*Геофизика в археологии: методы, технологии и результаты исследований
*Израиль – уникальный объект археологических и, геофизических исследований
*Сейсмическое прошлое, настоящее и будущее Израиля
A basic introduction to available geophysical test methods for the use of Geotechnical engineers presented at the USACE Infrastructure Conference in Atlanta, June 2011.
A basic introduction to available geophysical test methods for the use of Geotechnical engineers presented at the USACE Infrastructure Conference in Atlanta, June 2011.
Geophysical techniques work through applying one of several types of force to the ground, to measure the
resulting energy with use of geophysical equipment and infer the geology from this. Geophysics is generally
much quicker than the aforementioned methods, however, requires more data processing (oìce-based work)
to develop the geological picture. A great advantage of these methods is that certain instruments can be
attached to small aircraft for covering large areas during regional airborne surveys. This provides sparser
geological information, but can highlight potential metal anomalies on a county-country scale, which can be
followed up by more detailed, ground-based geophysical surveys. However, as the material is being tested
indirectly, there is no 100% guarantee of its conclusions; in addition to being susceptible to contamination by
many man-made metallic structures e.g. power-lines. Therefore, should geophysical surveys prove suìciently
interesting, drilling will be required afterwards to conêrm the accuracy of the results.
Integrated Geophysical Approach for Rapid & Cost Effective Site Investigation...IEI GSC
Dr. Sanjay Rana, Director, PARSAN Overseas (P) Limited
With inputs & examples from Dr Gopal Dhawan & Dr S L Kapil
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
Archaeological prospection in the Netherlands. The contribution of geophysica...Onroerend Erfgoed
Studiedag 13 juni 2018: de rol van geofysisch onderzoek in het archeologieproces
Presentatie van de lezing Archaeological prospection in the Netherlands. The contribution of geophysical techniques door Rensinck E., Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Nl.)
Alexandru Marcu - "Faculty of physics, University of Cluj"SEENET-MTP
Prof. Alexandru Marcu presented Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca (Romania) at the SEENET-MTP RC & EC meeting held in Timisoara (Romania), November 22, 2014.
This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSIC (Lower T
Geophysical techniques work through applying one of several types of force to the ground, to measure the
resulting energy with use of geophysical equipment and infer the geology from this. Geophysics is generally
much quicker than the aforementioned methods, however, requires more data processing (oìce-based work)
to develop the geological picture. A great advantage of these methods is that certain instruments can be
attached to small aircraft for covering large areas during regional airborne surveys. This provides sparser
geological information, but can highlight potential metal anomalies on a county-country scale, which can be
followed up by more detailed, ground-based geophysical surveys. However, as the material is being tested
indirectly, there is no 100% guarantee of its conclusions; in addition to being susceptible to contamination by
many man-made metallic structures e.g. power-lines. Therefore, should geophysical surveys prove suìciently
interesting, drilling will be required afterwards to conêrm the accuracy of the results.
Integrated Geophysical Approach for Rapid & Cost Effective Site Investigation...IEI GSC
Dr. Sanjay Rana, Director, PARSAN Overseas (P) Limited
With inputs & examples from Dr Gopal Dhawan & Dr S L Kapil
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
Archaeological prospection in the Netherlands. The contribution of geophysica...Onroerend Erfgoed
Studiedag 13 juni 2018: de rol van geofysisch onderzoek in het archeologieproces
Presentatie van de lezing Archaeological prospection in the Netherlands. The contribution of geophysical techniques door Rensinck E., Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Nl.)
Alexandru Marcu - "Faculty of physics, University of Cluj"SEENET-MTP
Prof. Alexandru Marcu presented Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca (Romania) at the SEENET-MTP RC & EC meeting held in Timisoara (Romania), November 22, 2014.
This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSIC (Lower T
ABSTRACT
This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSI
Within the framework of a new, "substance" (“matter”) paradigm of geophysical research, a "direct" search for a specific physical substance is carried out: gas, oil, gas hydrates, water, ore minerals and rocks (gold, platinum, silver, zinc, uranium, diamonds, kimberlites, etc.). The initial stage in the development of this paradigm can be considered the first research and development on the "direct" methods for oil and gas searching.
Results of reconnaissance survey _Profile TESZ-2021_FINAL_short version.pdfDr. Arzu Javadova
The results of a reconnaissance survey of a seismic profile on Ukraine territory are presented. Experimental studies were carried out with the aim of additional approbation of direct-prospecting methods and improvement of methodological techniques of their application in the exploration process for oil, gas and natural hydrogen, as well as in the study of the deep structural elements of the Earth. The results indicate that it is promising for the detection of HC deposits in the cross-section and the expediency of carrying out prospecting works of a detailed nature within it. In the northern part of the research area, by instrumental measurements a basalt volcanic complex has been localized, which is promising for of natural hydrogen and living water accumulations searching in the cross-section. During the cross-section scanning, responses at gas frequencies were recorded without interruption up to 5 km, which may indicate the presence of a deep channel within the surveyed area, through which oil, condensate and gas migrate to the upper horizons of the cross-section. The results of the survey indicate the advisability of direct-prospecting methods and technologies using when studying the deep structure of small areas and large blocks by geoelectric and seismic methods.
Investigating material decay of historical buildings using visual analytics w...Beniamino Murgante
Investigating material decay of historical buildings using visual analytics with multi-temporal infrared thermographic data
Urska Demsar, Martin Charlton – National Centre for Geocomputation, National University of Ireland , Maynooth ( Ireland )
Nicola Masini, Maria Danese – Archaeological and monumental heritage institute, National Research Council, Potenza ( Italy )
Intelligent Analysis of Environmental Data (S4 ENVISA Workshop 2009)
Национальная политика советской власти: язык как инструмент ассимиляции
Русско-еврейская литература под прессом цензуры: «советский» идиш и «антисоветский» иврит
Расцвет и трагедия еврейского театра
Подземная биосфера – огромный, неизвестный и удивительный мирДом ученых Тель-Авива
Изучение глубинной биосферы проясняет многие аспекты происхождения жизни на Земле, а также позволяет понять происхождение и оценить запасы углеводородов в нефтяных месторождениях.
Тайна окультуривания пшеницы: как и почему Ближний Восток стал мировым центро...Дом ученых Тель-Авива
Цивилизации доколумбовой Америки обладали одним культурным злаком – кукурузой, цивилизации Востока базировались на выращивании риса. Почему Природа так нечестно «раздала колоду ресурсных карт», что у индоевропейцев оказался не один, а пять злаков: ячмень, рожь, овес и два предка пшеницы? Современные данные палеонтологии, биогеографии, этологии и генетики позволяют комплексно подойти к этой загадке и, – как представляется автору – ее разгадать.
*Возрастные изменения структуры и функциональных возможностей мозга
*Нейродегенеративные заболевания: риски, симптомы, профилактика
*Лечение болезней Альцгеймера и Паркинсона: достижения израильской медицины
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Лев Эппельбаум. Археологическая геофизика и сейсмология в Израиле
1. zircon
Археологическая геофизика в
Израиле: Её значение и
возможности
Проф. Лев Эппельбаум
кафедра Наук о Земле
Тель Авивский Университет
Археологический сайт Мунхата, северный Израиль
2. Содержание:
• Роль геофизических методов в археологии
• Израиль – страна древних артефактов
• Почему так важны археогеофизические исследования в Израиле?
• Потенциальные геофизические поля
• Палеомагнитные реконструкции
• Электромагнитные и электрические методы
• Комплексирование геофизических методов
• Археосейсмология и ее значение
• Геофизика и выход прямоходящего Человека из северо-восточной
Африки
• Археогеофизика в Израиле – будущее: 2023 г. и далее
3. Роль геофизических методов в
археологии
Geophysical methods are applied to the archaeological investigation as they are rapid,
effective, and non-invasive tools for revealing a broad range of various targets like buried
walls, columns, foundations, water pipe systems, ancient caves, circles, kilns furnaces, etc.
Geophysical methods provide a ground plan of cultural remains before excavations or may
even be used instead of excavations. Road and power plant construction, areas for various
engineering and agricultural purposes are usually accompanied by detailed geophysical
investigations. Such investigations help estimate the possible archaeological significance of
the area under study. Besides this, rapid and reliable interpretation of geophysical data
provides information about protecting archaeological buried remains from unpremeditated
destruction.
It is imperative: geophysical investigations, unlike archaeological excavations, can be
repeated with different equipment and methodologies, various observation systems, variable
steps of observations, various levels over the earth’s surface and in the underground, etc.
4. Field Based on Favorable for searching
Magnetic contrast magnetic properties iron-containing objects, fire facilities,
walls, foundations, water pipes
Electric resistivity contrast electric properties cavities, walls, roads, privies,
graves, various buried constructions
Ground
Penetrating Radar
contrast electromagnetic
properties
foundation walls, floors,
stone roads, earthen features, living
areas
Shallow seismics contrast elastic properties buried constructions, roads, tombs,
cavities, living areas
Induced
polarization
physical-chemical reactions metallic objects, buried constructions
roads, coal accumulation, some fired
targets
Very Low
Frequency
contrast electromagnetic
properties
masonry foundations, buried chambers
Self Potential electrochemical reaction buried structures, human remains,
ancient garbage accumulation
Gravity contrast density properties underground cavities, walls, various
massive constructions
Piezoelectric contrast piezoelectric and
elastic properties
ceramic objects, some types of walls
and another constructions
Temperature contrast thermal properties metallic objects, masonry foundations,
ancient garbage accumulation
Archaeoseismic
studies
traces of geodynamic activity buildings, roads, aqueducts, cemeteries
Main geophysical methods used in archaeology (after
Eppelbaum (2000), with supplements)
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2000. Applicability of geophysical methods for localization of archaeological targets: An introduction.
Geoinformatics, 11, No. 1, 19-28.
5. Почему так важны
археогеофизические исследования в
Израиле?
