This document lists and describes several macro and micro minerals that are essential for animal health and function. The macro minerals discussed are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, sulfur, and potassium. The micro minerals discussed include iron, copper, cobalt, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, selenium, fluorine, silicon, chromium, vanadium, nickel, tin, arsenic. For each mineral, the document outlines their main functions in the body and important dietary sources.

1. Minerals
macro Ca,P,Mg,Na,Cl,S,K
micro
Fe,Cu,I,Mn,Zn,
Co,Fl,Se,Cr,Vn,
tin,Ar,Ni,Si,Mo

2. • Calcium Ca
• Function :
1. It occurs in bone at ratio of 2:1 with p in compound called
Hyroxyapatite
2. Also,it is an essential constituent of living cells and tissue fluids
3. It is essential for activity of a number of enzyme system
4. Transmission of nerve impulse and muscle contraction
5. Important for blood coagulation
• Sources
1. Milk
2. green leafy crops
3. Animals by products
4. Limestone and dicalcimphosphat
5. Cereals and roots are poor sources
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3. • Phosphorus P :
• Function :
1. Closely associated with Ca in bone and teeth ( 80 % of P in bone )
2. Present in bone as a part of Hydroxyapatite complex
3. Present in organic form in other soft body tissues
4. Also occur in phospholipids , phosphoproteins , and nucleic acids
5. Play important role in energy metabolism (AMP,ADP,and ATP)
• Sources
1. Milk
2. Cereals
3. Fish and meat products
4. Forages are poor sources
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4. • Magnesium Mg :
• Functions :
1. Associated with Ca and P ( 70% found in bone )
2. Normal selection development
3. oxidative phosphorylation ( CHO and lipids metabolism )
4. Muscle contraction
5. Protein , fat , and nucleic acid formation
6. Cellular respiration and reactions
7. Formation of cyclic AMP and other secondary messengers . Formation complexes
with AMP , ADP and ATP
• Sources
1. Protein concentrates are good sources
2. Yeast
3. Wheat barn
4. Clovers back

