up period for outcome of interest) b) no 3) Adequacy of follow up of cohorts a) complete follow up - all subjects accounted for b) subjects lost to follow up unlikely to introduce bias - small number lost - > ____ % (select an adequate %) follow up, or description provided of those lost) c) follow up rate < ____% (select an adequate %) and no description of those lost d) no statement Critical appraisal tools example
- 10. NEWCASTLE - O TTAW A Q UALITY ASSESSMENT SCALE CASE CONTRO L STUDIES Note: A study can be awarded a ma ximum of one star for each numbered item within the Selection and Exposure categories. A maximum of two stars can be given for Comparability. Selection 1) Is the case definition adequate? a) yes, with independent validation b) yes, eg record linkage or based on self reports c) no description 2) Representativeness of the cases a) consecutive or obviously representative series of cases b) potential for selection biases or not stated 3) Selection of Controls a) community controls b) hospital controls c) no description 4) Definition of Controls a) no history of disease (endpoint) b) no description of source Compara bility 1) Comparability of cases and controls on the basis of the design or analysis a) study controls for _______________ (Select the most important factor.) b) study controls for any additional factor (This criteria could be modified to indicate specific control for a second important factor.) Exposure 1) Ascertainment of exposure a) secure record (eg surgical records) b) structured interview where blind to case/control status c) interview not blinded to case/control status d) written self report or medical record only e) no description 2) Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls a) yes b) no 3) Non-Response rate a) same rate for both groups b) non respondents described c) rate different and no designation Critical appraisal tools example
- 14. Valid and reliable research Picture Source: http://businessoverbroadway.com/validity-cem-program
- 15. Implementation Reporting biasAttrition (drop out) bias Performance biasSelection bias Recruitment/Allocation Publication bias Analysis/Publication Channeling bias Confirmation bias Research Misconduct Detection bias Threats to validity
- 16. Selection bias: the classic example
- 17. Selection bias: the classic example
- 20. The inadequate or unclear allocation concealment and biased estimates of intervention effects BMJ 2008;336:601
- 21. The lack of blinding and biased intervention effects BMJ 2008;336:601
- 22. Methods to Establish Blinding in RCTs PLOS Medicine 3(10): e425. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030425
- 23. Methods of Blinded Outcome Assessment PLOS Medicine 3(10): e425. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030425
- 24. Reporting bias
- 25. Publication Bias Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice Volume 20, Issue 6, pages 908-914, 12 MAY 2014 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12147
- 26. Publication bias and Selective outcome reporting
- 27. . (Illustration: Margaret Shear, Public Library of Science) PLOS Medicine 2(5): e138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020138 Medical Journals Are an Extension of the Marketing Arm of Pharmaceutical Companies.
- 29. Publication Bias and selective reporting: the Tamiflu Experience Source: Tamiflu capsules. Photograph: Per Lindgren/REX via The Guardian Tom Jefferson
- 30. An estimated $200 billion —85% of global spending on research — is routinely wasted on poorly designed and redundant studies. Lancet 2009; 374: 86–89
- 36. Justifications for retraction stated in the notices consulted, which accounted for 4,232 retracted articles. PLOS ONE 7(10): e44118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044118 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044118
- 41. Self-regulation?
- 42. Source: http://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/why-anecdotal-evidence-is-unreliable
- 43. والرديء الجيد بين المنشور العلمي البحث
- 45. شكرا العقيل المحسن عبد سيناء االكلينكية الصيدلة بقسم مشارك استاذ الصيدلة كلية Salageel@ksu.edu.sa @alaqeels