Выражаю искреннюю благодарность д-ру Соне Иткис за ее многолетние полевые археогеофизические
исследования в Израиле
It is obvious that the total excavations of all archaeological sites is not possible financially,
ecologically, environmentally and technically.
Therefore, the present role of geophysical methods (non-invasive investigations) in
archaeology is extremely high.
Besides this, let's do not forget the political significance of archaeological and
archeogeophysical finds.
6. Израиль – страна
древних артефактов
According to the data of the Antique Authority of Israel, the total number
of archaeological sites in Israel exceeds 35,000. Undoubtedly, archaeological
sites undiscovered till the present time may consist as minimum a compatible
number. Thus, altogether we have ~70,000 sites. Apparently, territory of Italy
as a whole contains totally larger number of artifacts, but density of
archaeological site occurring (sites/km2) in Israel is the highest in the world.
7. 7
Что представляет из себя Физико-Археологическая
Модель (ФАМ)?
Обобщенная и конкретная ФАМ
Physical-Archaeological Model (PAM) is some common essence of the
studied archaeological targets (form, size, depth, physical properties of
target and host media, its connection with the environment, age, etc.). The
PAM may be simplest or very difficult. PAM could be flexible change at the
different stages of the archaeological target investigation. Working PAM
may be 2D, 3D, and 4D (the last component is time). It is important to note
that PAM may be different for various geophysical methods
8. FIELD
Time
variation
correction
Terrain
correction
using corre-
lation
method
Informa-
tional,
multimodel
and wavelet
algorithms
for combined
identification
of desired
targets
Inverse problem solution
3-D
integrated
modeling
rugged
relief
Arbitrary
magneti-
zation
(polari-
zation)
Approximation
of anomalous
object
1 - 3
models
4 - 5
models
Magnetic +
+
+
Gravity + +
+
Thermal + - ⊗
⊗
⊗
⊗
Thermal
(ancient
climate study)
+ + + - - -
Resistivity
- ⊗
⊗
⊗
⊗
Self-potential + + - -
VLF + - -
Induced
polarization - -
Piezoelectric - -
+ formal presence of procedure; - absence of procedure; principally new or nonconventional procedure developed
by the authors; ⊗
⊗
⊗
⊗ preparing theoretical basement for realization; absence of necessity for the calculation
Table 1. Elements of the developed system of geophysical fields processing and interpretation
under complicated environments (Khesin et al., 1996; Eppelbaum, 2016)
Khesin, B.E., Alexeyev,
V.V. and Eppelbaum, L.V.,
1996. Interpretation of
geophysical fields in
complicated environments.
Kluwer Acad. Publisher,
Ser.: Modern Approaches
in Geophysics, London –
Boston – Dordrecht.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2016.
Remote Operated Vehicles
geophysical surveys in air,
land (underground) and
submarine archaeology:
General peculiarities of
processing and
interpretation. Trans. of the
12th EUG Meet., Geoph.
Research Abstracts, Vol. 18,
EGU2016-10055, Vienna,
Austria, 1-7.
9. A generalized
scheme of noise in
archaeogeophysical
investigations
On the basis of
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011.
Study of magnetic
anomalies over
archaeological targets in
urban conditions.
Physics and Chemistry
of the Earth, 36, No. 16,
1318-1330.
10. The developed system of magnetic anomaly analysis in archaeology
for complex environments includes (besides conventional procedures):
(1) removing (eliminating) secondary temporary magnetic variations, (2) revealing ancient
targets against significant noise background (even with a low ratio of the ‘useful signal/noise’)
on the basis of informational and advanced wavelet approaches, (3) correlation method for
rugged relief influence elimination, (4) estimation of magnetization on the basis of parameters
obtained in the correlation method (for the case of flat relief the developed methodology
demands additional magnetic observations), (5) classification of buried archaeological and
other targets by the studying differential temporal magnetic variations, (6) quantitative analysis
of magnetic anomalies for six most applied interpreting models in magnetic prospecting under
complex physical-archaeological environments (oblique magnetization, rugged terrain relief
and unknown level of the normal field), (7) integrated analysis of geophysical fields on the
basis of wavelet, informational and other approaches, (8) 3D modeling of magnetic (and
gravity) anomalies by the use of developed GSFC software, (9) development of 3D physical-
archaeological model (PAM) of target(s) under study.
11. Magnetic field
application at
archaeological
sites: A generalized
block-scheme
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Study of
magnetic anomalies over
archaeological targets in urban
conditions. Physics and
Chemistry of the Earth, 36, No.
16, 1318-1330.
12. Models occupying intermediate
position between HP and TB
Most typical interpreting models utilized in magnetic prospecting and
some other geophysical methods
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic anomalies from thick bed, horizontal plate and intermediate models
under complex physical-geological environments in archaeological prospection. Archaeological Prospection, 23, No. 2, 255-268.
13. When geophysical anomalies are observed on
an inclined profile, then the obtained
parameters characterize a certain fictitious
body
The transition from fictitious body parameters to
those of the real body is performed using the
following expressions (the subscript “r” stands
for a parameter of the real body) (Eppelbaum
and Khesin, 2012):
where h is the depth of body upper edge
occurrence (or HCC center), xo is the shifting of
anomaly maximum from the projection of the
center of disturbing body to the earth’s surface
(caused by oblique magnetization), and ωo is the
angle of the terrain relief inclination (ωo > 0
when the inclination is toward the positive
direction of the x-axis).
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Khesin, B.E., 2012. Geophysical
Studies in the Caucasus. Springer, Heidelberg – N.Y.
,
tan
tan
o
o
o
o
+
−
=
+
=
x
h
x
x
h
h
r
r
ω
ω
Interpretation of magnetic anomaly in conditions
of oblique magnetization and inclined relief
14. 14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
∆N/N,%
N = 31
2 4 8 16 32 45 64 90 128 180 256 360 512 720
κ, 10-5 SI
Archaeological site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel)
Histogram of
magnetic
susceptibility κ of
ancient oil lamps
discovered in the
Emmaus site
Histogram of magnetic
susceptibility κ of soil in
the Emmaus site: (a)
magnetic susceptibility
map, (b) histogram of κ
values distribution
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E., Fleckenstein, K.-H. and Fleckenstein, L., 2007. Latest results of
geophysical-archaeological investigations at the site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel). Proceed. of the
69th EAGE Conf., P118, London, UK, 1-5.
Areal map
15. 15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance, m
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
S N
d2
d4 d3
d1
∆T, nT
Archaeological site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel)
Quantitative interpretation of magnetic
anomaly along the line G – H
Map of the total magnetic field over the area B
and location of interpreting profile G - H
Determined
depth is 1.15 m
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E., Fleckenstein, K.-H. and Fleckenstein, L., 2007. Latest results of geophysical-archaeological
investigations at the site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel). Proceed. of the 69th EAGE Conf., P118, London, 1-5.
16. 16
Archaeological site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel)
Discovered entrance to cave
Fragment of glass vessel
Oil lamp
Ancient oil lamp in situ
(Eppelbaum
et
al.,
2007)
17. Solving inverse problem and 3D modelling of the magnetic field in the Tel Karra Hadid site
(six km north of Eilat): (A) magnetic map of the studied site
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin,
B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001.
Prompt magnetic
investigations of
archaeological remains in
areas of infrastructure
development: Israeli
experience. Archaeological
Prospection, 8, No.3, 163-
185.
Site of Tel Karra Hadid
18. (B) interpretation of magnetic anomalies using developed procedures along profile I—I
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin,
B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001.
Prompt magnetic
investigations of
archaeological remains in
areas of infrastructure
development: Israeli
experience. Archaeological
Prospection, 8, No.3, 163-
185.
Site of Tel Karra Hadid
19. Results of 3D magnetic field modeling (final physical-archaeological model)
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin,
B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001.
Prompt magnetic
investigations of
archaeological remains in
areas of infrastructure
development: Israeli
experience. Archaeological
Prospection, 8, No.3, 163-
185.
Site of Tel Karra Hadid
20. Quantitative analysis
of magnetic
anomalies produced
by classic thin plate
for the case when 2b
>> h1 and h2, and
thickness of the thin
plate (h2 – h1) is
compatible with h1.
Symbol designates
position of the center
of the upper edge of
the fictitious thin beds
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015.
Quantitative interpretation of
magnetic anomalies from thick
bed, horizontal plate and
intermediate models under
complex physical-geological
environments in archaeological
prospection. Archaeological
Prospection, 23, No. 2, 255-268.
21. Interpretation of magnetic
anomaly due to ancient
garbage accumulation at
the site of Ashqelon-
Marina (southern Israel)
(initial data after
Eppelbaum et al., 2000)
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015.
Quantitative interpretation of
magnetic anomalies from thick
bed, horizontal plate and
intermediate models under
complex physical-geological
environments in archaeological
prospection. Archaeological
Prospection, 23, No. 2, 255-268.
site
of
Ashqelon-Marina
22. Interpretation of magnetic anomaly (A) from buried casemate wall (tenth century BCE – the
Hellenistic Period), kibbutz Ein Gev (ERT profile (B) after Itkis et al., 2012)
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015.
Quantitative interpretation of
magnetic anomalies from thick
bed, horizontal plate and
intermediate models under
complex physical-geological
environments in archaeological
prospection. Archaeological
Prospection, 23, No. 2, 255-268.
23. Magnetic map of the site Banias-II (after some transformation)
Eppelbaum, L., Ben-
Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S.,
2003. Ancient Roman
Remains in Israel provide a
challenge for physical-
archaeological modeling
techniques. First Break, 21
(2), 51-61.
Area of ancient
Roman cemetery
24. Interpretation of
magnetic anomaly from
buried Roman chamber
(profile I – I) , northern
continuation of the
Banias site (foot of the
Mt. Hermon, northern
Israel)
Initial data from: Eppelbaum, L.,
Ben-Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S.,
2003. Ancient Roman Remains in
Israel provide a challenge for
physical-archaeological modeling
techniques. First Break, 21 (2),
51-61.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015.
