தற்காலத் தமிழில் சமைத்தல் வினைச்சொற்கள் பொருண்மையியல் ஆய்வு

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Dr.s.sundarabalu, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
Dr.Franklin Thambi Jose, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia
rikj;jy; vd;gJ czTg; nghUis cz;gjw;F Vw;wthW jahh; nra;jiy
rikj;jy; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. rik vd;gJ Njitahdij ePf;fp rhpahdij
gphpj;J jahhpj;jy;. rikj;jy; tpidapy; mjpfkhd nghUs; czHit nfhz;L
,Uf;Fk;. rhg;ghl;bw;F vt;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wNjh mt;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mt;tpidAk; ngWfpd;wJ. kdpj tho;tpy; mjpf Neuk; ,t;tpidia Nehf;fpNa
,Uf;Fk;. gbj;jtd;> gbf;fhjtd; vd;w Ngjk; njhpahj tpid ,J. rik vd;w
tpidapy; gLk; mOf;F (rikf;Fk; NghJ) rhg;gpL> (rhg;gpLk;NghJ) Urp vd;w
tpidapy; kiwe;JtpLk;. kdpj tuyhw;W tpidfspy; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj $l te;J
nfhz;bUg;gJ. vj;jidNah tpidfs; Gjpjhf te;jhYk; gok; tpid vd;w ngaH
ngw;W epiyj;J epw;gJ. tpid mg;gbNa ,Ue;jhYk; epiwa czTtiffis
cUthf;fj; Jiz epw;gJ. rikay; jsj;jpy; rik tpid Ke;jpajh> rhg;gpL tpid
Ke;jpajh vd;why; czit rikj;Jj;jhd; cz;zNtz;ba fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
rikj;jyp;y; gf;Ftk; cz;L mjhtJ gz;Lj;Jjy;> tsHr;rp Nehf;Fjy; cz;L.
Mdhy;> rhg;gpLjypy; gz;gLj;Jjy; ,y;iy. vdNt kdpj tho;f;ifapy; rhg;gpL
Ke;jpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; kdpjid gz;gLj;jpajpy; rik vd;w tpidNa Kd;epiy
ngWfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahf rikj;jypy; jP Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt> jP
ed;ik nra;Ak; ,lk; ‘rik’ tpidapy;.
rikaypy; khkprk; rikj;jhYk; fha;fwp rikj;jhYk; czthf khw jPia
vjpHNehf;fp ,Ug;gJ khkprNk> Vd; vd;why; nte;jhy;jhd; khkprj;ij kdpjd;
cz;z KbAk;. ngUk;ghYk; jw;fhyj;jpy; czT vd;W ngaH ngWtJ rikj;jg;
gpd;Gjhd;. Fwpg;ghf rik vd;w tpid ngw;nwLg;gJjhd; czT vd;w Foe;ij.
vdNt rikaypy; cs;s rikj;jy; jsj;jpy; Vw;gLk;> Njhd;Wk; tpidfis
nghUz;ik fl;likg;NghL mjd; nghUs; $W> nghUz;ikj; jd;ik> NtWghL
Nghd;witfs; nghUz;ikfs; tpjp mikg;gpy; ,q;Nf ghHf;fyhk;.
rikj;jy; jsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpidfs;
1) Nja;1
7) fOT 13) chp 19) Rwz;L
2) Jyf;F/ntyf;F 8) Gil 14) rPT 20) top
3) fis 9) jhj;J 15) Fj;J 21) mW
4) mhp1
(gpuha;) 10) nfhop 16) jPl;L 22) mhp3
5) mhp2
11) Nehk;G 17) Nja;2
23) tfpH
6) myk;G (myR) 12) ryp 18) Jil 24) fPW (fPD)
25) fps;S 47) fil 69) Fio 91) mLf;F
26) xb 48) fiu 70) ekH 92) gjp
27) gpa; 49) Fog;G 71) CW 93) myq;fhp
28) $l;L 50) fUf;F 72) Gsp 94) eid(njha;)

29) fpz;L 51) nghRf;F 73) rpt 95) g+R(jlT)
30) fyf;F 52) RL1
74) RUs; 96) cUl;L
31) NrH 53) RL2
75) cg;G 97) RUl;L
32) fpsW 54) RL3
76) gphp 98) gpb
33) mb 55) RL4
77) nghq;F 99) kb
34) Fog;G 56) RL5
78) nfhjp 100) KWf;F
35) ,b 57) nghhp1
79) Eiu 101) jl;L
36) nghb 58) nghhp2
80) ,WF 102) ntl;L1
37) nehWf;F 59) tW1
81) fha;1
103) eWf;F
38) cil 60) tW2
82) fha;2
104) ntl;L2
39) EZf;F 61) fha;r;R 83) Mw;W 105) ,U
40) eRf;F 62) mtp1
84) MW 106) tb
41) miu1
63) NtF(nte;J) 85) cyH 107) Urp
42) miu2
64) tjf;F 86) jPa; 108) KfH
43) JUT 65) jhsp 87) fhe;J 109) epkpl;L
44) cjpH 66) Rz;L1
88) cUF(,yF) 110) mOj;J
45) gpir 67) Rz;L2
89) jphp ---------
46) krp 68) nehjp 90) nfl;L(NfL) ----------
tpidr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs; vy;iy:
NkNy $wg;gl;l tpidr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; vy;iyia ,t;tplk;
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Vd; vd;why; rikj;jy; jsj;jpw;Nf chpa tpid nrhw;fSk; nghJ
nkhopapy; toq;fp> ,q;Fr; rikay; nghUis vLf;Fk; tpidr;nrhw;fSk; Ma;Tf;F
vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; fPo;fz;l tiuKiwfs; mjw;F nghUe;Jfpd;wd.
1) Nkw;fz;l tpidr;nrhw;fs; vLf;fg;gLk; NghJ jdptpidahf cs;sij
kl;LNk vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ(Single root). $l;L tpidahf cs;s (Compound form)
nrhw;fis> (tWj;njL> Fok;G it) Nghd;w $l;Lr;nrhw;fs; ,t;tha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;
gltpy;iy.
2) ,t;tpidr; nrhw;fspy; (Transitive, Intransitive) kpFjpahf nra;gLnghUs;
Fd;whtpid ( Transitive verb) fSk; rpy ,lq;fspy; nra;gL nghUs; Fd;wpatpid
(Intransitive verb) Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzkhf> nghhpj;jy;(nr.Fwh)> nghhpjy; (nr.F) Mfpa ,U tpidfSk;
tUk;NghJ nghhpj;jy; kl;LNk Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3) ,t;tpidr; rnhw;fspy; kpFjpahf mfuhjp kw;Wk; rikay; E}y;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf mfuhjpapy; ,y;yhj Gjpa
tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; rpyTk; juthff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzj;jpw;F

‘Nehk;G’- Separating best quality grains
‘nfhop’- Separating worst quality grains
4) ngUk;ghd;ikahd tpidfs; tPl;L rikay; $lq;fspy; epfo;tdthfTk;
ngUk;ghyhdtHfSf;F njhpe;j nrhw;fs; kl;LNk juthf vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf
Jhpj cztfk; kw;Wk; czT Ma;Tf; $lq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; my;yJ nkhopf;
fyg;G tpidfis juthf vLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
5) Kjd;ik czT> Jiz czT vd;w tiuaiw vd;gJ ve;j czT
%d;W Ntiyf;Fk; cz;Ztjw;F Vw;wNjh> my;yJ %d;W NtiyAk; xNu czitr;
rhg;gpl;lhy; cly; NrhHT Vw;glhky; ,Uf;FNkh me;j czit Kjd;ik czT
vd;Wk; kw;w czTfis Jiz czT vd;Wk; tiuaiwf; nfhs;syhk;.
6) ,t;tpidr; nrhw;fspy; gy nghJ nkhopapy; NtW xU nghUs; jd;ikiaf;
nfhLj;jhYk;> mg;nghUis tpLj;J rikay; jsj;jpy; vd;d nghUspy;
toq;Ffpd;wNjh mij kl;Lk; juthf tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzkhf>
‘gpir’ vd;gJ ‘khit gpir’ vd;Wk;> Fj;J vd;gJ khit Fj;jp gpir>
‘tilia Fj;jpg;ghH vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rikj;jy; njhlHghd tpidr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; tpsf;fk;
1) Nja; - 1
‘Nja;j;jy;’ vd;gJ xU nghUisr; Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; njhlHghd tof;F. xU
nghUspd; JizNahL ePHkk; ,y;yhky; Nja;j;J mOf;if ePf;Fjy;. Fwpg;ghf>
,t;tpidapd; nray;ghL vd;gJ xd;iw kw;Nwhd;wpd; kPJ mOj;jp Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf
curp Rj;jk; nra;jy;. rub ghj;jpuj;ij/fha;fwpfis Rj;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ fOTjYf;F
Kd;ghf ,t;tpidiaf; nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzkhf!
i) gj;Jghj;jpuk; Nja;j;J Nghl;L tpl;L Ntiyf;fhhp Ngha; tpl;lhs;. ahH mij
fOTtJ.
ii) cUisf;fpoq;if Nja;r;R fOT
+ Rj;jk; nra;jy;
+ fUtpapd; JizNahL (ngUk;ghYk; ePHkj;jpd; JizNahL)
+ Nky;gFjp kl;Lk;
+ Fiwthd mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ifahy;.
2) Jyf;F (ntyf;F)
,t;tpidapd; nray; xU nghUis Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; njhlHghd tof;F. fOT>
myR> myk;G> Jil midj;Jk; Rj;jg;gLj;Jjiyf; Fwpj;jhYk; Jyf;F my;yJ
ntyf;F vd;gJ ghj;jpuj;jpw;F kl;Lk; tUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ghj;jpuj;ij gspr;rpl
nra;tjhfTk; mt;tpidapd; nghUs; czHT tUfpd;wJ. gpj;jiyg; Nghd;w fspk;G
glUk; ghj;jpuj;ij ‘fOT’ vd;gijtpl ‘Jyf;F’ (ntyf;F) vd;gNj kpFjpahf
tUfpd;wJ.
fOTjy;: vd;gJ nghJg;nghUs;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; tUk;.
myR: vd;gJ ghj;jpuj;jpy; xl;b> cs; GFe;j mOf;if ePiutpl;L
my;yJ ePUf;Fs; tpl;L Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; Ml;b Rj;jk;
nra;jy;.
Jyf;F: vd;gJ fOT vd;w nghUNshL mg;ghj;jpuj;ij kpFjpahf
gspr;rpl itj;jy;.
Fwpg;ghf ,t;tpid ghj;jpuq;fis Rj;jk; nra;jYf;F kl;LNk tuf;$baJ.
cjhuzkhf
1) tPl;il fOT √
2) tPl;il myR √
3) tPl;ilj; Jyf;F x
2) Jzpia myk;G my;yJ myR√

