This document provides information about minerals and their functions and sources. It specifically discusses calcium, listing its functions in building tissues, regulating fluids and assisting body functions. Key sources of calcium are listed as milk and milk products, dark green vegetables. The recommended daily intake of calcium is outlined for different age groups. Deficiencies and excesses of calcium are described.

2. Objectives
- List at least two food sources of given
minerals.
- List functions of given minerals.
- Describe the recommended method of
avoiding mineral deficiencies.

3. Minerals
- Are inorganic elements necessary to
- build tissues
- regulate body fluids
- assist in various body functions.
- Are soluble in water.

4. - Minerals represent 4% of body weight.
- Minerals are essential for good health.
- Found in all body tissues
- Cannot provide energy by themselves but
contribute to production of energy within
the body

5. Classification of minerals
1- Major minerals
Required in amounts greater than 100
mg/ day
2- Trace minerals
Needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg
/day

6. Electrolytes:
is a substance that ionizes when dissolved
in suitable ionizing solvents such as water
Ions:
Electrically charged atoms resulting from
mineral salts dissolved in water

7. Continue (Ions)
- Its named (cations) if are positively
charged.
- Its named (Anions) if are negatively
charged.
- Must be balanced within the body.
- These ions are known as electrolytes

8. Function of electrolytes
- Maintain the body’s fluid balance
- Contribute to electrical balance
- Assist in transmission of nerve impulses
and contraction of muscles
- Help regulate the body’s acid-base
balance

9. Toxicity from electrolytes (minerals)
- Toxicity occurs when concentrated forms
of minerals are taken regularly over time.
- An excessive amount of one mineral can
lead to deficiency of another mineral.
- Changes in nearly all tissues may result.
- Concentrated minerals should be used
only if prescribed.

10. 1- Major Minerals
- Calcium (Ca++)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K+)
- Sodium (Na+)
- Chloride (Cl-)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Sulfur (S)

11. 2- Trace Minerals
- Iron - Iodine
- Zinc - Selenium
- Copper - Manganese
- Fluoride - Chromium
- Molybdenum

12. Calcium (Ca)
- Human body contains more calcium than
any other mineral
- In combination with phosphorus, gives
strength and hardness to bones and teeth
- Bones provide storage for calcium.

13. Calcium (Ca) needed by the body for:
- Normal nerve and muscle action
- Blood clotting
- Heart function
- And cell metabolism

14. Calcium Regulation
- Hormonal system regulates delivery of
calcium to cells.
- Parathyroid glands are very sensitive to
serum calcium levels and release a
hormone (PTH) telling the kidneys to
retrieve calcium before it is excreted
when blood calcium levels drop.

15. - Parathyroid hormone also increased
release of calcium from bones by
stimulating activity of osteoclasts if the
blood calcium decrease.
- Both actions increase blood calcium
levels.

16. Calcium Sources
- Milk and milk products
- Dark green, leafy vegetables
- When vegetables contain oxalic acid,
as spinach the calcium remains
unavailable because the oxalic acid
binds it and prevents it from being
absorbed.

17. - Also when the intake of fiber exceeds
35 g a day, calcium will also bind with
phytates (phosphorus compounds
found in some high-fiber cereals),
which also limits its absorption.

18. Calcium Requirements
- 0 to 12 months 210 to 270 mg
- 19 to 50 years 1000 mg
- ˃50 years 1200 mg
- pregnant or lactatingwomen 1000 mg

19. Calcium Deficiency
Deficiency of calcium causes many disease
such as:
1- Rickets: results of poorly formed bone
structure.
2- Osteomalacia: adult rickets the bones
become soft.

20. 3- Osteoporosis: means easily broken
bones.
4- Tetany: characterized by involuntary
muscle movement, results from
insufficient calcium in the blood.

21. -Calcium Excess
Excessive intake may of calcium can cause:
- Constipation
- Kidney stones
- Inhibit the absorption of iron and zinc

22. Thank