Quantitative interpretation of
magnetic anomalies from thick
bed, horizontal plate and
intermediate models under
complex physical-geological
environments in archaeological
prospection. Archaeological
Prospection, 23, No. 2, 255-268.
Banias II
Host medium contains a lot
of small basaltic pebbles
25. 25
Localization of remains of the
ancient Roman road in the
vicinity of the Beit Gouvrin II
site (central Israel):
(A) Compiled magnetic map with
location of interpreting profile,
(B) Inverse problem solution
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2000. Applicability
of geophysical methods for localization
of archaeological targets: An
introduction. Geoinformatics, 11, No.1,
19-28.
Site of Ben-Gourvin II
26. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Distance,
m
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Distance, m
-48
-42
-36
-30
-24
-18
-12
-6
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Magnetic
field
intensity,
nT
- kappametric
profile
A B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
J
Map of the total magnetic
field of Nahal Zehora II.
White solid lines and letters
indicate the location of the
calculated profiles and
number of anomalies,
respectively
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and
Gopher, A., 2012. Detailed
interpretation of magnetic data in the
Nahal-Zehora site, In: (Ed. A.
Gopher), Emery and Claire Yass
Publ. in Archaeology, Tel Aviv Univ.,
“The Nahal-Zehora sites – Pottery
Neolithic Villages in the Menashe
Hills”, Monogr. Ser. No. 19, 315-
331.
Nahal Zehora II
27. 27
0 3 6 9 12 15
Distance, m
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Total
magnetic
field,
nanoTesla
d4 d3
d1
d5
d2
Anomaly H
SW NE
0 3 6 9 12 15
-6
-4
-2
0
Depth,
m
∆T, nT
SW NE
0 3 6 9 12 15
Distance, m
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Graphs of the total
magnetic field
Observed
Computed
0 3 6 9 12 15
-6
-4
-2
0
Depth,
m
300 mA/m
170 mA/m
∆T, nT
Magnetic data analysis at the Prehistoric site of Nahal-Zehora II: Anomaly H
A: Example of quantitative
examination (anomaly H)
B: 3D modeling of magnetic
field from anomaly H
A B
∆T, nT
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Gopher, A., 2012. Detailed interpretation of magnetic data in the Nahal-
Zehora site, In: (Ed. A. Gopher), Emery and Claire Yass Publ. in Archaeology, Tel Aviv Univ., “The Nahal-
Zehora sites – Pottery Neolithic Villages in the Menashe Hills”, Monogr. Ser. No. 19, 315-331.
28. 28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Distance,
m 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Distance, m
-50
-40
-30
-26
-22
-18
-14
-10
-6
-2
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
40
50
Total
Magnetic
Field,
nT
kappametric
p
rofile
A B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
J
J
h =4.1m
HCC
h =2.65m
TB
h =1.85m
TB
h =3.8m
HCC
h =3.3m
HCC
h =2.2m
TB
h =1.45m
TB
h =4m
HCC
h =2.0m
TB
h =1.80m
TB
h =1.47m
TB
h =1.05m
TB
Results of magnetic data analysis
at the Prehistoric site of Nahal-
Zehora II (Menashe Hills,
northern Israel)
Compiled magnetic map and final
interpretation scheme
hTB and hHCC indicate a depth to the
upper edge of thin thin bed and
center of the horizontal circular
cylinder (sphere), respectively
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and
Gopher, A., 2012. Detailed
interpretation of magnetic data in
the Nahal-Zehora site, In: (Ed. A.
Gopher), Emery and Claire Yass
Publ. in Archaeology, Tel Aviv
Univ., “The Nahal-Zehora sites –
Pottery Neolithic Villages in the
Menashe Hills”, Monogr. Ser. No.
19, 315-331.
Nahal Zehora II
29. 29
Areal map of Megiddo sites
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 2000.
Magnetic investigations in the Proto-Historic
site to the east of Tel Megiddo, In (Eds. I.
Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin and B. Halpern),
Emery and Claire Yass Publ. in Archaeology,
Tel Aviv Univ., “Megiddo III”, Monogr. Ser.
No. 18, 504-514.
30. 30
0 2 4 6 8 10
Distance, m
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
∆T,
nanoTesla
SSE NNE
I - I
d2
d4 d3
d5
d1
Area A
htb= 1.2 m
xo = 0 m
Magnetic
field
intensity,
nanoTesla
A
Magnetic
field
intensity,
nanoTesla
B
0
5
10
15
20
Distance, m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Distance,
m
0
5
10
15
20
Distance, m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-50
-44
-38
-32
-26
-20
-14
-8
-2
4
10
16
22
28
34
-25
-21
-17
-13
-9
-5
-1
3
7
11
15
19
I
I
B1
A1
A2
A4
modern water pipe influence
A3
Negative anomaly of about 100 nanoTesla
Compiled magnetic map for
areas A and B (Megiddo)
and quantitative
examination of anomaly A2
Megiddo
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 2000.
Magnetic investigations in the Proto-Historic
site to the east of Tel Megiddo, In (Eds. I.
Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin and B. Halpern),
Emery and Claire Yass Publ. in Archaeology,
Tel Aviv Univ., “Megiddo III”, Monogr. Ser.
No. 18, 504-514.
31. 31
Results of 3D magnetic field
modeling along profile G – H
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Distance, m
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
∆T, nT
ESE WNW
8 6 4 2 0
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Depth,
m
3000 mA/m
(basaltic body ?)
50 mA/m
(soil)
50 mA/m
(soil)
50 mA/m magnetization, mA/m
Graphs of the magnetic field:
Observed
Computed
Profile G - H
ditrection of
magnetization
Megiddo
to the north of the Late
Bronze City Gate
ωo= 6o
Itkis, S.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013.
Magnetic Prospecting to the north of the
Late Bronze City Gate, In: (Ed. I.
Finkelstein), “Megiddo-V: 2004-2008
seasons”, Emery and Claire Yass
Publications in Archaeology, 1295-1313.
32. Megiddo
to the north of
the Late Bronze
City Gate
Itkis, S.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Magnetic Prospecting to the north of the Late Bronze City Gate, In: (Ed. I. Finkelstein),
“Megiddo-V: 2004-2008 seasons”, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, 1295-1313.
Results of 3D magnetic field modeling
33. 5 10 15
Distance, m
0
5
10
15
20
Distance,
m
I
I
Relief isolines 408
T isolines 10
Location
of profile I
5 10 15
Distance, m
0
5
10
15
20
Distance,
m
I
m
I
I
408 m
Observed magnetic field
and relief isolines
Magnetic field corrected
for relief influence
Distance,
m
0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance, m
0
10
20
30
40 SW NE
d d
d
d
4 3
1
2
d5
D
0
2m
100 mA/m
10 mA/m
A
B
C
D
Site of Yodefat: A successive scheme of magnetic data analysis
Eppelbaum, L.V.,
2010. Archaeological
geophysics in Israel:
Past, Present and
Future. Advances in
Geosciences, 24, 45-
34. 34
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Distance, m
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Distance, m
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Depth,
m
.gB, mGal
(10-5 m/s2)
Body 1 (σ = 2300 kg/m3)
Body 3 (σ = 2100 kg/m3)
Body 2 (σ = 2600 kg/m3)
Ancient pavement
(limestone)
Loose deposits
Integrated effect from bodies 1 & 2
Integrated effect from bodies 1, 2 & 3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-1
0
1
2
3
Eotvos (10-9
1/s2
)
Integrated effect from bodies 1, 2 & 3
A
B
C
.gB, µGal
(10-8 m/s2)
Comparison of Bouguer
gravity and vertical
gradient anomalies. A:
Bouguer gravity, B:
vertical gradient gz (Wzz)
computed for the base of
1.2 m, C: archaeological
sequence
Initial physical-archaeological
model developed on the
basis of Megiddo F site
archaeological sequence
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Review of
environmental and geological
microgravity applications and feasibility
of their implementation at
archaeological sites in Israel. Intern.
Journal of Geophysics, doi:
10.1155/2011/927080, ID 927080, 1-9.
35. 35
Calculations of Wxxz and Wzzz might be also
useful for delineation of anomalies from
closely disposed objects (e.g. caves) and
removing of regional background,
respectively. For instance, the present
Figure shows that computing Wxxz (gxx)
enables to recognize reliable gravity effects
from two closely located underground
caves.
Computing of horizontal derivatives
from models of two closely disposed
caves
(A) Computed gravity curve, (B)
Calculated first horizontal derivative of
gravity field ∆gx, (C) Calculated second
horizontal derivative of gravity field ∆gxx,
(D) Physical-geological model
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. High-precise gravity
observations at archaeological sites: How we can
improve the interpretation effectiveness and
reliability? Trans. of the 11th EUG Meet., Geoph.
Research Abst., Vol. 17, EGU2015-3012, Vienna,
Austria, 1-4.
36. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Distance, m
-0.1
-0.09
-0.08
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
.gB, mGal
3D gravity effects computed for profiles
crossing the buried cave with the following
parameters along the strike
(-11m, -5m) Profile 1
(-9m, -3m) Profile 2
(-7m, -1m) Profile 3
(-5m, +1m) Profile 4
(-3m, +3m) Profile 5
0 20 40 60 80
Distance, m
8
4
0
-4
-8
Distance,
m
Profile 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Distance, m
-20
-16
-12
-8
-4
0
Depth,
m
loose deposits (σ =2100 kg/m3)
C
6
7
8
5
4
3
2
1
clay (σ =
2550 kg/m3)
sandstone (σ =2400 kg/m3)
buried cavity
(σ = 0)
Profile 9
cave
.gB, µGal Physical-archaeological
model of buried prehistoric
cave and computed 3D
gravity anomalies. (A)
Location of projected profiles
and disposition of buried cave
(view over), (B) Computed
gravity effects along profiles
1 – 5, (C) Geological-
archaeological sequence
(developed on the basis of
archaeological site located in
Beit-Shemesh)
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Review
of environmental and geological
microgravity applications and
feasibility of their implementation
at archaeological sites in Israel.