Jzpia fOT√
Jzpiaj; Jyf;F x
3) ghj;jpuj;ij fOtp it√
ghj;jpuj;ij myrpit my;yJ ntyf;fpit√
ghj;jpuj;ij Jyf;fpit my;yJ ntyf;fpit√ vdNt Jyf;F my;yJ ntyf;F
vd;gJ czT ghj;jpuq;fSf;F kl;LNk tUtJ.
+ ghj;jpuj;jpw;F kl;Lk;
+ gspr;rpl itj;jy;
+ ePHkk;
+ fUtpapd; JizNahL
3) fis:
czT nghUshfg; gad;gLk; jhdpaq;fis Fwpg;ghf mhprpia ePHkj;jpy; tpl;L
mjpy; cs;s fw;fs;> JUk;Gfs;> Nruhj mhprp Kjypatw;iw iffshy; gphpj;njLj;jy;
my;yJ gpirjy;. Fwpg;ghf ePHkj;jpy; %o;fpa nghUis iffshy; gpire;J mOf;if
ePf;Fjy;.
cjhuzkhf>
mhprpiaf; fise;J ciyapy; NghL. ,t;tpidapy; ePHkk;> if> rikf;fg;gLk;
nghUs; Kf;fpakhdit. ‘fis’ vd;gNj fpswp mOf;ifg; gphpj;jy; my;yJ fpz;Ljy;.
+ mhprp
+ ePHkk;
+ gpirjy; kw;Wk; fpsWjy;
4) mhp-(1)(gPuha;-2) 5) mhp- (2)
,t;tpuz;L tpidAk; nghUs; njhlHGila xU tbt nrhy;yikg;igf;
nfhz;lJ. ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; ,UNtW nghUz;ik vy;iy nfhz;ljhy; ,t;tplk;
jdpj;jdpr; nrhy;yhf vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJnghUs;: xUnghUs; kPJ fplg;gij my;yJ ePHkj;jpy; kpjg;gij my;yJ
ePHkj;jpy; mkpo;e;J fplg;gij fUtpfshy; gphpj;njLj;jy; vd;gJ MFk;.
5) mhp-(1) (gPuha;) ePHkj;jpy; kpjf;Fk; nghUis fUtpfshy; xd;W jpul;b vLj;jy;
kl;Lky;yhky; ePHkj;jpy; mkpo;e;J fplf;Fk; nghUis juk; gphpf;f fw;fis mfw;w
iffis Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf Ml;b mhpj;njLj;jy;.
cjhuzkhf:
ⅰ) til Rl;l vz;nzapy; kpjf;Fk; nghUis mhpj;J vL my;yJ gPuhQ;rp vL.
ⅱ) mhprpiaf; fise;J fy;ePf;fp mhpr;rpf;nfhL my;yJ gPuha;Q;rpf; nfhL.
mhp -(2)
ePHkk; ,y;yhj NghJ jhdpaq;fspy; fplf;Fk; my;yJ fye;J fplf;Fk;
nghUis xd;W jpul;b iffshy; vLj;jy; my;yJ ry;yil Kwk; Nghd;wtw;iw
gad;gLj;jp gphpj;njLj;jy;.
cjhuzkhf:
ⅰ) mhprpapy; fy; ,y;yhky; mhpr;rpf; nfhL
ⅱ) fliykhit nfhQ;rk; mhpr;rpf; nfhL.
Nkw;fz;l cjhuzj;jhy; ‘mhp’ vd;gJ gy Ed;ik NtiyghLfisf;
nfhz;lJ. Fwpg;ghf Gilj;jy;> rypj;jy;> fy;ePf;Fjy;> Rj;jk; nra;jy; vd
midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. Mdhy;> mhp-(1)-y; cs;s nray; ePHkk; fye;jpUg;gjhy;
FWfpa gzpNahL Kbe;J tpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzj;jpy; NtWghL ,y;iy vd;whYk;>
nraiy Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;tJ Ntwhf cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf mhp xd;wpy; mhpAk; tUk;
gPuhQ;Rk; tUk;. mhp ,uz;by; gPuhQ;R tuhJ. gPuha; vd;w tpidapy; fUtpahy; xd;W
jpul;Ljy; vd;w nghUSk;. mhp ,uz;by; nghUisf; fise;J jdpj;jdpahf;fp gphpj;jy;
vd;w nghUs; fl;likg;Gk; cfe;jjhff; nfhs;syhk;.

mhp- 1
+ ePHkk;
+ fUtpapd; cjtpahy;
+ ePHkj;jpd; Nky;/mbapy;
+ ghj;jpuj;ij Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; Ml;Ljy;
+ Njitahdij gphpj;jy; (mbghfj;jpy;)
+ Njitaw;wij gphpj;jy; (Nky; ghfj;jpy;)
+ xd;W jpul;b ms;Sjy;
mhp-2
− ePHkk;
+ fUtpapd; cjtpahy;
+ jplg;nghUspd; Nky;/fye;J
+ gy epfo;Tfspy; gphpj;jy;
+ Njitaw;wij ePf;fp gphpj;jy;
− xd;W jpul;L
6) myk;G (myR) 7) fOT:
ve;j xU nghUisAk; ePhpdhy; Rj;jk; nra;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,t;tpU
tpidfSk; nghUs; czHtpy; njhlHGila ,U nrhw;fshf cs;sJ. ,t;TzHT
vd;gJ nghJtpy; njhlHGk; cs;Ns gphpTk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
‘myR’ vd;gJ- Jzp> ghj;jpuk;> fha;fwp Kjypatw;iw ePhpy; Kf;fp Ml;b
vLj;jy;.
‘fOT’ vd;gjpy; nghUis ePhpdhy; Rj;jk; nra;jiy Fwpf;fpd;wd.
fOT vd;w tpidAk; myR vd;w tpidAk; Rj;jg;gLj;JjiyNa Fwpj;jhYk;
,uz;Lk; ,UNtW nghUs; vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ. Fwpg;ghf fOT vd;gjpy; myR
vd;w xU epfo;T eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
‘fOT’ vd;gJ epjhdkhf ePHkj;ij itj;J mOf;if ePf;Fjy; ‘myR’ vd;gJ
ePHkj;ij tpl;L /ePHkj;jpy; nghUis tpl;L Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nghUis Ml;b Rj;jk;
nra;jyhff; nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzkhf
1) rikayiwia myk;gp myrp tpL√
rikayiwia fOtp tpL√
2) ,l;lyp Jzpia myrp fhag;NghL√
,l;lyp Jzpia fOtp fhag;NghL x
3) rhg;gpl;l ifia fOT√
rhg;gpl;l ifia myR x
4) mhpQ;r kPid ed;whf myrp nfhL√
5) mhpQ;r fha;fwpia myrhNj√
vdNt myR vd;gJk; fOT vd;gJk; Rj;jk; nra;jy; vd;w nghJnghUs;
,Ue;jhYk; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdp nghUs; mZ fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ. Fwpg;ghf
‘myR’ vd;gjpy; xU xyp jd;ikf; nfhz;l ,af;fk; ,Ug;gjhf cs;sJ. nghJ
nkhopapy; ,uz;Lk; ,UNtW jdpj;jdp nghJ nghUisAk; nfhz;ljhf nfhs;syhk;.
myR vd;jpy; EDfpa> xl;b ,Uf;Fk; Nghfhj mOf;if ePf;Fjy; vd;w jd;ik
nfhz;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;. fOT vd;gjpy; jz;zpia Cw;W epfo;j;jyhk;. myrpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf mg;gb nra;a ,ayhJ.
‘myR’ vd;w xU epfo;T Kbe;j gpwF ‘fOT’ vd;w xU epfo;T Vw;gl
tha;g;gpy;iy. Mdhy; xd;iw fOtpa gpwF ‘myR’ vd;w epfo;T Vw;gl tha;g;G
cz;L.

myk;G (myR)
+ ePHkk;
+ Rj;jk; nra;jy;
+ fl;lhak; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; Ml;Ljy;
+ xypj;jd;ik Vw;gLjy;
+ jhdhf NghfKbahj mOf;if ePf;Fjy;.
+ Kaw;rp mjpfk;.
− fOT ,Wjp epiyapy;
fOT
+ ePHkk;
+ Rj;jk; nra;jy;
+ jhdhf mOf;if ePf;Fjy;
+ xUKiw kl;LNk epfo;tjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
– ngUk; Kaw;rp
– xypj;jd;ik
8) Gil 9) jhj;J
(nghJthf) ,t;tpU tpidfSk; NrHe;J nghJnghUs; vLj;J> gpwF jd; jdpg;
nghUis vLf;fpd;wd. nghJnghUs; vd;gJ: vilf; Fiwthf> rpwpa tbtkhf cs;s
nghUs;fspy; xl;b fye;J ,Uf;Fk; J}Rfis mfw;w Kwj;jpy; ,l;L NkYk; fPOkhf
Ml;b fhw;wpy; J}Rfisg; gwf;f tpl;L Rj;jk; nra;jy;.
cjhuzkhf
ⅰ) mhprpia Gilj;Jf;nfhL
Gil vd;gJ Nkw;fz;l nghJ nghUisf; nfhz;L Fwpg;ghf J}R kw;Wk; jtpL
Nghd;wtw;iw ntspNaw;w(Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs; Kwj;ij gpbj;jpUf;Fk;) ,UiffspYk;
xypnaOg;gp rpy Neuq;fspy; thapYk; xypnaOg;gp jhdpaq;fis Rj;jk; nra;Ak;
nray;.
Gilj;jy; vd;gJ jhdpaj;ij Kwj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapy; NrHj;J rpwpJ rpwpjhf
Kd;gFjpf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J NknyOg;gp J}rpia fhw;wpy; gwf;ftpLjy;>
Njitapy;yhj nehWq;fpaij Kd;gFjpapy; NrHj;J ntspNaw;Wjy;> ,Wjpahf
Rj;jkhdij xd;wpidj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf Kwj;jpd; Kd;gFjpf;F Ntiyf;nfhLj;jy;.
Gil:
+ Kwk;
+ J}rpia ntspNaw;Wjy;
+ xypnaOg;gp (iffshy; Gilj;jy;)
+ Kwj;ij NkYk; fPOkhf Ml;b J}rpia ntspNaw;Wjy;.
jhj;J:
Nkw;fz;l nghJtpsf;fk; ,jw;Fk; nghUe;jpdhYk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy;
nghUz;ik NtWghL cilaJ. Kwj;jpy; ,l;L Gilf;Fk; NghJ fw;fis kl;Lk;
gphpj;njLf;f gad;gLj;Jk; xU tif EDf;fkhd nray;ghL. Fwpg;ghf J}rp/jtpL
Nghd;w rikaYf;Fg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj/Gilf;Fk; NghJ fhw;wpy; gwe;J ntspNaw
Kbahj fw;fs;> Njhy; ePf;fg;glhj jhdpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ngUk;ghYk; Kwj;jpd;
mbg;gFjpia Ml;b ePf;Fjy;.
cjhuzkhf
mhprpia/Nfo;tuif jhj;jpf; nfhL. Fwpg;ghf ‘jhj;J’ vd;w tpid mhprp
‘Nfo;tuF’ Nghd;w nghUs;fSf;Nf ,t;tpid epfo;fpd;wJ. ‘jhj;J’ vd;gJ
Gilj;jypy; xU tifahff; nfhs;syhk;. ngUk;ghYk; jhdpaq;fis Gilj;jg;gpwF
jhd; ‘jhj;Jjy;’ epfOk;. jhj;J epfo;e;jg; gpwF Gilj;jy; epfotha;g;gpy;iy.
jhj;J
+ Kwk;
+ Ntz;lhj fw;fs; jhdpaq;fis ePf;Fjy;.
+ Kwj;ij Ml;Ljy;