5. • Potassium K :
• Function :
1. Function as in cell cation
2. Na is the extracellular cation
3. Associated with Na and Cl in controlling acid-base balance
4. Associated with Na and Cl in controlling osmatic pressure .
5. Play an important role in nerve and muscle excitability .
6. Important in CHO metabolism .
7. Important in protein synthesis
• Sources
 plant are good sources
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6. • Sodium Na
• Function :-
1. Chief cation of extracellular fluids and blood plasma
2. Concerned with acid-base balance
3. Concerned with osmatic regulation
4. Transmission of nerve impulse
5. Absorption of sugars and AA
• Sources
1. Most of the ingested is in the form of salt NaCl
2. Plants are poor sources while animal sources are good
sources
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7. • Chorine Cl
1. Associated with Na + K
2. Acid base and osmatic regulations
3. Important in gastric secretions
• Sources
Common source is salt
Most feed sources (animal & plants ) are
poor sources
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8. • Sulfur S
• Function
1. Most of S is in S-AA (methionine ,cytine)
2. Also present in hormone like insulin
3. Vitamins like biotin and thiamin
4. Constituent of acetyl Co A
5. Component of bone , cartilage , tendons , and walls of blood vessels
6. Sulfur containing compound are important constituents of
respiratory compounds ( hemoglobin and cytochrome )
7. S is limiting factor for rumen MO and S-AA production
• Sources
Wool is rich in cysteine (4% of S )
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9. • Iron Fe
• Function
1. Has a major role in e transport chain in the TC cycle
2. TC cycle enzymes are either containing Fe or activated by Fe
– Catalase , perodase , phynylalanine hydrocylase
– It is also a component of many enzymes
• Sources
1. Legumes and green leafy material
2. Seed coats
3. Animal sources as meat and blood
4. Milk is poor source
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10. • Cupper Cu
• Function
1. Play vital role in enzyme system (cytochrome oxidase )
2. Important in oxidative phosphorylation
3. Required for activity of enzymes associated with (Fe metabolism,collagen and
elastin,Melanin formation, Central nervous system integrity )
4. Necessary for red blood cells and Hb formation
5. Component of some plasma and blood proteins
6. Pigment of feather hair and wool ( Melanin formation )
7. Production of crumble wool
8. Reduce susceptibility to infection
• Sources
1. Widely distributed
2. Seed and seed by products are rich sources
3. Milk is low in Cu
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11. • Cobalt Co
• Function :-
1. Activation of some enzyme
2. Required as component of vit B12 activity
3. Required as rumen Mo to synthesize vit B12
4. It tacks long period to recognize Co deficiency I ruminants
because of body reserve of vit B12 in liver and kidney
• Sources
1. Present almost in all feeds
2. Cobalt sulfate and cobalt oxide are the most used sources
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12. • Iodine I
• Function :-
1. AA tyrosine acts as a parent material for synthesis
2. Thyroxin is responsible for :
o Accelerating metabolic reaction
o Increasing growth rate
o Controlling basal metabolic rate
o Increasing oxygen consumption
• Sources
1. Marin foods
2. Inorganic iodine
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13. • Manganese Mn
• Function
1. Important as enzyme activator of TC cycle
• Hydrolases , arginase , pyruvate carboxylase
• Sources
1. Most feed sources contain sufficient amounts
2. Seeds and seed products contain moderate
amount
3. Yeast and animal sources are poor sources
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14. • Zinc Zn
• Function
1. Component of several enzymes
2. Co factor of many other enzymes
3. Involves in cell replication and differentiation (NA
metabolism)
4. Production ,storage and secretion of hormones
5. Involves in the immune system
6. Electrolyte balance
• Sources
• Present in every tissue of animal body
• Accumulate mostly in bones
• High concentrations present in skin, wool, and hair
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15. • Molybdenum Mo
• Play essential metabolic role in formation of
xanthine oxidase ( metalloenzyme )
• Important in purine metabolism
• Also component of aldehyde oxidase and sulfite
oxidase
• Participate in enzymatic reactions of cytochrome C
(aldehyde oxidase)
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16. • Selenium Se
• Function
1. Forms a second defense line after vit E
2. Component of enzyme glutathione oxidase
3. Catalyzes removal of hydro peroxides
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17. • Fluorine FL
• Known for its effect to improve growth rate
• Plants have limited amounts
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18. • Silicon SI
• Function
1. Essential for ( normal growth rate . Skeleton development
)
2. Synthesis and formation of cartilage
3. Growth and maintenance of arterial walls and skin
4. Required for maximum activity of enzyme prolyl
hydroxylase (involved in collagen synthesis
• Sources
1. widely distributed in foods
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19. • Chromium Cr
• Essential for normal glucose utilization
• Formation of complex between insulin and its
receptors
• Involves in protein metabolism
• Play a role in lipid synthesis
• Play a role in serum cholesterol homeostasis
• Cr2O3 is used as a marker in digestibility trials
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20. • Vanadium Vn
• Have a role in regulation the activity of several
enzymes
1. Na-K ATPase
2. Phosphoryl transferase
3. Adenyl cyclase
4. Protein kinase
• Acts as a CO factor for some other enzymes
• Present in good amounts in marine foods
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21. • Nickel Ni
• It may be a co factor or structural
component of metalloenzymes
• Play a role in nucleic acid
metabolism
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22. • Tin
• Important trace mineral in mammals
• Has a significant growth effect
• Contributes in the tertiary structure of
proteins and other macromolecules
• Poorly absorbed from the digestive tract
• Has low toxicity effect
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23. •Arsenic Ar
• Widely distributed in body tissues
and fluids
• Concentrated in skin , hair , and
nails
• Needed to form methionine
metabolites
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