International Jour. of Geophysics,
doi: 10.1155/2011/927080, ID
927080, 1-9.
37.
38. 38
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Distance, m
A
B
0 2 4 6 8
Distance, m
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
SP
intensity,
mV
d3
d4
d1
0 2 4 6 8
Distance, m
-3
-2
-1
0
Depth,
m
d2
Position of a centre of
horizontal circular cylinder
approximating the
disturbing object
Map of SP field of Area I with location of
interpreting profile A – B
Results of quantitative interpretation of SP
anomaly along profile A – B
archaeological site of Emmaus
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E., Fleckenstein, K.-
H. and Fleckenstein, L., 2007. Latest results of
geophysical-archaeological investigations at the
archaeological site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central
Israel). Proceed. of the 69th EAGE Conference,
P118, London, Great Britain, 1-5.
39. 39
site of Shaar Ha-Golan
The unique Neolithic (5,500 - 5,000 BC) site of Shaar HaGolan is located in northern Israel
(south of the Sea of Galilee on the bank of the Yarmuk River). SP measurements carried out in
the area of about 150 m2 using grid 1 x 1 m allowed to identify four underground caves
associated with the ancient Neolithic village. The results of these investigations are in line
with the archaeological model of this area.
Compiled map of SP observations with location of two interpreting profiles
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2020. Quantitative analysis of self-potential anomalies in archaeological
sites of Israel: An overview. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(377), 1-15.
40. 40
Quantitative interpretation of SP anomalies over the prehistoric underground caves in Sha’ar-Ha-
Golan site, Golan Heights
The “ ” symbol marks the obtained position of the cave body center (approximated by a HCC). Bold black arrows show
angle of electric polarization.
Shaar Ha Golan
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2020.
Quantitative analysis of self-
potential anomalies in
archaeological sites of Israel: An
overview. Environmental Earth
Sciences, 79(377), 1-15.
41. Quantitative analysis of anomalies I – I’ and II – II’ in the Banias site (northern Israel). The red cross
indicates the position of the center of the upper edge, and the black arrows show the direction of the
polarization angle
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2020. Quantitative analysis of self-potential anomalies in archaeological sites of Israel: An overview.
Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(377), 1-15.
42. Magnetic (A) and self-
potential (B) maps
compiled in the
archaeological site
Halutza (southern Israel)
Revised after Eppelbaum, L., Ben-
Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S., 2003.
Ancient Roman remains in Israel
provide a challenge for physical-
archaeological modeling techniques.
First Break, 21 (2), 51-61.
43. Quantitative analysis of magnetic (C) and self-potential (D) anomalies in the site of Halutza (southern
Israel). The red cross in both models indicates the position of the center of the upper edge, and the
black arrow shows the direction of the polarization angle
Revised after Eppelbaum, L., Ben-Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S., 2003. Ancient Roman remains in Israel provide a
challenge for physical-archaeological modeling techniques. First Break, 21 (2), 51-61.
44. day
Time variations of temperature observed at different levels in the earth
Eppelbaum, L.V., Kutasov, I.M. and Pilchin, A.N., 2014. Applied Geothermics. Springer, 751 p.
1 m
60 cm
20 cm
earth’s surface
45. A method for eliminating temporary variations using repeated observations with subsequent linear
filtering of the results was suggested in (Eppelbaum, 2009). It is known that a regional thermal field is
stable in time and temperature-wave propagation in the medium is linear (Tikhonov and Samarsky,
1963). Taking into consideration these factors, a model of the total temperature field, recorded in the
layer with annual temperature oscillations, can be represented in the following form:
where Qi is the observation at the ith point (borehole); Ti is the temperature conditioned by redistributing
the deep heat flow caused by the object with contrasting conductivity; τ(j) is the average temperature at
a certain depth ∆h at time j along the region including the district under investigation (data from
meteorological stations are employed); f(t – j) is the weight step function reflecting the temperature
effect at the depth ∆h, at time t – j on the temperature measured in the borehole, at depth h at time j;
and t' is the delay time of temperature waves diffusing down the surface.
Measurements at the observation points made at different times t enable one to obtain a solvable set of
algebraic equations that allow the desired signal Ti to be extracted with the required accuracy
(Eppelbaum, 2009).
( ) ( )
∑ −
=
−
+
=
t
t
t
j
i
i j
t
f
j
T
Q '
,
τ
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Near-surface temperature survey: An independent tool for buried archaeological targets
delineation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12, e93-e103.
46. Comparison of magnetic
(a) (3D computed) and
temperature (b) (physically
modeled) anomalies over a
model of an inclined thin
body. The arrow shows the
direction of the
magnetization vector I. The “
+ ” symbol marks the
position of the upper edge of
the thin body, as obtained
from analysis of the anomaly
profiles
Magnetic field Temperature field
Point mass
( ) 2
/
3
2
2
z
x
mz
Z
+
=
Sphere
( ) 2
/
3
2
2
3
2
1
z
x
R
q
T
an +
+
−
=
µ
µ
λ
Thin bed
( )
2
2
2
2
z
x
z
b
I
Z
+
=
Horizontal circular cylinder
( )
2
2
3
1
1
z
x
C
q
T
an +
+
−
=
µ
µ
λ
here m is the magnetic mass, I is the
magnetization, and b is the half-width of the
thin bed’s upper edge, µ is the body-medium
thermal conductivity ratio, R is the radius of
sphere, C is the radius of HCC, z is depth of
sphere (HCC) center, and x is the running
coordinate.
Comparison of some analytical expressions for models employed
in magnetic and temperature fields
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Near-surface temperature
survey: An independent tool for buried
archaeological targets delineation. Journal of
Cultural Heritage, 12, e93-e103.
47. 47
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance, m
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Relative
temperature,
o
C
d4
d3
d2
d1
d1
d2
I
II
d3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance, m
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Depth,
m
center of the upper
edge of a thin bed
center of the horizontal
circular cylinder
Example: Quantitative interpretation of temperature anomalies observed over a set of buried walls at
Verulamium (Hertfordshire, Great Britain). The observed temperature profile is reconstructed from Bellerby
et al. (1990), and quantitative analysis after Eppelbaum (2009).
The “ ” and “ ”
symbols marks the
position of the upper
edge of the thin body
and center of horizontal
circular cylinder,
respectively, as obtained
from analysis of
anomalies I and II
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Near-surface temperature survey: An independent tool for buried archaeological targets delineation.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12, e93-e103.
48. 48
I = 100 mA/m
I = 0
observed
temperature
computed
temperature
computed magnetic
.Z component
ancient crypt
Comparison of observed and
computed temperature graphs
over the ancient crypt (Ksiaz
Castle, Lower Silesia) with
computed graph of the
vertical component of the
total magnetic field (∆Z) from
the same model. Brown arrow
shows the selected location of
magnetic field vector. Red
cross indicates the position of
the upper edge upper edge of
the anomalous body by the
results of temperature field
analysis. Observed and
computed temperature graphs
and archaeological section are
after Moscicki (1987);
modeling – after Eppelbaum
(2009)
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Near-surface temperature survey: An independent tool for buried archaeological targets delineation.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12, e93-e103.
49. In Israel, this methodology has been successfully applied by Mr. H. Paparo in the
archaeological site of Crusades Fortress Um Haled (Netanya).
50. Careful analysis of temperature profiles in boreholes allows to
unmask a climate of the past
Temperature profiles: A Principal
scheme. ob – cooling, oc – warming
Example:
For the possible scenarios of the ground surface
temperature history, borehole Ca-9901, North
America (-101.50, 54.72)
Eppelbaum, L.V., Kutasov, I.M. and Barak, G., 2006.
Ground surface temperature histories inferred from 15
boreholes temperature profiles: Comparison of two
approaches. Earth Sci. Research Jour., 10, No. 1, 25-34.
Ta(z, t = 0) = Toa + Γz
Toa is the mean ground
surface temperature
at the moment of time
t = 0 (years), z is the
vertical depth (m), and
Γ is the geothermal
gradient (oC/m)
∆T - averaged square
temperature deviations
51. 51
From the archaeological point of view: Why we need to
have a knowledge about the past temperatures?
(1) It allows to trace some important historical and archaeological
events and facts
(2) It enables to obtain some ancient agricultural estimation
(3) It is important for paleo-geomorphological analysis
(4) It allows to estimate some physical-chemical properties of
ancient building materials
(5) It permits to made some conclusions about the ancient
environmental conditions
(6) These data (together with other physical-chemical indicators)
may be used for development of the ancient 4D Database
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Kutasov, I.M., 2014. Advanced analysis of thermal data observed in subsurface wells unmasks the
ancient climate. Trans. of the 10th EUG Meet., Geoph. Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-3261, Vienna, Austria, 1-3.
53. Eppelbaum and Katz, 2022 (in Press)
Paleomagnetic and event stratigraphy
of the latest Cenozoic of the Levantine
region compared with the Tethyan-
Paratethyan scale and
paleogeographic-geodynamic events:
a – stratigraphic scale, b – paleomagnetic
scale, c – the scale of magmatic events of
the Harrat Ash Shaam, d – hydrospheric
events, e –cryospheric events, f – events
of the Earth's figure changes. SOL,
Standard Ocean Level.
Paleomagnetic episodes: Kam.,
Kamikatsura, S.R., Santa Roza, Jar.,
Jaramillo, Pun., Punaruu, C.M., Cobb
Mt., K.N., Kvemo-Natanebi, O.J.,
Ontong Java, Old., Olduvai, Gam.,
Gamarri, Re., Reunion, Hal., Halawa,
Ilch., Ilchembet (?), SV(1-3), Searles
Valley (1-3).
54. 54
Photography of a geological section at the quarry “Nesher” (near Modiin town, central
Israel). Solid line at the section indicates the location of the GPR profile
Ground Penetration Radar
Berkovitch, A.L., Eppelbaum, L.V. and Basson, U., 2000. Application of multifocusing seismic processing to the GPR
data analysis. Selected Papers presented at the Ann. SAGEEP Confer., 13, Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Arlington, USA,
597-606.