– Gilj;jy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; Kwj;jpd; mbg;gFjp
10) nfhop 11) Nehk;G:
,t;tpUtpidfSk; Kwj;jpd; nray;ghLfshy; epfo;td. ,J Gilj;jypy;
xUtif. nfhop’ vd;gJ mhprp Nghd;w jhdpaq;fs; Kjypatw;wpypUe;J neha;>
FUiz Kjypatw;iw gphpj;njLf;f Kwj;jhy; Gilj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf jukw;w cile;j
rikf;f gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ,uz;lhk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;l jhdpaq;fis
gphpj;njLj;jy;.
cjhuzkhf>
‘mhprpia nfhopr;rpf; nfhL’ vd;why; Kjy; jukhd jhdpaj;ij Nrfhpf;f
juky;yhj jhdpaj;ij Kwj;jpypUe;J Kjypy; ePf;fp gpd;G juKs;s jhdpaj;ij
Nrfupj;jy;. ngUk;ghYk; Kwj;jpd; mbg;ghfj;ij Ml;b nra;Ak; nray;.
nfhop:
+ Kwk;
+ cilj;j ,uz;lhk; ju jhdpaj;ij gphpj;jy;.
+ Kwj;jpd; mbg;ghfj;ij gad;gLj;jp nra;jy;.
+ iffshy; Kwj;jpd; mbg;ghfj;ij jl;b> xypnaOg;gp nra;jy;.
Nehk;G: (jhj;J)
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ‘nfhop’ tpidapy; epfOk; epfo;NthL ,ize;J rpy
Fwpg;gpl;l nghUz;ikf; $Wfis gphptpidahff; nfhz;lJ. ‘Nehk;G’ vd;gjpy;
jhdpaq;fspy; cs;s jukw;w nghUs;fistpl;L juKs;s jhdpaq;fis kl;Lk;
gphpj;njLj;jy;. ,jid xU tifahd Gilj;jypd; EDf;fk; vd;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
nghJj; jd;ikapy; nfhop> Gil> Nehk;G. jhj;J (mhprpapd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L)
Gil:
nghJthf jhdpaq;fspy; cs;s J}rpfis ePf;Fjy;.
nfhop:
Kwj;jpy; mhprpia(ifFj;jy; mhprp> iu];kpy;ypy; miuj;j mhprp) nfhopf;Fk;
NghJ Kwj;jpy; nfhopgLk; mhprp ehd;F epiyfshy; gphpfpd;wd.
Kjy;ghfk; – jtpL mjDld; kpfrpwpa neha;.
,uz;lhk; ghfk;– ghjpahf ,be;j mhprp kw;Wk; KO mhprp
%d;whk; ghfk; – eLj;ju mhprp
ehd;fhk; ghfk; – KOikahd mhprp tiffs; kw;Wk; mhprp mstpy; cs;s
fw;fs;.
Nehk;G:
mhprpia Gilf;Fk; NghJ (Kwj;jpd; Edpapy;)
1) Kwj;jpd; Edpapy; gjW
2) eLghfk; neha; kw;Wk; jhdpak;
3) Kwk; cs;s tyJ Gwj;jpd; %iyapy; rpwpa $ohq;fw;fs;> ,lJ Gwj;jpy;
KOikahfg; gad;glf; $ba mhprp.
jhj;J
vd;gJ jhdpaj;ij jhj;Jk; NghJ Kw;wpYk; ey;y gad;glf;$ba mhprpia
kl;Lk; ntspNa vLj;jy;.
Nehk;G:
+ Kwk;
+ Gilj;jypd; xUtif
+ juKs;s nghUis kl;Lk; ePf;Fjy;
Gil> jhj;J> nfhop> Nehk;G ehd;fpd; nray;ghLfis nghUsdJ tpsf;fk;
%ykhf tpsf;Fjy; rpwe;jJ.

12.) ryp:
jhdpak;> khT Kjypatw;iwr; ry;yilapy; Nghl;L gf;fthl;by;/tl;ltbtpy;
Ml;b Ntz;lhjtw;iw ePf;Fjy;. ry;yil vd;gJ gytiffspy;
gytifnghUSf;Nfw;g ,r;nray; khWgLfpd;wJ. ‘ryp’ vd;w nray;ghL ry;yil vd;w
fUtpiag; nghUj;J ,uz;L tifahf mikfpd;wJ.
Kjy; tif:
nghUisj; juk; gphpf;f ry;yilapy; Nghl;L gf;f thl;by;/tl;ltbtpy; Ml;b
ifahy; fpswp> Ntz;batw;iw ry;yilapd; NkNy itj;Jf; nfhz;L Ntz;lhjtw;iw
fPNo tpOkhW nra;jy;.
,uz;lthJ tif:
Nkw;fz;l Kjy;tifapd; mbg;gil nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;L Ntz;batw;iw
fPNo tpoitj;J Ntz;lhjtw;iw ry;yilapd; NkNy jq;fitj;jy; vd;w ,uz;L
nray;Kiwapy; rypj;jy; mikfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf:
‘khT rypj;jy;’ vd;gJ ,bj;j cjphp khit Fwpg;ghf rikf;fj; Njitg;gLk;
khit fPNo tpo itj;jy;.
‘mhprp rypj;jy;’ vd;gJ (fw;fis> neha; Nghd;wtw;iw) Fwpg;ghf
gad;glhjtw;iw fPNo tpoitj;J Njitahdtw;iw NkNy jq;fitj;jy;. ,uz;L
tpidAk; czT nghUspd; gad;ghl;Lj; jd;ikf;Nfw;g> ry;yilapd; mikg;gpw; Nfw;g
khWgLfpd;wJ.
ryp:
+ ry;yil
+ juk; gphpj;jy;
± NkNy jq;fitj;jy;
+ gf;fthl;by;> tl;ltbtpy; Ml;Ljy;
+ nghUSf;F Vw;w Jthuk;.
13) chp:
gok;> fpoq;F kw;Wk; cztpw;F gad;gLk; kpUfq;fs;> gwitfs;> kPd;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; Njhiy (rijg;gw;W ,y;yhky; jdpj;J tuf;$ba Njhiy kl;Lk;)
ePf;Fjy;. chp vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; kdpj iffshNy epfof;$baJ.
‘chp’ gy epiyfis cilaJ.
ⅰ) Ntfitg;gjw;fhf Njhiy chpj;jy;(ML> vyp)
ⅱ) Ntfitj;jjpd; Njhiy chpj;jy; (gidfpoq;F)
ⅲ) Neubahf rhg;gpLtjw;fhf Njhiy chpj;jy; (thiog;gok;)
ⅳ) tWj;jjpd; Njhiy chpj;jy; (fliy)
nghJthf midj;J chpj;jYk; Rj;jk; nra;jiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf
Njhy; jdpj;jjhf tUjy;. ngUk;ghYk; czT nghUs;fis chpj;jhy; mJ gpd;G
cztpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. (c.k.) thiog;goj;jpd; Njhiy chp
chp
+ Njhiy ePf;Fjy;
+ Ntf itg;gjw;fhf
+ Ntf itj;jij
+ Neubahf rhg;gpl;l
+ tWj;jij
– rijg;gw;W
+ jbj;j Njhy;
14) rPT:
rPTjy; vd;w tpid ‘fj;jp’ Kjypatw;why; nky;ypa RUs;fshf ePf;Fjy;.
,t;tpid njhlHGila ,uz;L tpidia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
1) Ntz;lhjtw;iw (Rj;jk; nra;Ak; nghUl;L) gok;> fha; Kjypa Njhy;
gFjpia ePf;Fjy;.

2) Ntz;batw;iw rikf;Fk;/rhg;gpLk; nghUl;L nky;ypajhf Jz;L NghLjy;.
,jid ,t;thW tpsf;fyhk;.
rijg;gw;Wld; $ba/ nky;ypa chpf;f ,ayhj jd;ikapy; cs;s fha;fwp> goq;fs;
Kjypatw;wpd; Njhiy fj;jp Nghd;w fUtpahy; Njhiy ePf;Fjy;. mt;thW Njhy;
ePf;fpag; gpd; mjid nky;ypajflhf Jz;LNghLjiyAk; NrHj;J ,r;nray;
epfo;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzj;jpw;F
Njhiy rPTjy;>(Rj;jk; nra;jy;)
1) nts;shp> gPHf;fq;fhapd; Njhiy ed;whf rPtpf;nfhL
2) md;dhrp goj;jpd; Njhiy rPtp vL.
czTf;F jahH nra;jy;:
3) g[;[pf;F thiof;fhia rPtpf; nfhL.
4) rthhpfl;l fpoq;if rPtpf; nfhL (kur;rPdp fpoq;F)
vdNt> rijg;gw;Wld; NrHe;J,y;yhky; jbj;j Njhy; gFjpia/ jdpj;jjhf
tuf;$ba Njhiy chp vd;Wk;> nkd;ikahf rijNahL xl;b cs;s Njhiy rPT
vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rPT vd;gJ xUKiw> KOtJkhf jdpj;jjhf
epfof;$baJ. xg;gplhf ntl;L vd;w tpidapy; xd;iw Jz;lhf;f xUKiwf;F Nky;
,uz;L> %d;W jlit epfo;j;jyhk;. Mdhy; ‘rPT’ vd;gjpy; xd;iw ePf;Ftjw;F
xUKiwapy; kl;LNk epfo;j;jp mt;tpidapy; mfg;gl;l nghUis ntspNaw;Wjy; ‘rPT’
vd;gjpy; nky;ypa vd;w nghUs; cs;slf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ngUk;ghYk; xUKiw
kl;LNk epfof;$baJ. Njhiy ePf;Ftjw;F cs;s tpidapy; ‘if’ <Lgl;lhy; mJ
‘chp’ vd;gjhfTk;> fj;jp Nghd;w fUtp <Lgl;lhy; mJ ‘rPT’ vd;gjhfTk; tUfpd;wJ.
,d;Wk; Fwpg;ghf ‘rPT’ vd;gjpy; Njhy; my;yJ xUnghUspd; Nky;gFjp nkd;ikahf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. xU nghUs; nkd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mij ‘rPT’ tpidf;F
mfg;gl;Lk;. mJNt jbj;jjhf fbdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ chp my;yJ gpa; Nghd;w
tpidf;F mfg;gl;Lk; nray; epfOk;.
cjhuzkhf>
‘thiof;fha;’ fha; jd;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mjd; Njhiy ‘rPT’ vd;Wk; mNj
gokhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mjd; Njhiy ‘chp’ vd;Wk; tUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf nghJ tpid
epfo;tpy; xU nghUspd; ‘Njhy;’ jhdhff;$l chpe;J tpoyhk;. Mdhy; rPT fz;bg;ghf
xU egH epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk;.
rPT
+ Njhiy Rj;jk; nra;jy;
+ nkd;ikahd Njhy;gFjpiaf; nfhz;l fha;> goq;fSf;F kl;Lk;.
+ fj;jp
+ xUKiwapy; xU epfo;T epfo;fpwJ
+ nky;ypajhf Jz;LNghLjy;.
– Njhy;(rpy Neuq;fspy;)
15) Fj;J 16) jPl;L
,t;tpU tpidfSk; jhdpaq;fspd; Njhiy ePf;Ftjw;F tUfpd;wd.
typikahf> ,Wfp xl;bapUf;Fk; fha;e;j (nghUspd;) jhdpaq;fspd; Njhiy ePf;Fjy;.
Fwpg;ghf tpuyhy; chpf;f Kbahj kpfr;rpW mstpy; cs;s jhdpaq;fspd; tpid ,J.
Fj;J
rikay; nghUs;jsj;jpy; Njhiy ePf;Fjy; vd;w nghUisAk;> khitg;
gpirjy;/khthf;Fjy; vd;w nghUisAk; vLf;Fk;. ,t;tpid xU fUtpahy;
epfof;$baJ. (Fwpg;ghf Fj;J vd;gjw;F gjk;ghHj;jy; vd;w nghUis ,t;tplk;
vLf;ftpy;iy. cjhuzj;jpw;F: ,l;lyp nte;J tpl;ljh Fj;jpg;ghH?)
ed;whf fha;e;J NjhNyhL ,Ug;gij jdpj;jdpahf ,y;yhky; epiua
jhdpaq;fis cuypy; ,l;L cyf;ifahy; NkypUe;J fPNo Ntfkhf jhdpaq;fspd;
kPJ Nkhjr; nra;J Njhiy kl;Lk; gphpj;jy;.