55. 55
Conventional GPR section (see
profile location at the previous
photo)
The multifocusing stack section
along the same profile
Berkovitch, A.L., Eppelbaum, L.V. and
Basson, U., 2000. Application of multifocusing
seismic processing to the GPR data analysis.
Selected Papers presented at the Ann. SAGEEP
Confer., 13, Hyatt Regency Crystal City,
Arlington, USA, 597-606.
56. GPR
conventional
section
Montagnole experiment (France)
GPR section after computation of coherence directions
0
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
,
i j
x
Sketch of construction
of the coherency vector
Alperovich, L., Eppelbaum, L.,
Zheludev, V., Dumoulin, J., Soldovieri,
F., Proto, M., Bavusi, M. and Loperte,
A., 2013. A new combined wavelet
methodology applied to GPR and ERT
data in the Montagnole experiment
(French Alps). Journal of Geophysics and
Engineering, 10, No. 2, 025017, 1-17.
57. Resistivity method
Observed resistivity curve and
archaeological sequence from
Ginzburg and Levanon (1977),
quantitative analysis - after
Eppelbaum (2010)
0
ω
Classic resistivity
measurements also
satisfy to Laplace
equation
58. Quantitative analysis of
piezoelectric observations over
a zone of gold-bearing quartz
under alluvial sediments in the
area of ancient gold exploration
(Tel Kara Hadid site, 7 km
north of Eilat, southern Israel).
Symbol designates position
of the center of the upper edge
of anomalous body.
Initial data from Neishtadt,
Eppelbaum and Levitski (2006)
Piezoelectric method
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010. Archaeological
geophysics in Israel: Past, Present and
Future. Advances of Geosciences, 24,
45-68.
Most appropriate objects for
PEM application:
quartz veins, fired clay,
underground empty cavities.
pegmatite, galenite, sphalerite, etc.
59. Quantitative interpretation of model η
η
η
ηa curve from
ellipsoidal body. The “+” symbol marks the position of
the upper edge of the body, as obtained from the analysis
of the anomaly curve
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Khesin, B.E., 2012. Geophysical
Studies in the Caucasus. Springer, 411 p.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2007. Revealing of
subterranean karst using modern analysis of
potential and quasi-potential fields. Proceed. of
the 2007 SAGEEP Conference, 20, Denver,
USA, 797-810.
Quantitative interpretation of η
η
η
ηa anomaly over
the underground cavity. The “ ” symbol
marks the location of the center of horizontal
circular cylinder obtained from the analysis of
the anomaly curve
Induced Polarization
Области
применения
метода
60. VLF
d2
d4 d3
d1
d4 d3
d1
d2
Easting, m
Easting, m
A
B
C
Example:
Quantitative interpretation of VLF-R apparent
resistivity and phase profiles (Alcala de
Henares, a small town 20 km E of Madrid,
Spain). For this investigation the NAA
transmitter (Gutler ME, USA) was used. A –
apparent resistivity, B – phase anomaly, C –
archaeogeological section.
Symbols and designate the determined
position of HCC center for phase anomaly and
apparent resistivity, respectively. Observed
curves and archaeogeological section are taken
from Ogilvi et al. (1991), interpretation after
Eppelbaum (2016).
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2016. Remote Operated Vehicles
geophysical surveys in air, land (underground) and submarine
archaeology: General peculiarities of processing and
interpretation. Trans. of the 12th EUG Meet., Geoph. Research
Abst., Vol. 18, EGU2016-10055, Vienna, Austria, 1-7.
In the VLF method three main problems were solved: (1) removing VLF temporary variations,
(2) elimination of terrain relief influence, and (3) quantitative analysis of VLF anomalies (on
the basis of revealed similarities with potential geophysical fields).
61. EM High-Frequency Investigations
Principal scheme of employed equipment
A powerful impulse accumulated in the capacitor of a generator (up to 20 kW in power) is wirelessly transmitted in a
short period of time (1–20 ns) into the geological medium using the capacitor element of the antenna. Next, the
receiving element of the capacitor of the antenna records the signal by the digital receiver to construct the plot of the
amplitude–phase parameters of the signal (“Sphere” geophysical instrument with the Matrix data processing software
complex). The main contrasting characteristics of the medium are manifested without processing of the signal matrix. At
the next stages, they may perform detailed processing of the data in order to identify layers and objects with a low
degree of contrast. The coefficient of power transmission is increased by almost 106 times relative to the resonant
generators. The transmitting element is the primary interlayer of the capacitor; in a short period of time, it discharges all
accumulated energy into the medium. Such a device has a high efficiency factor because of its large effective area and
contact with the medium. This provides its considerable advantages compared to the traditional electrical prospecting
methods.
Nikolaev, A., Gorkin, D.,
Eppelbaum, L.V., Manukov, P.,
Arnon, N., Libin, A. and
Buloshnikov, A., 2018. Investigation
of archaeological caves in Israel using
the high frequency impulse electric
prospecting. Doklady Earth Sciences
(Springer), 482, No. 2, 1320-1323.
62. Areal maps of the region under study: (A) regional, (B) detailed
63. Geophysical-archaeological sections along three profiles
Nikolaev, A., Gorkin, D., Eppelbaum,
L.V., Manukov, P., Arnon, N., Libin, A.
and Buloshnikov, A., 2018.
Investigation of archaeological caves in
Israel using the high frequency impulse
electric prospecting. Doklady Earth
Sciences (Springer), 482, No. 2, 1320-
1323. Хеврон, пещера Патриархов
64. 64
Site of Munhata (northern Israel)
Magnetic maps of the northern part of Munhata site: (A) observed magnetic map, (B) magnetic map
from (A) transformed by the use of informational parameter, (C) excavated part of the Munhata site,
some 10 m south of the studied site
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001. Prompt magnetic investigations of archaeological remains in
areas of infrastructure development: Israeli experience. Archaeological Prospection, 8, No.3, 163-185.
65. Geophysical Methods
Application of method (set of
methods) at archaeological
site
Magnetic prospecting
4-D physico-archaeological
Data Base
Direct current
Self-potential
Ground penetrating
radar
Near-surface seismic
prospecting
Induced polarization
Gravity prospecting
VLF method
Near-surface thermal
prospecting
Piezo-seismo-electric
method
Repeated application
of geophysical
examination in the
process of excavations
Repeated application
of geophysical exami-
nation after completion
of excavations
At different levels over
the Earth’s surface
and below it
Applying various
scales of survey
Development of
dynamic
4-D physico-
archaeological model
Recovery of last
geophysical survey data
by archival and
published data
Geochemical
methods
Geomorpholo-
gical
methods
Petrographical
and
Radiocarbon
Analysis
Archaeoseismology
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010.
Archaeological geophysics
in Israel: Past, Present and
Future. Advances of
Geosciences, 24, 45-68.
66. How many geophysical methods should be applied at an archaeological site? Let’s q value is a risk of an
erroneous solution. Then γ (correct solution) is expressed as
If a set of methods is focused on investigating independent indicators of equal value, the anomaly
detection reliability γ can be described by an error function (probability integral) as:
where υ is the ratio of the anomaly squared to the noise dispersion for each i-th geophysical field, and F
is the probability integral of type
Now let us assume that the anomaly is indicated by three points and that the mean square of the anomaly
for each field is equal to the noise dispersion. For a single method, the reliability of the detection of an
anomaly of a known form and intensity by Kotelnikov’s criterion is expressed by
Hence the reliability for individual methods is 0.69, and 0.76 and 0.81 for a set of two and three methods
respectively. This means that the q value (risk of an erroneous solution) when integrating two or three
methods decreases by factors of 1.29 and 1.63, respectively (1 – 0.69 = 0.31, 1 – 0.76 = 0.24, 1 – 0.81 =
0.19).
.
1 q
−
=
γ
=
∑
2
i
i
F
υ
γ
( ) ∫
∞
−
−
=
t
x
dx
e
t
F .
2
1 2
2
π
( ) .
2
i
t
F
υ
Probabilistic estimation of geophysical method integration
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2014. Geophysical observations at archaeological sites: Estimating informational content.
Archaeological Prospection, 21, No. 2, 25-38.
67. 67
Common
Geophysical-
Archaeological
DataBase
A priori historical
& archaeological
information
Geophysical
investigations
Petrophysical
investigations
Excavations
Geochemical
investigations
.........
.........
Amount of
information
Quality of
information
Reliability of
information
Value of
information
Target
identification
Financial,
Organizational
and other limitations
Application of informational
approach to archaeological
investigations
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2014. Geophysical
observations at archaeological sites:
Estimating informational content.
Archaeological Prospection, 21, No. 2, 25-38.
68. The final expected aim of geophysical (and another methods) application at archaeological
sites is the best recognition of studied area by given limitations. In general the problem of
various means rational integration (including geophysical) at archaeological sites can be
solved using following criterions: (1) Necessary expenditures for realization of the integration
(cost criterion C); (2) Necessary time for realization of the integration (time criterion T); (3)
Informativeness of the integration (informational criterion Π). Criterions C and T can be easy
determined by a direct calculation, but estimation of criterion Π is a complex investigation
problem. All available geophysical/archaeological information can represent in the classic
three-level variant: (a) syntactical - quantity of information; (b) semantic – substance of
information; (c) pragmatic – value of information. A principal logical-heuristic model of the
geophysical information maybe presented in the following form:
where Q is the quantitative estimation of information, R is the estimation of informational
reliability corresponding to the semantic criterion, V is the estimation of informational value by
degree of aim achievement according to the pragmatic criterion, ∪ is the symbol of unification.
This algorithm is based on the fundamental terms of information theory and combined with the
structural (hierarchical) approach. It is obvious that for obtaining R and V values we will need to
receive formalized expert estimations.
,
V
R
Q ∪
∪
=
Π
Eppelbaum, L.V., Eppelbaum, V.M. and Ben-Avraham, Z., 2003. Formalization and estimation of integrated
geological investigations: Informational Approach. Geoinformatics, 14, No.3, 233-240.
70. A basic initial model:
Computed 3D gravity-
magnetic effects from the
underground cavity only.
The magnetic and gravity
curves were utilized for the
recognition process from
complex (realistic) models
Eppelbaum, L.V., Zheludev, V.
and Averbuch, A., 2014.
Diffusion maps as a powerful
tool for integrated geophysical
field analysis to detecting hidden
karst terranes. Izv. Acad. Sci.
Azerb. Rep., Ser.: Earth
Sciences, Nos. 1-2, 36-46.
71. GPR
GPR
Model 18
Model 31
Eppelbaum, L.V., Zheludev, V. and
Averbuch, A., 2014. Diffusion maps
as a powerful tool for integrated
geophysical field analysis to detecting
hidden karst terranes. Izv. Acad. Sci.
Azerb. Rep., Ser.: Earth Sciences,
Nos. 1-2, 36-46.
72. 72
Wavelet approach to recognition of buried targets by the examination of geophysical method
integration consists of advanced processing of each geophysical method and nonconventional
integration of different geophysical methods between themselves. Modern developments in the wavelet
theory and data mining will be utilized for the analysis of the integrated data. Wavelet approach will be
applied for derivation of enhanced (e.g., coherence portraits) and combined images of geophysical
fields observed in the areas of archaeological target occurrence. The methodology based on the
matching pursuit with wavelet packet dictionaries enables to extract desired signals even from strongly
noised data. Geophysicists usually met the problem of extraction of essential features from available
data contaminated by a random noise and by a non-relevant background. If the essential structure of a
signal consists of several sine waves then we may represent it via trigonometric basis (Fourier
analysis). As a result, we will receive the possibility to unmask the desired targets (in this case –
underground ancient cavities) occurring under complex media.
Block-scheme
after Averbuch
et al. (2011)
Eppelbaum, L.V.,
Zheludev, V. and
Averbuch, A., 2014.
Diffusion maps as a
powerful tool for
integrated geophysical
field analysis to
detecting hidden karst
terranes. Izv. Acad. Sci.
Azerb. Rep., Ser.:
Earth Sciences, Nos.
1-2, 36-46.
73. Scattered projections of the data curves onto the diffusion eigenvectors. Blue circles represent the C
(presence of ancient cavity) data curves while red circles represent N (non-cavity). This 3D set of the data
representatives can be used as a reference set for the classification of newly arriving data
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Detecting Buried Archaeological Remains by the Use of Geophysical Data Processing with ‘Diffusion
Maps’ Methodology. Trans. of the 11th EUG Meet., Geoph. Research Abst., Vol. 17, EGU2015-2793, Vienna, Austria, 1-3.
75. Geomorphological-
paleogeographic map of
the study area with the
main tectonic elements
and modern topography
map.
(1) ancient hominin sites of
2.6 – 1.2 Ma, (2)
reconstructed ancient hominin
way from Africa to Eurasia
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated
Analysis of Paleogeographical,
Stratigraphic and Geophysical-
Geodynamical Data. Geosciences
(Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
76. Satellite-derived gravity map with
the paleogeographical, tectonic-
geodynamic elements and
anthropological features.
(1) interplate faults, (2) a: modern land-
sea boundaries, b: land-sea boundaries
during the maximum Akchagylian-
Gelasian transgression, (3) residual
satellite-derived gravity map, (4)
rotation of the Earth's crust according
to the GPS observations, paleomagnetic
and structural data, (5) averaged
position of the Ural-African Step, (6)
ancient hominin sites corresponding to
the age Akchagylian-Gelasian
transgression, (7) reconstructed early
hominin way from Africa to Eurasia
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated
Analysis of Paleogeographical,
Stratigraphic and Geophysical-
Geodynamical Data. Geosciences
(Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
77. Geodynamic-
paleogeographic map of the
African-Arabian region
with the main tectonic
elements and ancient
hominin sites.
(1) interplate faults, (2)
Mediterranean Ridge, (3)
intraplate faults, (4) ancient
hominin sites corresponding to
the age of the Post-Gelasian
regression, (5) reconstructed
early hominin way from Africa
to Eurasia
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated
Analysis of Paleogeographical,
Stratigraphic and Geophysical-
Geodynamical Data. Geosciences
(Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
78. Geodynamic-paleomagnetic
map of the Mt. Carmel –
Galilee region (northern Israel)
(1) Cretaceous-Miocene basalts, (2)
Miocene gabbroid intrusive, (3)
Pliocene Cover basalts, (4) outcrops:
(a) and boreholes, (b) with the
Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatic
complexes, (5) radiometric age of
magmatic rocks and minerals from K-
Ar, Ar-Ar methods (a) and zircon
geochronology (b), (6) thickness of
the Lower Cretaceous traps (in m), (7)
isolines of the Lower Cretaceous
traps thicknesses (in m), (8) faults, (9)
boundaries of terranes, (10)
counterclockwise (a), and clockwise
(b) rotation derived from the tectonic
and paleomagnetic data, (11) data of
paleomagnetic measurements of
magmatic rocks with the normal (N)
and reverse (R) polarities, (12-15)
paleomagnetic superzones: (12)
Gissar, (13) Jalal-1, (14) Jalal-2, (15)
Tuarkyr, (16) Sogdiana-2
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of
Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and
Geophysical-Geodynamical Data.
Geosciences (Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
79. Structural-geomorphological
map of the Mt. Carmel area
(northern Israel)
(1) faults, (2) counterclockwise
rotation of tectonic blocks, (3) high-
level Pliocene marine terrace, (4)
points with the Pliocene abrasion
conglomerates, (5) Pliocene marine
sediments of the Pleshet Formation,
(6) Late Miocene marine sediments of
the Bira and Patish Formations, (7)
Middle Miocene marine sediments of
the Ziqlag Formation, (8) most high
level of the marine Pliocene
transgression (boundary indicating
the position of the Miocene islands
within the Pliocene marine
environments), (9) modern
hypsometric data of the Miocene-
Pliocene sediments, (10) highest
hypsometric points of the tectonically
uplifted Miocene marine terraces
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of
Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and
Geophysical-Geodynamical Data.
Geosciences (Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
80. Map of the Levantine
Corridor with the
significant tectono-
geological elements
(1) interplate faults, (2)
Mediterranean Ridge, (3) intraplate
faults, (4) Pliocene trap fields, (5)
Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanoes,
(6) ancient hominin sites, (7)
Levantine Corridor
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated
Analysis of Paleogeographical,
Stratigraphic and Geophysical-
Geodynamical Data. Geosciences
(Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
81. Map of the Neogene-
Quaternary structural stage
of the Eastern Mediterranean
with some anthropological
features.
(1) coastline, (2) main faults, (3)
secondary faults, (4) borehole
(outcrop) location, (5) ring
structures, (6) reconstructed early
hominin way from Africa to
Eurasia, (7) ancient hominin sites
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022.
Combined Zonation of the African-
Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient
Hominin: Review and Integrated
Analysis of Paleogeographical,
Stratigraphic and Geophysical-
Geodynamical Data. Geosciences
(Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
82. 82
Будущие перспективы: беспилотные летательные аппараты
Among the natural stationary disturbances are known such factors as swampy soil, dense vegetation, loose
ground and uneven terrain relief. These factors often complicate performing land archaeogeophysical survey.
The new Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) generation – small and maneuvering vehicles – can fly at levels of
few (and even one) meters over the earth’s surface (flowing the relief forms) and carry out combined
geophysical measurements. The ROV geophysical investigations may be performed during short time period
and will have a low exploitation cost. Measurements of geophysical fields at different observation levels could
provide new unique archaeological-geophysical information (besides this, the most effective application of
characteristic point method for inverse problem solution demands knowledge of geophysical field behavior at
two levels). Finally, multilevel areal observations might be utilized for the procedure of downward continuation
on the basis of Gauss’ theorem. The ROV archaeogeophysical surveys at the areas of world recognized religious
and cultural artifacts (where excavations practically always are suppressed and surface survey is hampered)
might have a great importance.
It is proposed that the most prospective geophysical integration for ROV should include measurements of
magnetic and VLF electromagnetic fields. GPS (with utilization of the improved wide-band Kalman filtering)
will assure an exact topogeodetic relation for the proposed observations. Integration of land and ROV
geophysical data will provide a distinctive success in the archeological sites examination. Taking into account
the current progress with underwater geophysical imaging, similar integration may be realized (for marine and
underwater geophysical examinations) at numerous archaeological sites located in the littoral zones of Israeli
marine areas.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010. Methodology of Detailed Geophysical Examination of the Areas of World Recognized Religious and Cultural Artifacts.
Trans. of the 6th EUG Meet., Geoph. Research Abst., Vol. 12, EGU2010-5859, Vienna, Austria, 1-3.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Mishne, A.R., 2011. Unmanned Airborne Magnetic and VLF investigations: Effective Geophysical Methodology of the
Near Future. Positioning, 2, No. 3, 112-133.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2016. Remote Operated Vehicles geophysical surveys in air, land (underground) and submarine archaeology: General
peculiarities of processing and interpretation. Trans. of the 12th EUG Meet., Geoph. Research Abst., Vol. 18, EGU2016-10055, Vienna,
Austria, 1-7.
83. Vigilante 502, Science Applications
International Corp
Different Types of Remote Operated Vehicles
“Hand” ROV, USA
USA NAVAL Survey: Extra
Small ROV models
Scout B1-100,
Switzerland
Venturer UAS mounted with cesium vapor magnetometers in
protective pods on wingtips.
Wood et al., 2016. Leading Edge, No. 3.
84. Wilson et al., 2006. Autonomous Robot for
Detecting Subsurface Voids and Tunnels
using Microgravity. SPIE Proceed.