jPl;L.
,t;tpid jhdpaq;fis Fwpg;ghf Njhy; ePf;fpag;gpd; mjid ntz;ik
jd;ikahf khw;w ,t;tpid epfo;fpd;wJ. ,JTk; cuypy; jhdpaq;fis epug;gp
Ntfkhf NkypUe;J fPNo jhdpaq;fspd; kPJ tpoitj;J J}a;ikg; gLj;Jjy;. ,jd;
nraNyhL njhlHGila ‘Fj;J’ vd;gjpd; %ykhf ,jid tiuaWf;fyhk;.
jhdpaj;jpy; cs;s Nky; Njhiy ePf;f Fj;JjYk;. mj;jhdpaj;ij NkYk; gspr;rpl
Fj;Jjiy jPl;LjyhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
Fwpg;ghf>
mhprpia ,bf;f(khthf;f) Fj;J epfo;Jtjw;Fk;.
mhprpiaj; jPl;l (gspr;rpl) Fj;J epfo;tjw;Fk;.
ney;ypd; Njhiy ePf;f Fj;J epfo;tjw;Fk;.
NtWghL cz;L. xUtpid Njhd;Wk; NghJ mt;tpidapd; Kbtpy; gy GJ
tpidfis nghUSf;Fj;jf;fthW GJtpidfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Fj;J vd;w
tpid NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp te;J jhdpaq;fspy; gLk;NghJ mJ <uj;jd;ik nfhz;l
jhdpakhf ,Ue;jhy;> khthf khwpdhy; ‘,b’ vd;Wk; mJNt
NjhNyhL jbkdhf ,Ue;j jhdpakhf ,Ue;jhy;> Njhy; ePq;fpdhy; ‘Fj;J’ vd;Wk;
mJNt fha;e;J Njhy; ePf;fpa mhprpahf ,Ue;jhy; mjd; jd;ik gspr;rpl;lhy; ‘jPl;L’
vd;Wk; jha; tpidapy; gpwg;ngLf;fpd;wd. tpidfspy; rpy jha;tpidahfTk; rpytpid
mjd; fpistpidahfTk; epfo;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf ‘Fj;J’ vd;w tpid epfotpy;iy
vd;why; (mjhtJ J}f;fp fPNo Ntfkhf ,wf;Fjy;) kw;w tpidfshd eRf;F> ,b>
jPl;L Nghd;w tpidfs; Njhd;wpapUf;f tha;g;gpy;iy.
jha;tpid
Nra;tpid
Nky; Njhiy ePf;f ‘Fj;J’ vd;w tpidAk; rijg;gw;Wld; ,Uf;Fk; Njhiy ePf;f jPl;L
vd;gJk; tUk;. ,uz;L tpidAk; xU Kiwf;F Nky; epfo;tJ Fwpg;ghf
njhlh;r;rpahfTk;> kpFjpahd nghUspYk; epfo;tJ. ,t;tpid xU ,lj;jpy;/nghUspy;
xUKiw kl;Lk; epfo;tJ. Mdhy; ,t;tpuz;Lk; xNu nghUspy; gyKiw epfo;tJ.
ney;iyf; Fj;jp jhd; Njhy; ePf;f KbAk;
ney;iy jPl;b Njhy; ePf;f KbahJ.
Njhy; ePf;Fk; nghUspy; jPl;L epfo tha;g;gpy;iy. Njhy; ,oe;jij my;yJ Fj;J
vd;w vd;w tpidia Kjypy; mDgtpj;j gpwF jhd; jPl;L vd;w tpid epfOk;.
jPl;L - jhdpaj;ij gspr;rpl itj;jy;
Fj;J - jhdpaj;jpd; Njhiy ePf;Fjy;
cjhuzkhf:
1. mhprpia jPl;bf; nfhL (polish)
2. ney;iyf; Fj;jpf; nfhL (Remove the skin)
vdNt ‘Fj;J’ vd;w tpidapd; njhlh;r;rpahf jPl;L epfo;e;jhYk; ‘Fj;J’ vd;w tpid
gaDk;> ‘jPl;L’ vd;w tpidg;gaDk; NtW NtW cilaJ.
Fj;J:
+ cyf;if
+ cuy;
+ Njhy; ePf;Fjy;
+ xUKiwf;F Nky; epfo;tJ
+ NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fp tUtJ (ngUk;ghYk;)
+ fha;e;j nghUs; kPJ
Fj;J
jPl;L ,b eRf;F
kpf
mOj;jk;
mOj;jk;

jPl;L:
+ cyf;if> cuy;
− Njhy; ePf;Fjy;
+ J}a;ik / gspr;rpl itj;jy;
+ xUKiwf;F Nky; epfo;tJ
+ NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fp tUtJ
+ fha;e;j nghUs; kPJ
+ Njhy; ePf;fpagpd; epfo;tJ.
17. Nja;: 2
,t;tpidAk; jhdpaq;fspd; Njhiy ePf;f> Rj;jg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ njhlh;ghd
tof;F. ghj;jpuj;jpd;> mOf;if Rj;jg;Lj;Jjy; vd;w nghUis vLj;jhYk; mij Nja;-
1y; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (ghh;f;f- Nja; -1) ,t;tplj;jpy; jhdpaq;fspd; Njhiy
ePf;Ftjw;F gad;gLk; tof;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf jhdpaq;fspd; Njhiy
ePf;f mjid tWj;Njh> Cwitj;Njh> vz;nza; jltpNah ,U iffdhYk; curp
mOj;jpj; Nja;j;J Njhiy ePf;Fjy;. Fwpg;ghf chpj;J my;yJ Fj;jp ePf;f Kbahj
jhdpaq;fspd; Njhiy ,t;thW ePf;Ftjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzkhf
(tWj;j) epyff;fliyia tWj;J Njhiy Nja;j;J vL.
Nja;:
+ iffs;
+ Njhiy ePf;Fjy;
+ nkd;ikahd mZFKiw
+ tWgl;L fha;e;j jhdpak;
+ Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w fUj;J.
18. Jil:
,t;tpidAk; nghUis Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; njhlh;ghd tof;F. Neubahf xU
nghUs; kPJ gbe;jpUf;Fk; mOf;F> <uk; Kjypatw;iw Jzp/iffshy; mOj;jp
Jilj;J ePf;Fjy;. Jil vd;gJ xU nghUis epiyahf epWj;jp (mjd; kPJ/Nky;
gFjpapy; gLk; mOf;if/<uj;ij) mOf;if> <uj;ij ePf;Fk; nghUis efh;j;jp
,aq;Fk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; ,uz;Lk; efh;e;jhYk; ngUk;ghYk; mOf;if cwpQ;Rk;
nghUs;kl;LNk ,aq;ff; $baJ. ,t;tplj;jpy; Jil vd;gJ Rj;jk; nra;jy; vd;w
nghUis vLj;jhYk; xd;iw Kjy; Kiw Rj;jk; nra;J xd;iw kPz;Lk; mij Rj;jk;
nra;jiy ,e;j ‘Jil’ tpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. rikay; fsj;jpy; ‘Jil’ vd;w tpid
kpfTk; Ez;zpa nghUisf; nfhz;lJ. ghj;jpuj;ij mLg;gpy; itf;Fk; NghJ/my;yJ
fOtpa ghj;jpuj;ij Jilf;fhky; #L Vw;wp vz;nza; Cw;Wk; NghNjh/ ,t;tpid
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; epfo tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf
ghj;jpuj;jpy; vz;nza; Cw;Wk; Kd; jz;zPh; ,y;yhky; Jilj;J itf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Jil:
+ Rj;jk; nra;jy;
+ mOf;if ePf;Fjy;
+ xU nghUs; kPJ xl;lr; nra;J ePf;Fjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; ePh;kk;; cwpQ;rf;$ba
+ Jzp
19. Ruz;L> 20. top
,t;tpU tpidfSk; njhlh;Gila nghUz;ik mikg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
,UNtW nghUs; vy;iyia cilaJ. Ruz;L kw;Wk; top vd;gJ xU nghUspd;
kPJ xl;bapUf;Fk; Mil Nghd;w jd;ikia ePf;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLk; tpid. ,t;tpid
,uz;Lk; fj;jp kw;Wk; iffshy; epfo;tJ.
Ruz;L:

Rj;jk; nra;jiy Fwpf;Fk; tpid xd;wd; kPJ ,Wfg; gbe;J gpbj;Js;sij
fbdkhd Kiwapy;> fUtpfshy; xl;b ,Oj;jy;. Ruz;L vd;gjpd; nghUs; czHtpy;
rw;W fbd mOj;jj; jd;ik cs;sJ. Njq;fhia rpy fUtpfshy; Ruz;l KbAk;.
gbe;Js;s/Nkd;ikahd Njhiy nrjpy; jd;ikapy; ngaHe;J tUk;gb ePf;Fjy;>
,t;tpid xUKiw epfo;e;j ,lj;jpy; kWKiwAk; epfotha;g;Gz;L.
top
xd;wd;kPJ gbe;Js;s/ nkd;ikahd gFjpAila czT> Mil> rijg;gw;iw
Ruz;b> ifia itj;J xl;b nkd;ikahf ,Oj;jy;. ,J jputj;jd;ikFiwe;J
girj; jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUSf;Nf kpFjpahf tUk;. top vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk;
ghj;jpuj;jpy; xl;b ,Uf;Fk; gir jd;ikahd czit mOj;jk; Fiwthf> rj;jk;
VJk; ,d;wp ifapd; mbg;ghfk;/ tpuypd; Edpg;ghfj;ij ,izj;J vLj;jy;.
Fwpg;ghf Ruz;L vd;gJ:
,Wfg;gpbj;Js;sij fbdkhd Kiwapy; fUtpfshy; xl;b ,Oj;jy;. Mdhy;
top vd;gjpy; nkd;ikj; jd;ik cz;L. top> Ruz;L ,uz;Lf;Fk; njhlHG ,Ue;jhYk;
NtWghL cs;s nghUs; jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ.
fha;e;J Nghdij/ ghj;jpuj;jpy; xl;b ,Ug;gij Ruz;bj;jhd; vLf;fKbAk;.
topj;J vLf;fKbahJ. Ruz;L vd;gJ rj;jJld; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Kiw xNu
,lj;jpy;/ rhHe;j ,lj;jpy; epfo;tJ. Mdhy; nkd;ikahf cs;sij> Njitf;FVw;g
top gad;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghYk; topj;njLf;Fk; nghUs; kWKiw gad;gl VJthFk;.
Mdhy; Ruz;b vLg;gJ ngUk;ghYk; jpUk;g gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpukk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
,d;Wk; Fwpg;ghf topapy;; xU nkd;ikAk;> Ruz;by; fbdKk; ,Ug;gij tpid
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf:
1) NrhW rikj;j ghj;jpuj;ij ed;whfr; Ruz;b fOT.
2) khit fy;ypUe;J topj;J vLj;J.
3) Ruf;fhapd; Njhiy Ruz;bf; nfhL.
Ruz;b Nghl;lij topj;njLf;fyhk;. Mdhy; topj;Jf; nfhz;L tUtij Ruz;l
KbahJ. xl;b ,Uf;Fk; nghUis ePf;f Ruz;L vd;gJ ,Wjpepiy. top vd;gJ Kjy;
epiyahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Ruz;b ePf;fpa ,lj;jpy; kPz;Lk; top eilngw tha;g;gpy;iy.
Ruz;L
+ fUtp
+ mOj;jp xUKiwf;F Nky; xl;b ,Oj;jy;.
+ rpy Neuq;fspy; rj;jj;NjhL eilngWjy;.
+ ngUk;ghYk; topf;Fk;NghJ tuhjij epfo;j;JtJ.
+ Rj;jk; nra;jy; nghUs;.
+ rpwpJ rpwpjhf ngaHj;J vLj;jy;
+ ,Wjpepiy (vLj;jypy;)
top
+ fUtp
+ nkd;ikahd khT nghUis vLf;f xl;b ,Oj;jy;.
– mOj;jk; rj;jk;
+ ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L.
+ ngUk;ghYk; if fUtpahf.
21mW> 22mhp3
,t;tpU tpidfSk; fUtpfshy; xU nghUisj; Jz;L
NghLjiyf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
mhp: vd;gJ rpWrpW Jz;Lfshf xUnghUis fUtpahy; gphpj;jy;/ePf;Fjy;.
mW: $wpa gug;Gila xd;why; Kd;Dk;> gpd;Dk; efHj;jp ntl;Ljy;.
,e;j ,uz;L nray;ghLfSk; mbg;gil nghUs; fl;likg;gpy; xd;WNghy;
Njhd;wpdhYk;> njhlHGilajhf ,Ue;jhYk; ntt;NtW nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;lJ.
cjhuzkhf
1) fha;fwpia mwpQ;rp nfhL√

2) fha;fwpia mWj;Jf;nfhL√
3) kPid mhpQ;rp nfhL√
4) kPid mWj;Jf; nfhL√
vd;W xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHGilajhf ,Ue;jhYk; kw;w tof;F epiyfspy;
nghUs; khWghL cilaJ. Fwpg;ghf capH cs;s nghUis Kjd;Kjyhf
Jz;lhf;Fjiy Fwpf;fpd;w NghJ ‘mW’ kl;LNk tUk;. kw;w ,lq;fspy; mhp tUk;.
v.fh:
1) Nfhopia mWj;Jf;nfhL (capH cs;sij jiyia kl;Lk;)
2) Nfhopia mupQ;rpf;nfhL (,we;jg;gpd; cWg;G ghfq;fis)
3) ,tH ML mWg;gjpy; ty;ytH√
4) ,tH ML mhptjpy; ty;ytH x
5) new; gapH mWg;gjpy; ty;ytH√
6) new; gapH mhptjpy; ty;ytH x
NkNy fz;l cjhuzj;jpd; %yk; mhp vd;gJ ghfq;fshf gphpf;f kl;LNk
tUtjhfTk;> ‘mW’ vd;gJ capH cs;s nghUis ,uz;lhf;Fjy; vd;w nghUspy;
tUtjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;. rikay; fsj;ij tpLj;J nghJnkhopapy; XH capiuf;
nfhy;Yjiy/nfhiy nra;jy; vd;w nghUs; tUkplj;jpy; ‘mW’Tk; kw;w ,lq;fspy;
‘mhp’Ak; tUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf
‘mW’ vd;gJ nghUs; kPJ Jz;L nra;Ak; fUtpia itj;Jf; nfhz;L
,uz;lhfr; nra;jy; ‘mhp’ vd;gJ Jz;L nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba nghUis ntl;Lk; fUtp
kPJ itj;J Jz;L nra;jy;.
vdNt ‘mhp’ vd;gJk; ‘mW’ vd;gJk; jdpj;jdp nghUz;ikj; fs mikg;igf;
nfhz;lJ.
mW:
+ Jz;L NghLjy;
+ fUtpahy; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; efHj;jp gphpj;jy;
+ capH cs;s xd;iw cztpw;fhf ,uz;lhf;Fjy;.
+ nfhs;Sjy; vd;w fUj;jikg;G
+ capHcs;s xd;iw Fwpg;ghf fOj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf Jz;lhf;Fk; nray;.
+ nghUs; kPJ(my;yJ) capH cs;s nghUs; kPJ ntl;Lk; fUtpia itj;J
mOj;jp efHj;jp gphpj;jy;.
mhp:
+ Jz;L NghLjy;
+ fUtpahy; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; efHj;jp gphpj;jy;
+ capUs;s/ capuw;w xd;iw cztpw;fhf ,uz;lhf;Fjy;.
+ capHcs;sjhff; nfhz;lhy; mJ ,we;jg; gpd; my;yJ mW epfo;e;jg;gpd;
epfo;tJ.
+ ghfj;ijg; gphpj;jy;.
– ntl;Lk; fUtpapd; ,af;fk;.
+ ntl;Lk; fUtp kPJ nghUis itj;J mOj;jp efHj;jp gphpj;jy;.
23tfpH> 24. fPW>fPD
tfpH vd;gJ xU nghUis Fwpg;ghf nkd;ikahd nghUis fUtpahy;
,uz;lhf;Fjy; njhlHghd tof;F. tfpH(tTe;J) NeH Nfhl;by; mWj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf
nkd;ikahd kPd;> fha;> fwp Nghd;wtw;iw ePsthf;fpy; gpse;J itj;jy;. ,J
jdpj;jdpahf gphpahjepiy.
c.k;: 1 kPid tfpHe;J cg;Gf;fz;lk; NghL.
2. gr;ir kpsfhia tfpHe;J Fok;gpy; NghL.
fPW:
vd;gJ nkd;ikahd czTf;Fg; gad;gLk; nghUis fj;jp Nghd;w $Hikahd
fUtpfshy; NfhL Nghy; ePsthf;fpy; Jz;L nra;jy;> gphpj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf nkd;ikahd

czT rikf;Fk; nghUshd Njq;fha;> g+rzpf;fha; Nghd;w fha;fwpfis
ePsthf;fpy;ntl;b Jz;LgLj;Jk; epiy> jdpj;jdpahf Mdepiy.
c.k;: 1. Njq;fhiaf; fPwp fPw;Wf;fPw;whf vLj;Njd;.
2. g+rzpf;fhiaf; fPwp tpw;gidf;F itj;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;.
fPW> tfpH ,UtpidfSk; xd;WNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; Fwpg;gpl;l epiyfspy; ntt;NtW
nghUs; vy;iyfisf; nfhz;lJ. ‘tfpH’ vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;lhfg; gpse;J
Jz;LgLj;jhj epiy. Mdhy; ‘fpW’ vd;gJ Jz;LgLj;Jk; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhfg;
gphpj;jy; epiyiaf; nfhs;syhk;. tfpH vd;w tpidiaf; nfhz;L ,uz;lhf xl;bg;
gpsTg;gLj;Jk; nghUis NkYk; ,uz;L ghfq;fshf jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpf;f tfpHe;J
vd;gjw;F Kd;G ‘,uz;lhf’ vd;w milnkhop nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.
ck;:
1) gyhg; goj;ij ,uz;lhf tfpHe;J jh
2. Ks;sq;fpia ,uz;lhf tfpHe;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; fPW vd;gjpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;L gl;L rpy ,lq;fspy; (Fwpg;ghf tl;lhuj;
jd;ikapy;) xd;W gl;L epw;fpd;wJ. fPW vd;gjpy; xUKiw fUtpiaf; nfhz;L
gphpj;jYf;Nf tUfpd;wJ. xU Kaw;rpNa NghJk; vd;w nghUs; czh;itf; nfhz;lJ.
Mdhy; tfph; vd;gjpy; xU Kaw;rpAk; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Kaw;rpAk; ,Uf;f
tha;g;Gz;L. jw;fhy tof;fpy; ‘kPid fPwp Fok;gpy; NghL’ vd;why; kPd;kPJ fj;jpahy;
fpopj;JtpLjy; vd;w nghUs; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJ.
tfpH:
+ nkd;ikahd nghUis ,uz;LgLj;Jjy;
+ xU nghUis ePsthf;fpy; NeHNfhl;by; gpsT gLj;Jjy;
– jdpj;jdpahf gphpahj epiy.
+ ,uz;lhf gpse;J xl;b ,Uj;jy;.
+ ‘tfpH’ gLk; nghUis fUtp kPJ itj;J ,t;tpidia epfo;j;Jjy;.
fPW:
+ nkd;ikahd nghUis ,uz;lhfg; gphpj;jy;.
+ xU nghUis ePs thf;fpy; NeHNfhl;by; gpsTgLj;Jjy;
+ jdpj;jdpahf gphpAk; epiy.
+ fUtpiaf; nfhz;L fPWgLk; nghUspd; kPJ itj;J gphpj;jy;.
+ ngUk;ghYk; xU Kaw;rp
25.fps;S> 26. xb> 27. gpa;
,k;%d;W tpidfSk; xU nghUis Jz;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w nghUspy;
tUfpd;wJ. ,k;%d;Wk; rikay; jsj;jpy; XNunghUs; kPJ epfotha;g;Gz;L.
fps;S:
,t;tpid ngUk;ghYk; ,iy. fhk;G Kjypatw;iw efj;jhy; Jz;lhf;Fjy;.
,J tpuy;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epfOk; tpid.
ck;.
1. fPiuapy; cs;s fhk;ig fps;sp Rj;jg;gLj;jpdhs;.
2. nfhj;jky;ypf;jioiaf; fps;sp Fok;gpy; Nghl;lhs;.
xb:
fop> vYk;G> Fr;rp Nghd;w cWjpj;jd;ikAilag; nghUis ,uz;lhFkhW
nra;jy;. xd;whf ,Ug;gij gphpj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf ,t;tpid epfOk;NghJ rj;jj;NjhL
epfo;tJ.
ck;.
1) gdq;fpoq;F mtpf;f Ntz;Lk; xbj;Jg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; it.
2) KUq;if> ntz;ilf;fha; thq;Fk; NghJ Edpia xbj;Jg; ghHj;J
thq;fNtz;Lk;.
gpa;:

nkd;ikahd/jl;ilahd xd;iw iffshy; gphpj;jy; ngUk;ghYk; ,t;tpidapd;
fhl;rp xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ.
ck;. 1. Fok;gpy; fwpNtg;gpiyia gp;r;rpNghl;lhy;jhd; thrid tUk;.
2. Vyf;fhia gpr;rp NghL.
Nkw;fz;l tpsf;fj;jpypUe;J %d;Wk; jdpj;jdp nghUz;ik vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lhYk;.
rpy ,lq;fspy; nghUz;ik Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ. Fwpg;ghf> xb> Kwp ,uz;L
tpidAk; xNu nghUs; jd;ikapy; ,Ue;jhYk; nghJnkhopapy; ,UNtWnghUs;
vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ.
ck;:
1.mtNdhL gof;fj;ij Kwpj;Jf;nfhz;Nld;.
2.mtNdhL gof;fj;ij xbj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;.
vdNt ,t;tpid ,uz;Lk; NtW NtW nrhw;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; rikay;
tpidr;nrhw;fshf ‘xb’ kl;LNk ,t;tplj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fps;S: vd;gJ nkd;ikahdij ngUk;ghYk; xOq;fhd tbtj;jpy; efq;fshy;
xNu Kiwapy; Jz;lhjy; (fUtp-efk;)
gpa;: vd;gJ nkd;ikahdij ngUk;ghYk; xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; iffshy;
Jz;lhjy;. (fUtp-iftpuy;fs;)
xb vd;gJ fbdkhdij ngUk;ghYk; xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; iffshy; rw;W
Kaw;rpAld;/mOj;jj;Jld; $ba rj;jj;Jld; epfo;tJ.(fUtp-iffshy;) NkYk; ,jd;
tpidj;jd;ikia tpsf;fpdhy; fps;S vd;gjpy; rpW gFjpia Jz;L nra;jy;. ,jpy;
Ntz;bait kl;Lk; ifNahL vLj;jy;.
gpa; vd;gjpy;- nghpa/jbj;jg; gFjpiaj; Jz;lhf;Fjy;. Fwpg;ghf
,Ugf;fq;fshf gphpj;J Jz;L nra;jy;.
xb vd;gjpy; ngUk;ghYk; gad;jUk; tifapy; Jz;LgLj;Jjy;. iffshy; rw;W
Kaw;rpAld; ngUk;gFjpia gphpj;jy;. ngUk;ghYk; ,U iffSld; epfo;tJ.
fps;S
+ Jz;lhf;Fjy;.
+ ,U efq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
+ xNu Kaw;rp
+ nkd;ikahd Fwpg;gpl;l msT
+ ifNahL vLj;jy;.
xb
+ Jz;lhf;Fjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; ,Uiffspd; cjtp
+ vLf;Fk; msT mjpfk;
+ rj;jj;NjhL epfOk; tpid
+ cWjpj;jd;ikAila xd;iw gphpj;jy;
gpa;:
+ Jz;lhf;Fjy;
+ xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; gphpj;jy;
+ rpWKaw;rp
+ ,uz;lhf ,UgFjpahf gphpj;jy;
+ nghpa jbj;j gFjpia gphpj;jy;.
28. $l;L
,r;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; xd;iw fye;J jahhpj;jy; vd;w nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ.
ePHkkhd xd;wpy; kw;NwhU ePHkk;/ jplg;nghUis fyj;jy;> fiuj;jy; njhlHghd
tof;F. $l;L vd;gjw;F Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w kw;NwhU nghUs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,q;F
‘fyj;jy;’ vd;w nghUs; kl;LNk vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
v-fh 1 ,urk;/ Fok;ig $l;b it.
$l;L
+ ePHkk;

+ xd;iw xd;W fyj;jy;
+ jplk; kw;Wk; ePHkk; fye;jJ.
+ Fwpg;gpl;l Neug; njhlHghdJ.
29. fpz;L
fpz;L vd;w nray;ghL fk;G/if Kjypatw;why; Fwpg;ghf ePHkk;/ ePHkk;
my;yhjtw;iw Nky; fPohfNth/gf;fthl;bNyh Gul;b xd;wpizj;jy;. ‘fpuz;L’
vd;gjw;Fj; jahhpj;jy; vd;w nghUs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,t;tplj;jpy; fyj;jy; vd;w nghUs;
vy;iyia kl;LNk ,t;tplj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ‘fpz;L’ vd;gjpy; tl;ltbt
Row;rp epfOk.; jplg; nghUspy; ,t;tpid epfOk; NghJ Nkw;ghfj;jpy; cs;sJ
fPNoAk;> fPo;ghfj;jpy; cs;sJ NkNyAk; tUk;gb nra;jy;.
fpz;L tpidapy; njhlq;Fk;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; nghUs; epwk; mikg;gpw;Fk;
,t;tpid epfo;e;jg;gpd; nghUspd; mikg;gpw;Fk; khWghL ngw;wJ.(ghHf;f-fpsW)
v.fh:
1) nty;yg;ghfpy; khitg;Nghl;L fuz;bahy; fpz;lTk;.
2) cg;GNghl;L $iof; fpz;L.
30. fyf;F
,t;tpidr;nrhy;ypd; nray; ePHkk; my;yJ ePHkk; my;yhj ,uz;bw;Fk;
tUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ,t;tplj;jpy; jputj;ij/ jputj;jpy; xd;iw Nghl;L fUtpahy;
Royr; nra;J epiykhw;Wjy; njhlHghdJ.
v.fh
Nkhhpy; japiutpl;L ed;whf fyf;F. Fwpg;ghf fyf;F vd;gJ ghj;jpuj;jpy;
cs;sg; nghUspd; kPJ fUtpl;L Royr; nra;ayhk; my;yJ ghj;jpuj;NjhL NrHj;Jk;
Royr; nra;ayhk;. fyf;F vd;gJ rpytl;lhu rikay; miwapy; Ml;L vd;w
nghUspYk; tUfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ Ngr;R tof;fpy; fuz;bahy; Ntfkhf mbj;J
fpz;Ltij/ fyf;Ftij ‘fyf;fp’ vd;w czT nghUshf toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
‘fyf;fp’ - Mk;Nyl;bd; xU tif. Fwpg;ghf ‘fyf;F’ vd;gNjhL ‘fpz;L’ vd;w tpid
nghUisAk; xg;gpl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ‘fpz;L’ vd;gjw;F ,iz fyf;F vd;gjhff;
nfhs;s KbahJ. fpz;L vd;gJ ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;sg; nghUis fUtpf; nfhz;Ljhd;
nra;aKbAk;. ghj;jpuj;NjhL NrHj;J Ml;b ,t;tpidia epfo;j;j KbahJ.
c.k;:
1) Nkhiu ed;whf fyf;fp Cw;W√
2) Nkhiu ed;whf fpz;b Cw;W x
fyf;F- vd;gij ghj;jpuj;ij mg;gbNa $l mirj;J ‘fyf;F’ vd;w tpidia
epfo;j;j KbAk;. Mdhy; ‘fpz;L’ vd;gjpy; xU jdpf;fUtp nghUs; kPJ gl;L
,af;fNtz;b Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
v-fh.
1) Nrhlhtpy; cg;Gg;Nghl;L fyf;fpf; Fb√
2) Nrhlhtpy; cg;G Nghl;L fpz;bf; Fb x
vdNt fpz;L> fyf;F ntt;NtW nghUs; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;.
fyf;F vd;gjpy; xU xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy;> vjpHjpirf;F khw;W jpirapy; tl;lkpl;L
,izjy;. ‘fpuz;L’ vd;gjpy; xU xOq;F ngw;w tot Row;rpapy; ,izjyhff;
nfhs;syhk;.
31. NrH
,t;tpid xU jput/jpl nghUis kw;nwhU jpl/jputg; nghUNshL
xd;wpizj;jy;. ,q;F NrHj;jy; vd;gJ fyj;jy; vd;w nghUspy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf ,uz;L nghUis xd;wpidf;Fk; NghJ jhdhfTk;/ Kaw;rpAlDk; fyf;f
itj;jy;.
c.k;.
1) mhprpkhNthL uitia fye;J it
2) mhprp khitAk; uitiaAk; NrHj;J it.
3) ehd; fhg;gpapy; ghy; NrHgjpy;iy.
4) ehd; fhg;gpapy; ghy; fyg;gjpy;iy.

‘fy’ ‘NrH’ ,uz;Lk; xU nghUSilajhf ,Ue;jhYk; ‘NrH’ kl;LNk
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ‘NrH’ vd;gjpy; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdp Fzhjprpak; nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;Fk;.
NrH:
+ jputk; kw;Wk; jplk;
+ jdpj;jdp Fzhjprpak; nfhz;lJ.
+ xd;W epiyahdJ kw;nwhd;W fyf;f tUtJ.
32. fpsW
,t;tpidapd; nghUs; xd;wpizj;jy; vd;gjpy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. kpFe;j
Kaw;rpNahL> jdpahd fUtpf; nfhz;L ,izf;f itj;jy;. jhdhf ,izahjij
ngUk;ghYk; fpsW tpidapy; epfOk;. fpz;L> fpsW vd;w ,uz;L tpidfSk; xd;W
Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; ,UNtW nghUs; epiyiaf; nfhz;lJ (ghHf;f-fpuz;L)
c.k;
1) ghfpy; khitg; Nghl;L fpz;lTk;.
ghtpy; khitg; Nghl;L fpswTk;.
,t; cjhuzj;jpy; ,uz;Lk; xNu nghUisf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
2) Gl;Lkhtpy; rHf;fiu Nghl;L fpsW√
Gl;Lkhtpy; rHf;fiu Nghl;L fpz;L√
Gl;Lkhtpy; rh;f;fiu Nghl;L Fio x
Gl;Lkhtpy; rHf;fiu Nghl;L mb x
Gl;Lkhtpy; rHf;fiu Nghl;L Fog;G x
,jpypUe;J cjphpahf cs;s ,UkhTg; nghUis ePHkk;tpl;L NrHf;f/fyf;f>
Fio> Fog;G> mb Mfpa %d;Wk; tUfpwJ. cjphpahf cs;s ,U nghUis
ePHkk;tplhky; xd;W NrHf;f fpz;L> fpsW tUfpd;wJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky;
3) NtFk; Nrhw;iwf; fp;z;L√
NtFk; Nrhw;iwf; fpsW x
4) Fok;igf; fpz;b tpL√
Fok;igf; fpswp tpL x
5) cSe;ijAk; gUg;igAk; fpz;b it√
cSe;ijAk; gUg;igAk; fpswp it√
Nkw;fz;l cjhuzj;jpypUe;J
i) cjphpahd ,UnghUSf;F fpz;L> fpsW tUk;.
ii) ePHkk; fye;j nghUSf;F fpz;L kl;LNk tUk;.
c.k;
6) $io ed;whff; fpz;L√
$io ed;whff; fpsW x
vdNt fpz;L> fpsW vd;gJ ,UNtW nghUz;ik vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ.
fpsW
+ fUtpapd; Kaw;rp
+ kpFe;j Kaw;rp
+ cjphpahd ,UnghUis ,izf;f itj;jy;.
+ jhdhf ,izahjJ.
+ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Kaw;rp
+ tl;ltbtpy;/ NkYk; fPOk; Royr; nra;jy;.
+ mbg;ghfj;ij NkNyAk; Nky;ghfj;ij mbg;gFjpf;Fk; khw;WtJ
33.mb> 34. Fog;G
mbj;jy;:
,t;tpid vd;gJ ePHkk; fye;j ,UnghUis fyf;f itj;jy;. xd;iw
kw;nwhd;whf epiy khwr; nra;jy;. ngUk;ghYk; Ntfkhff; fUtpahy; nghUisr;
Royr; nra;J> Eiu Vw;gLj;jp epiykhwr; nra;jy;.