Development of unmanned
geophysical tool in Virginia Tech
Wang et al., 2009. Design of a Modular Robotic
System for Archaeological Exploration. 2009
IEEE Intern Conf. on Robotics and Automation.
Kobo, Japan.
Low Altitude Thermal Survey for Archaeological Purposes
Drone octrorotor with FLIR T620 thermal camera onboard
Poirier et al., 2013
86. Magnetics as example: Gem Systems – Advanced Airborne Systems
The GSMP-35A magnetometer is the core of GEM’s airborne solutions. The technology is based on a
unique optically pumped Potassium sensor - offering an order-of magnitude increase in resolution over
other systems. It also provides: (1) Reduced “heading” errors, (2) Highest absolute accuracy, (3)
Decreased maintenance costs
Some Technical Characteristics
Performance Dimensions and Sensitivity: 0.0025 nT
Resolution: 0.0001 nT
Absolute Accuracy: +/- 0.1 nT
Range: 20,000 to 100,000 nT
Gradient Tolerance: 30,000 nT/m
Fast sampling rate: 20 measurements per 1 sec and more
Dimensions and Weight
Sensor: 148 mm x 64 mm (cylinder type); 1.5 kg
Electronics Box: 229 mm x 56 mm x 39 mm; 0.63 kg
Environmental:
Operating Temperature: –20°C to +55°C
Storage Temperature: –70°C to +55°C
Humidity: 0 to 100%, splashproof
Attaching to modern GPS system
Simple calculation indicates
that for velocity of 30
km/hour, the sampling rate of
20 measur/sec provides a step
of observation about 0.42 m.
Area of 100 x 100 m will be
surveyed during several
minutes. Besides this,
repeated observations will
allow to increase the
observation accuracy.
The last generation of air-
magnetometers could provide
up 2000 measurements per
sec. (Scintrex, Canada)
87. land magnetic survey ROV magnetic survey
Distance, m
∆T, nT
Non-disturbed interval of curve ∆T
singular
point
singular
point
α
cos
8
bR
Je =
Je is the magnetization
(mA/m), R is the length
of the ledge (m), α is the
ledge inclination, and b is
the parameter of linear
regression (nT/m);
1 mA/m= 1.25 nT
Determination of the averaged magnetization of the medium
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Mishne, A.R., 2011. Unmanned Airborne Magnetic and VLF investigations: Effective Geophysical Methodology
of the Near Future. Positioning, 2, No. 3, 112-133.
88. Conclusions:
Application of recently developed new algorithms and methodologies strongly
increases the accuracy and reliability of geophysical data interpretation.
The Remote Operative Vehicle (ROV) Geophysical Surveys is powerful tool for the
rapid multilevel geophysical surveys (air, underwater, underground, land) at
different archaeological objects. The ROV surveys may be repeatedly applied in the
same sites at different stages of excavations that will allow to change flexibly the
strategy of excavations.
One of the main problem of archaeological geophysics in Israel is absence of
specialized Center of Archaeological Geophysics where experts in this field (3-4
specialists) will effectively apply the modern methodologies for discovering
archaeological targets.
Skillful employment of geophysical methods will help significantly reduce the
excavations volumes; sometimes the methods can be applied instead of excavations.
Reliable and rapid geophysical data analysis will protect buried ancient targets from
the unpremeditated destruction.
89. List of Main Publications:
Alperovich, L.S., Eppelbaum, L.V., Zheludev, V., Dumoulin, J., Soldovieri, F., Proto, M., Bavusi, M. and
Loperte, A., 2013. GPR and ERT combined analysis on the basis of advanced wavelet methodology:
The Montagnole testing area. IEEE Proceed. of the 7th International Workshop on Advanced Ground
Penetrating Radar, Nantes, France, 119-124.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2000. Applicability of geophysical methods for localization of archaeological targets: An
introduction. Geoinformatics, 11, No. 1, 19-28.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Near-surface temperature survey: An independent tool for delineation of buried
archaeological targets. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12, Suppl. 1, e93-e103.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010a. Application of potential geophysical fields at archaeological sites in Israel: An
introduction. Proceed. of the 2010 SAGEEP Conference, Keystone, Colorado, USA, 23, No. 1, 989-
1006.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010b. Methodology of Detailed Geophysical Examination of the Areas of World
Recognized Religious and Cultural Artifacts.Trans. of the 6th EUG Meet., Geophysical Research
Abstracts, Vol. 12, EGU2010-5859, Vienna, Austria, 3 pp.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010c. Archaeological geophysics in Israel: Past, Present and Future. Advances of
Geosciences, 24, 45-68.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010. An advanced methodology for Remote Operation Vehicle magnetic survey to
delineate buried targets. Trans. of the 20th General Meeting of the Intern. Mineralogical Association,
CH30G: Archaeometry (general session): Composition, technology and provenance of archaeological
artifacts, Budapest, Hungary, p. 103.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Study of magnetic anomalies over archaeological targets in urban conditions. Physics
and Chemistry of the Earth, 36, No. 16, 1318-1330.
90. Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Review of environmental and geological microgravity applications and
feasibility of their implementation at archaeological sites in Israel. International Journal of
Geophysics, doi: 10.1155/2011/927080, 1-9.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies produced by archaeological “quasi thick
bed bodies” under oblique magnetization and terrain rugged relief. Trans. of the 7th EUG Meet.,
Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13, EGU2011-2125, Vienna, Austria, 2 pp.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2012. Optimization of archaeogeophysical investigations in complex environments on
example of advanced magnetic data analysis. Trans. of the 8th EUG Meet., Geophysical Research
Abstracts, Vol. 14, EGU2012-1382, Vienna, Austria, 3 pp.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2012. Quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies in the Eastern Mediterranean: A
review. Trans. of the SAGEEP-2012 Meet.,25, No. 1, p. 159, Denver, USA
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Potential geophysical fields – inexpensive effective interpretation tool at
archaeological sites in the Near East. Izv. Acad. Sci. Azerb. Rep., Ser.: Earth Sciences, No. 3, 23-
42.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies due to archaeological and environmental
targets classified as “quasi thick bed bodies” in complex physical-geological environments.
Proceed. of the 2013 SAGEEP Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 26, No. 1, 415-424.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. ROV advanced magnetic survey for revealing archaeological targets and
estimating medium magnetization. Trans. of the 9th EUG Meet., Geophysical Research Abstracts,
Vol. 15, EGU2013-5913, Vienna, Austria, 2 pp.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2014. Geophysical observations at archaeological sites: Estimating informational
content. Archaeological Prospection, 21, No. 2, 25-38.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2014. Four Color Theorem and Applied Geophysics. Applied Mathematics, 5, 358-
366.
91. Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic anomalies from thick bed, horizontal
plate and intermediate models under complex physical-geological environments in archaeological
prospection. Archaeological Prospection, 23, No. 2, 255-268.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. High-Precise Gravity Observations at Archaeological Sites: How We Can
Improve the Interpretation Effectiveness and Reliability? Trans. of the 11th EUG Meet.,
Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 17, EGU2015-3012, Vienna, Austria, 1-4.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Detecting Buried Archaeological Remains by the Use of Geophysical Data
Processing with ‘Diffusion Maps’ Methodology. Trans. of the 11th EUG Meet., Geophysical
Research Abstracts, Vol. 17, EGU2015-2793, Vienna, Austria, 1-3.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic anomalies from bodies approximated by
thick bed models in complex environments. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 5971-5988.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2016. Remote Operated Vehicles geophysical surveys in air, land (underground) and
submarine archaeology: General peculiarities of processing and interpretation. Trans. of the 12th
EUG Meet., Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-10055, Vienna, Austria, 1-7.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2017. Quantitative Analysis of Piezoelectric and Seismoelectric Anomalies in
Subsurface Geophysics. Trans. of the 13th EUG Meet., Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 19,
EGU2017-2344, Vienna, Austria, 1-4.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2017. From Micro- to Satellite Gravity: Understanding the Earth. American Jour. of
Geographic Research and Review, 1, No. 3, 1-34.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2019. Geophysical Potential Fields: Geological and Environmental Applications.
Elsevier, Amsterdam – N.Y., 465 p.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2020. Quantitative analysis of self-potential anomalies in archaeological sites of
Israel: An overview. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 1-15.
.
92. Eppelbaum, L.V., 2022. System of Potential Geophysical Field Application in Archaeological Prospection.
In: (D'Amico, S. and Venuti, V., Eds.), Scientific Management of Cultural Heritage, Springer, 771-
809.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Alperovich, L., Zheludev, V. and Pechersky, A., 2011. Application of informational and
wavelet approaches for integrated processing of geophysical data in complex environments. Proceed.
of the 2011 SAGEEP Conference, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, 24, 24-60.
Eppelbaum, L. and Ben-Avraham, Z., 2002. On the development of 4D geophysical Data Base of
archaeological sites in Israel. Trans. of the Conf. of the Israel Geol. Soc. Ann. Meet., MaHagan - Lake
Kinneret, Israel, p.21.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Ben-Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S.E., 2002. Integrated geophysical investigations at the
Halutza archaeological site (southern Israel). Trans. of the 64th EAGE Conference, Florence, Italy,
Vol. 2, P291, pp.1-3.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Ben-Avraham, Z. and Itkis, S.E., 2003. Ancient Roman Remains in Israel provide a
challenge for physical-archaeological modeling techniques. First Break, Febr. Issue, 21, 51-61.
Eppelbaum, L., Ben-Avraham, Z., Itkis, S. and Kouznetsov, S., 2001. First results of self-potential method
application at archaeological sites in Israel. Trans. of the EUG XI Intern. Symp., Strasbourg, France,
p. 657.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2021. Review of processing and interpretation of self-potential anomalies: Transfer of
methodologies developed in magnetic prospecting. Geosciences, 11, No. 5, 1-33.
Eppelbaum, L.V., 2021. Advanced analysis of self-potential anomalies: Review of case studies from
mining, archaeology and environment, In: (A. Biswas, Ed.), "Self-Potential Method: Theoretical
Modeling and Applications in Geosciences", Springer, 203-248
.