Fog;G
,t;tpid khTj; jd;ik nfhz;l nghUis ePHkk; tpl;L gir jd;ikf;F
khw;Wjy;. Fwpg;ghf epiyahd ePHkj;ij fyq;fr; nra;J girahf khw;Wjy;. Fog;G
vd;gjpy; nfho nfhog;Gj;jd;ik xl;bapUf;fpd;wJ.
‘Fog;G’ vd;gjpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,UnghUis ,izj;jyhfTk;. mjid
ePHkj;NjhL ,izj;J gir jd;ikf;F khw;WjyhfTk; nfhs;syhk;. rpy Neuq;fspy;
xU ePHkk; fye;j/ gir jd;ikf; nfhz;lij fyq;fr; nra;jyhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
‘Fog;G’ ‘mb’ ,uz;Lk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nghUs; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;L xd;W Nghy;
Njhd;wpdhYk; ntt;NtW nghUs; vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ.
1) ‘Fog;G’ vd;gJ khTj; jd;ikf; nfhz;lij ePHtpl;L Fioj;jy;.
2) ‘mb’ vd;gJ xU/,U ePHkk; nghUis Ntfkhf fUtpahy; mbj;J Eiu tUk;gb
fpz;b NknyOk;gr; nra;jy;.
1) Kl;ilia (fU) ‘Fog;G’ vd;gjw;Fk;.
Kl;ilia ‘mb’ vd;gjw;Fk; nray;ghLfspy; NtWghL cilaJ.
mb- vd;gJ kpf tpiuthfr; nra;jy;
Fog;G- vd;gJ mt;thW mikahJ.
Kl;iliaAk;> ntq;fhaj;ijAk; Fog;gp Mk;Nyl; Nghl;lhy; rhptu mikahJ.
mt;thW nra;tJk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; Kl;il> ntq;fhaj;ij xU fUtpahy; Eiu
tUk;gb mbj;J Mk;Nyl; Nghl;lhy; mjd; KOgad;ghL fpilf;fpd;wJ. vdNt
‘mbAk;’ Fog;Gk; NtW NtW nghUz;ik vy;iyfisf; nfhz;lJ.
mb
+ fUtpapd; gad;ghL
+ ePHkj;jpy; epfo;tJ
+ Eiuia NknyOk;gr; nra;jy;
+ rw;W tpiuthf mbj;jy; njhopy; epfo;tJ.
Fog;G
+ khTj;jd;ikia ePHkj;NjhL ,izj;jy;
+ fUtpapd; gad;ghL.
+ gir jd;ikf;F khw;Wjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; tl;ltbtpy; Royr; nra;jy;.
,b -35
,t;tpid jhdpak;> gUg;G Nghd;wtw;iw cyf;ifahy; cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; khthf;Fjy;- ‘Fj;J’ ‘,b’ ‘jPl;L’ ,e;j %d;W
tpidfSf;Fk; ‘Fj;J’ nghJ jd;ikahf mikfpd;wJ. Fj;J- tpid epfo;tjhy;jhd;
‘,b’ jPl;L’ vd;w tpidfSk; epfOk;. ngUk;ghYk; Fj;J vd;gJ iffshy;> kdpj
Kaw;rpahy; epfo;tJ. Fj;J tpidia Vw;gLj;j epfOk; fUtpAk;> ‘Fj;J’ tpidiaj;
jhq;Fk; fUtpAk; fbdkhdjhf ,Ue;J ,t;tpidia cs;thq;Fk; nghUs; epiy
khwf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ney;ypd; Njhiy ePf;f -Fj;Jk;
mhprpapd; Njhiy ePf;f (gspr;rplr; nra;a jPl;Lk;)
mhprpia khthf;f- ,bAk; tUk;.
‘,b’ tpid epfOk; NghJ Vw;gLk; rj;jKk;> ‘Fj;J’ tpid epfOk; NghJ
Vw;gLk; rj;jKk;> ‘jPl;L’ tpid epfOk; NghJ Vw;gLk; rj;jKk; NtWghL nfhz;lit.
1) mty; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; ‘,b’ tpidNa epfOk;.
2) khT jahhpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,bf;fj;jhd; KbAk;. (<ug;gjk; nfhz;l khT-
cyf;if kw;Wk; cuypd; cjtpahy;)
3) ney;iy mhprpahf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; Fj;jj;jhd; KbAk;.
4) ,bj;jy;- xU Kiwf;F Nky; Ntfkhf epfo;jy;.
5) ney;iy Ntfitj;J ,bj;jy;-jl;ilahjy;(mty;)
6) mhprp ,bj;jy;-khthf;Fjy;.
‘Fj;J’ ‘,b’ NtWNtW nghUz;ik vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ.

c.k;
1) ney;iyf; Fj;J√
2) ney;iy ,b x
3) gyfhuj;jpw;F khT ,bf;f Ntz;Lk;. √
4) gyfhuj;jpw;F khT Fj;jNtz;Lk; x
(x) nghUs; khWghL cilaJ. vdNt ‘,b’ vd;gJ jdpj;j nghUs; vy;iyiaf;
nfhz;lJ.
,b
+ fUtpNahL epfo;tJ
+ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NkhJjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; if kw;Wk; fUtpNahL epfo;tJ.
+ ,bapy; khthjy;.
nghb:36
nghbj;jy; vd;gJ J}shf;Fjy;. jplkhdg;nghUis ePHtplhky; J}shf;Fjy;.
ngUk;ghYk; %d;W fUtpfspd; Kaw;rpahy; epfo;tJ. nghbAk; khthf;FjYk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHGilaJ nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; NtWghL
cilaJ.
nghb- vd;gJ ePHtplhky; miuj;jy;/J}shf;Fjy;
khthf;Fjy;- vd;gJ ePH tplhkYk; miuf;fyhk;> ePH tpl;Lk; miuf;fyhk;.
nghb - ,uz;L tifapy; cz;L
1) ,l;yp nghb -J}shf ,Uj;jy;
2) %f;F nghb> rhk;ghH nghb- khthf ,Uj;jy;
mNj Nghd;W nghbAk;> J}Sk; NtWNtW nghUz;ik gof;fj;ijf; nfhz;lJ.
nghb- vd;gJ Jfy;fshfTk;> khthfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
J}s; - vd;gJ fz;bg;ghf Jfs;fshfj; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
c.k;.
1) rhk;ghH nghb vL√
2) rhk;ghH J}s; vL x
3) ,l;yp nghb it √
4) ,l;yp J}s; it x
Nkw;fz;l cjhuzj;jpy; ‘nghb’ ‘J}s;’ NtWghL ngw;w nghUs; vy;iyiaf;
nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; rpy tl;lhu tof;Ffspy; fha;e;j kpsfhapd; miuj;j khit
kpsfha; nghb vd;Wk; kpsfha; J}s; vd;W XNu tof;fhWfspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.
c.k;:
5) kpsfha; J}s;/nghb Ntz;Lk;√
6) ky;ypj;J}s;/ nghb Ntz;Lk;√
7) %f;F nghb Ntz;Lk;√
8) %f;F J}s; Ntz;Lk; x
kw;Wk;nkhU rhd;whf
kpsfha; nghb Ntz;Lk;√
ksfha; khT Ntz;Lk; x
mhprp khT Ntz;Lk;√
mhprp nghb Ntz;Lk; x
,t;tplj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf nghUk;ghd;ik tof;fhwhf nghb vd;W $wpdhy; mjpy;
ePHkj;jd;ik fz;bg;ghf ,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy; khT vd;W $wpdhy; mjpy; ePHkk;/ ePHkk;
mw;W khthfTk; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. vdNt khT nghUshf ,Ue;J ePHkk; ,y;yhky;
,Uf;Fk; NghJ ‘nghb’ tof;fhNw tUfpd;wd.
1) kpsfhia nghbahf;fyhk;.
2) rPufj;ijAk; nghbahf;fyhk; Mdhy; kpsfha;J}is khT vd;W $wpdhy; rPufj;ij
ehk; rPufkhT vd;W $Wtjpy;iy. vdNt ‘nghb’ vd;w tpid jdpj;j nghUs;
fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ.

nghb:
+ khthf;Fjy;/ J}shf;Fjy;
+ fUtpapd; Kaw;rp.
+ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Kaw;rp.
– ePHkk;.
+ fhw;wpy; gwf;Fk; jd;ik.
37. nehWf;F> 38. cil> 39. EDf;F> 40. eRf;F
Nkw;fz;l ehd;F tpidr; nrhw;fs; rpy ,lq;fspy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlHGilajhf ,Ug;gjhy; xNu ,lj;jpy; tpsf;FtJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
nehWf;F:
,t;tpidr;nrhy; jplkhdg; nghUis ePHkk; NrHf;fhky; rpWrpW gFjpfshf
MFkhW nra;jy;. kpfTk; fha;e;J KWKWg;ghd nghUis kl;LNk nehWf;fKbAk;.
v.fh. 1) g+e;jpia xd;whf nehWf;F
2) gharjpy; mg;gsj;ij nehWf;fpdhd;.
3) Nrkpahit nehWf;fp nfhjpf;Fk; jz;zPhpy; nfhl;L.
,t;tpid ngUk;ghYk; iffshy; eRf;fp ,Wf;fp mOj;jp cilaf;$ba
nghUis nehWf;Fjy;. Mdhy; EDf;F vd;gJ nehWf;F Nghy Njhd;wpdhYk;
NtWgl;l nghUs; fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ.
EZf;F:
cilaf;$ba/ eRq;ff; $bag; nghUis fy;/mk;kpapy; itj;J jl;b
nghbahf;fp/ rpwpa Jfs;fshf;fp khw;Wjy;.
c.k;. Vyf;fha;/ngUq;fhaj;ij mk;kpapy; itj;J EDf;F
EZf;F - vd;gJ ePHtplhky; cilaf;$bag; nghUisj;jhd; EZf;f KbAk;.
Mdhy; eRf;F vd;w tpidapy; eRq;Fk; nghUspy; <uj;jd;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
EZf;F vd;gJ khTk; Mfhj> eRq;fTk; nra;ahj> nghbAk; Mfhj epiy.
rw;W nrhwnrhwg;Gj; jd;ikNahL rikaYf;F gad;gLk; Nehf;fpy; nra;thpd;
Njitf;Fj; jFe;jthW epfo;tJ.
1) cil/ nehWf;F Ke;jpa nrayhfTk;> EZf;F vd;gJ gpe;jpa nrayhfTk;
nfhs;syhk;.
2) nehWf;F iffshYk; fUtpahYk; nra;ayhk;.
3) EZf;F fUtpahy; kl;LNk nra;af; $baJ.
nehWf;F epfo;tjw;F mg;nghUs; kpFe;j nkhop nkhWnkhWg;Gj;jd;ikAlDk;> typik
Fiwe;j jd;ikahfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. EZf;F vd;w tpid epfo;tpw;F mt;thW
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
1) Vyf;fhia nehWf;f KbahJ- mjid EZf;fhyk;.
2) Vyf;fhia nehWf;fpf; nfhL x
Vyf;fhia EZf;fpf; nfhL √
eRf;F:
,t;tpid vd;gJ kpjkhd <uj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUis xU fbdkhd
nghUs; kPJ itj;Jr; rpijj;jy;. eRf;F vd;gjpy; %d;W fUtpfspd; Jiz
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. eRf;F xUtifapy; xUnghUis rpijjyhff; nfhs;syhk;.
Fwpg;ghf xU nghUspd; tbtj;jd;ik Kw;wpYk; rpijahky; mg;nghUis eRf;Fjy;.
eRf;Ff;F ,izahf ‘jl;L’ vd;w nrhy;Yk; tof;fhWfspy; cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf cil
,jw;F Kw;wpYk; khWghL cilaJ.
c.k;
1) ,Q;rpia eRf;;fpf; nfhL√
2) g+z;Lfis eRf;fpf; nfhL.√
3) ,Q;rpia cilj;Jf; nfhL x
4) g+z;Lfis cilj;Jf; nfhL x