93. Eppelbaum, L., Ben-Avraham, Z., Itkis, S. and Kouznetsov, S., 2001. Self-potential method of
geophysical prospecting as additional tool for localizing buried archaeological remains in Israel.
Trans. of the Conf. of the Israel Geol. Soc. Ann. Meet., Eilat, Israel, p. 30.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Ben-Avraham, Z. and Mishne, A., 2000. Remote pilot vehicle survey and modern
geophysical data interpretation. Trans. of the Conf. of the Israel Geol. Soc. Ann. Meet., Ma’alot,
Israel, p. 36.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Eppelbaum, V.M. and Ben-Avraham, Z., 2003. Formalization and estimation of
integrated geological investigations: Informational Approach. Geoinformatics, 14, No.3, 233-240.
Eppelbaum, L.V., and Ezersky, M., 2009. Microgravity as a new tool for examination of archaeological
sites in Israel: Results of 3-D gravity field examination on models and vertical derivative
computation. Trans. of the Conf. of the Israel Geological Society Annual Meet., Metula, Israel.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 1997a. Modern interpretation of magnetic data in archaeological sites of
Israel. Trans. of IX General Assembly of European Geophysical Society. Strasbourg, France,
34/4P01, p.314.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 1997b. Magnetic prospecting as effective mean of studying
archaeological sites of Israel. Colloque D'Archeometrie, Rennes, France, p.19.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 2000a. Localization of new archaeological remains in the vicinity of the
Tel Megiddo site. Trans. of the Conf. of the Israel Geol. Soc. Ann. Meet., Ma’alot, Israel, p. 37.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 2003. Geophysical examination of the Christian archaeological site
Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel). Selected Papers of the XIX CIPA Conf. “New Perspectives to
Save the Cultural Heritage”, Antalya, Turkey, 395-400.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E., Fleckenstein, K.-H. and Fleckenstein, L., 2007. Latest results of
geophysical-archaeological investigations at the Christian archaeological site Emmaus-Nicopolis
(central Israel). Proceed. of the 69th EAGE Conference, P118, London, Great Britain, 5 pp.
94. Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Gopher, A., 2000. Development of the initial physical-archaeological
model of the Nahal-Zehora site (Central Israel) using modern magnetic data interpretation. Selected
Papers presented at the Ann. SAGEEP Confer., Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Arlington, USA, 379-388.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Gopher, A., 2012. Detailed interpretation of magnetic data in the Nahal-
Zehora site, In: (Ed. A. Gopher), Monograph Series of the Inst. of Archaeology, Emery and Claire Yass
Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, “The Nahal-Zehora sites – Pottery Neolithic Villages
in the Menashe Hills”, Monogr. Ser. No. 19, 315-331.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Khesin, B.E., 2000. Optimization of magnetic investigations in the
archaeological sites in Israel, In: Special Issue of Prospezioni Archeologiche “Filtering, Modeling and
Interpretation of Geophysical Fields at Archaeological Objects”, 65-92.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis S.E. and Khesin, B.E., 2004. Initial visualization of magnetic survey results at the
Prehistoric archaeological sites in Israel. Trans. of the 5th Intern. Symp. on Eastern Mediterr. Geology,
Thessaloniki, Greece, Vol. 2, 747-750.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Khesin, B.E., 2005. Detailed magnetic survey at Prehistoric
archaeological cites in Israel. Trans. of the 67 EAGE Conf., Madrid, Spain, 3231-3234.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Khesin, B.E., 2006. Detailed magnetic survey unmasks Prehistoric
archaeological sites in Israel. Trans. of the 2006 SAGEEP Conference, Calgary, Canada, 8 pp.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Petrov, A.V., 2000. Physics and archaeology: magnetic field as a reliable
tool for searching ancient remains in Israel. Scientific Israel, No.2, 68-78.
Eppelbaum, L. and Katz, Yu., 2022. Combined Zonation of the African-Levantine-Caucasian Areal of
Ancient Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and
Geophysical-Geodynamical Data. Geosciences (Switzerland), 27, No. 1, 1-23.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Khesin, B.E., 2001. Disturbing Factors in Geophysical Investigations at
Archaeological Sites and Ways of Their Elimination. Trans. of the IV Conf. on Archaeological
Prospection, Vienna, Austria, 99-101.
95. Eppelbaum, L.V. and Khesin, B.E., 2012. Geophysical Studies in the Caucasus. Springer, Heidelberg –
N.Y.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001c. Prompt magnetic investigations of archaeological
remains in areas of infrastructure development: Israeli experience. Archaeological Prospection, 8,
No.3, 163-185.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2010. Archaeological geophysics in arid environments:
Examples from Israel. Journal of Arid Environments, 74, No. 7, 849-860.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E., Itkis S.E. and Ben-Avraham, Z., 2004c. Advanced analysis of self-
potential data in ore deposits and archaeological sites. Trans. of the 10th European Meeting of
Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1-4.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2006b. Some peculiarities of geophysical investigations at
archaeological sites in Israel. Russian Archaeology, No. 1, 59-70.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2006c. Modern geophysical methodologies as reliable tool
for reducing risk of archaeological heritage destruction. Trans. of the Intern. Conf. on Mathematical
Geophysics, Israel.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Kutasov, I.M., 2014. Advanced analysis of thermal data observed in subsurface
wells unmasks the ancient climate. Trans. of the 10th EUG Meet., Geophysical Research Abstracts,
Vol. 16, EGU2014-3261, Vienna, Austria, 1-3.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Kutasov, I.M. and Barak, G., 2006. Ground surface temperature histories inferred from
15 boreholes temperature profiles: Comparison of two approaches. Earth Sciences Research
Journal, 10, No. 1, 25-34.
Eppelbaum, L.V. and Pilchin, A.N., 2005. A quick subsidence of a crustal block in SW Aegean Sea as a
possible cause of the end of ancient civilization in 17th century BC. Trans. of the Intern. Conf.
“Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land”, Milos Island, Greece.
96. Eppelbaum, L.V. and Yakubov, Ya.S., 2004. Multimodel approach to processing and interpretation of
potential geophysical fields at archaeological objects. Trans. of the 1st EUG Meet., Geophysical Research
Abstracts, Nice, France, Vol. VI, No. 00137, 2 pp.
Eppelbaum, L.V., Zheludev, V. and Averbuch, A., 2014. Diffusion maps as a powerful tool for integrated
geophysical field analysis to detecting hidden karst terranes. Izv. Acad. Sci. Azerb. Rep., Ser.: Earth
Sciences, Nos. 1-2, 36-46.
Finkelstein, M. and Eppelbaum, L., 1997. Classification of the disturbing objects using interpretation of low-
intensive temporary magnetic variations. Trans. of the Conference the Geological Society of America,
Salt Lake City, 29, No.6, p. 326.
Finkelstein, M. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Classification of Archaeological Targets by the Use of
Temporary Magnetic Variations Examination. Trans. of the 11th EUG Meet., Geophysical Research
Abstracts, Vol. 17, EGU2015-6504, Vienna, Austria, 1-2.
Gadirov V. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2015. Density-thermal dependence of sedimentary associations calls to
reinterpreting detailed gravity surveys. Annales Geophysicae, 58, No. 1, 1-6.
Itkis, S.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Magnetic Prospecting to the North of the Late Bronze City Gate, In:
(Ed. I. Finkelstein), “Megiddo-V: 2004-2008 seasons”, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in
Archaeology, 1295-1313.
Itkis, S.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 1998. First results of magnetic prospecting application at the Prehistoric
sites of Israel. Journal of the Prehistoric Society of Israel, 28, 177-187.
Itkis, S.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Magnetic survey in the vicinity of the Paneas. In: (Ed. M. Hartal)
Paneas: The Survey, the Aqueduct, the northern cemeteries and excavations in the northwestern Suburb.
The Israel Antique Authority, Jerusalem, 143-151.
Itkis, S., Khesin, B., Eppelbaum, L. and Khalaily, H., 2003. The Natufian site of Eynan (Hula valley, northern
Israel): Magnetic prospecting reveals new features. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, 52, No. 3-4, 209-
219.
97. Itkis, S.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Magnetic Prospecting to the North of the Late Bronze City Gate,
In: (Ed. I. Finkelstein), “Megiddo-V: 2004-2008 seasons”, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in
Archaeology, 1295-1313.
Khesin, B.E., Alexeyev, V.V. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 1996. Interpretation of geophysical fields in
complicated environments. Kluwer Acad. Publisher, Ser.: Modern Approaches in Geophysics,
London – Boston – Dordrecht.
Khesin, B.E., Alexeyev, V.V. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 1997. Rapid methods for interpretation of induced
polarization anomalies. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 37, No.2, 117-130.
Khesin, B.E. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 1997. The number of geophysical methods required for target
classification: quantitative estimation. Geoinformatics, 8, No.1, 31-39.
Kutasov, I.M. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Optimization of temperature observational well selection.
Exploration Geophysics, 44, No. 3, 192-198.
Kutasov, I.M., Eppelbaum, L.V. and Dorofeyeva, R.P., 2000. Physical-mathematical problem of the
recent climate reconstruction from subsurface temperature logs. Scientific Israel, No.2, 79-83.
Neishtadt, N.M. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2012. Perspectives of application of piezoelectric and
seismoelectric methods in applied geophysics. Russian Geophysical Journal, Nos. 51-52, 63-80.
Neishtadt, N., Eppelbaum, L. and Levitski, A., 2006. Application of seismo-electric phenomena in
exploration geophysics: Review of Russian and Israeli experience. Geophysics, 71, No.2, B41-B53.
Nikolaev, A., Gorkin, D., Eppelbaum, L.V., Manukov, P., Arnon, N., Libin, A. and Buloshnikov, A.,
2018. Investigation of archaeological caves in Israel using the high frequency impulse electric
prospecting. Doklady Earth Sciences (Springer), 482, No. 2, 1320-1323.