‘eRf;F’ <uj;jd;ikAw;w nghUSf;Fk; ‘cil’ fha;e;j <u kw;wg;nghUSf;Fk;
tUfpd;wJ. rpy tl;lhuj; jd;ikapy; eRf;Fk;> ,bAk; xd;W Nghy tof;fhWfs;
,Ue;jhYk; jdpj;jdp vy;iy mikg;ig cilaJ.
c.k;
Gl;bw;F khT ,bj;Jf; nfhL √
Gl;bw;F khT erpf;Ff; nfhL x
khtpw;fhf ,bf;Fk; mhprp <uj;jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ vd;whYk; ,Q;rpf;F eRf;F
tUtJ Nghy mhprpia eRf;f tUtjpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; eRf;F xU KOnghUis>
rw;W nghpajhf cs;sjw;Nf tUtjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
NkYk;> eRf;F> EZf;F ,uz;Lk; <uj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F te;jhYk; ‘eRf;F’
vd;gJ kpFjpahd <uj;jd;ik Ntz;Lk;.
c.k;. ,Q;rpia eRf;fpf; nfhL√
,Q;rpia EZf;fpf; nfhL x
vdNt EZf;F vd;gJk;> eRf;F vd;gJk; NtWNtW nghUz;ikf; fl;likg;igf;
nfhz;lJ.
cil:
,t;tpid xUjplkhdg; nghUis fUtpahy; NkhJtjd; %yk; Jz;lhf;Fjy;
Fwpg;ghf xU nghUspd; gpbg;Gj; jd;ikia khwr; nra;jy;. ngUk;ghYk;
,uz;lhf;Fjy; vd;w nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ.
c.k;:
1) Kl;ilia cilj;J Cw;W.
2) Njq;fhia cil
3) khT fl;bg;gpbf;fhky; cilj;J tpl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,U.
Fwpg;ghf
1) fUtpahy; Nkhjp mOj;jp eRf;fyhk;.
2) fUtpahy; Nkhjp cilf;fyhk;.
3) fUtpahy; ,bj;J cilf;fyhk;.
4) njhlHr;rpahf Nkhjp> ,bg;gjd; %yk; EZf;fyhk;.
vdNt cil> nehWf;F> EZf;F> eRf;F vd;gJ NtWNtW nghUz;ik
vy;iyfisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; nfhz;lJ. ,jid NkYk; fPo;fz;l cjhuzj;jpd;
%yk; tpsf;fyhk;.
1) Kl;ilia cilr;rp Cw;W√
2) Kl;ilia eRf;fp Cw;W x
3) Kl;ilia nehWf;fp Cw;W x
4) Kl;ilia EZf;fp Cw;W x
nehWf;F
+ fUtp
+ rpW rpW gFjpfshf gphpj;jy;
– ePh;kk;
+ jplg;nghUs;
+ xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; gphpjy;
+ rj;jj;NjhL/Fwpg;gpl;l xypNahL epfo;tJ/njhptJ.
cil
+ jplkhdnghUs;
– ePh;kk;
+ rpW rpW gFjpfshf gphpj;jy;
+ jplkhd fUtpahy; NkhJjy;.
+ ngUk;ghYk; rj;jj;NjhL gphpjy;
+ fUtpahy; Ntfkhf Nkhjp epfo;j;Jjy;
EZf;F:
+ fUtpahy; epfo;tJ

+ Fiwthd <uj;jd;ik cs;sJ
+ Jfs;fshf gphpj;jy;
– ePh;kk;
+ nghbf;F Ke;jpa epiy
+ fUtpfs; rj;jj;NjhL ,izjy;
eRf;F:
+ fUtpahy; epfo;tJ
+ <uk; kpFe;j nghUshy; epfo;tJ
– ePh;kk;
+ mbg;gil jd;ik khwhky; rpijj;jy;
+ xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; epiy khWjy;
+ khwhj jd;ik
41.miu-1> 42. miu-2
(,t;tpid ,uz;Lk; xNu xypg;Gila nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ,UNtW
njhlh;Gila nghUis ntspg;gLj;jy;)
miu-1 ,t;tpidapd; msT (khthFk; nghUis) ePh;kj; jd;ikaw;W jplkhd
nghUis ,ae;jpuk;> fy; (FotpNahL Nrh;e;jJ) Nghd;w fUtpahy; mirj;J
khthf;Fjy;
ck;:
1. mhprp khT miuj;J th(khT - ePh;kk; mw;W powder)
miu-2: ,t;tpid Cuitj;j jhdpak;/mhprp Nghd;wtw;iw <uj;jd;ikAs;s nghUis
ePh;kk; tpl;L file;J khthf;Fjy;/$ohf;Fjy;.
ck;:
1. rl;bdpf;F Njq;fha; miu (ePh; tpl;L)
vg;gb khtpy; ePh;j;jd;ik cs;sJ. ePh;j;jd;ik mw;wJ vd;W ,uz;L tif cs;;sJ
Nghy; ‘miu’ vd;w tpidapYk; ,uz;L tif cs;sJ. Cu itj;j jhdpak;
miuf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; cjphpahd khT miuf;fg; ngUk;ghYk; ,ayhJ. cjphpahd
khT miuf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; ePHj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l khTk; miuf;f ,ayhJ. ,J
tiuapYk; rikay; nghUl;fs; fUtpfspy; ,uz;L nray;ghl;bw;Fk; jdpj;jdpf;
fUtpfs; te;Js;sd.
NkNy $wpa ,uz;L ‘miu’apypUe;J ney; miuj;Jf; nfhL vd;gJ Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf ney; miuj;jy; vd;gJ Njhiy kl;Lk; ePf;Fjy; vd;w
nghUisf; nfhs;Sk;.
c.k;:
1) rl;bdpf;F ky;ypj;jio miu(ePHtpl;L)
2) Jitay; miu (ePHtpl;L)
3) Nfo;tuF khT miu (ePH tplhky;)
4) NfhJik miur;rpf; nfhL(ePH tplhky;)
5) ney; miur;rpl;Lth (Njhiy ePf;F)
Fwpg;ghf ney;ypd; Njhiy kl;Lk; ePf;f miuAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Fj;J vd;Wk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,uz;L tpidapd; nray;ghL Ntwhf ,Ue;jhYk;
,uz;LNk Njhy; ePf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
miu-1
+ fUtpapd; JizNahL
+ ngUk;ghYk; ,ae;jpuk;
+ jhdpa tiffs;
– ePHkk;
+ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,af;fk;.
miu-2
+ fUtpapd; JizNahL
+ ,ae;jpuk; Fwpg;ghf fUq;fy;

+ Cu itj;j jhdpak;
+ ePHkk;
43. JUT
Fwpg;ghf ,t;tpid ePHjd;ik cs;s/<uj;jd;ikAs;s ,Wfpa nkd;ikahdg;
nghUis Kiwaw;w nrjpy;fshf gw;fs; Nghd;w fUtpahy; Nja;j;J/ mOj;jp tuz;b
Jfs;fshf tpor; nra;jy;.
v.fh:
1) Njq;fha; JUtpf; nfhL.
2) Nful; JUt Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
1) mhprp Nghd;w kpfr;rpwpa nghUis ‘JUT’ vd;w tpidahy; epfo;j;j KbahJ.
2) jf;fhsp Nghd;w ePHkk; epiwe;j nkd;ikahd nghUisAk; ‘JUT’ tpidahy;
epfo;j;j KbahJ.
Nful;> Njq;fha; Nghd;w jbj;j> ePHkk; Fiwe;j Fiwthd nkd;ikj; jd;ikf;
nfhz;l nghUis kl;LNk JUtKbAk;. JUT vd;gJ xUtifapy; ‘tuz;L’
‘nrhwz;L’ vd;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;. goq;fhy Kiwapy; epiyahd fUtpapy; nghUis
mjd;kPJ glitj;J J}shf;fp cjpur; nra;jy;. Mdhy; jw;fhy Kiwg;gb ,aq;Fk;
fUtpapy; nghUis mjd; kPJ itj;J mOj;jp ,af;fp Jfs;fshf tpor;nra;jy;.
JUT vd;w tpid epfo gw;fs; Nghy rw;W $Hikahd Gilj;j mikg;Gj; Njit.
JUT:
+ fUtpapd; JizNahL
+ nkd;ikahd jplkhd nghUs;
– ePHkk;
– kpfr;rpwpa nghUs; (cWjpahdJ)
+ cjpur;nra;jy;.
44. cjpH
jhdpak; Nghd;W xl;b ,Uf;Fk; nghUis xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf XNurkaj;jpy;
fPNo tpor; nra;jy;. Fwpg;ghf gpbg;Gj;jd;ikia ,yfitj;jy;.
v.fh:
1) Nrhsf;fjphpypUe;J Nrhsj;ij cjpHj;J it.
2) Gl;il fl;bg;gpbf;fhky; cjpHj;J tpL.
3) ,l;lypia cjpHj;J cg;Gkh nra;.
cjpH vd;w tpidapy; fPNo tpOjy; vd;w tpid cs;fl;likg;ghf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf cjpH NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fp tpOtJ.
cjpH
+ kpUJthd xl;b ,Ue;jJ gphpjy;.
+ gpbg;Gj;jd;ikia ,yf;Fjy;.
– ePHkk;
+ fPNo jdpj;jdpahf tpor;nra;jy;.
+ cjpHe;j epiy.
45. gpir
nte;j/gjg;gLj;jpa> ,Wfpa khit ifahy; mOj;jp Gul;b> cUl;b frf;Fjy;.
mOe;Jk; jd;ikf; nfhz;l xd;iwj;jhd; Fwpg;ghf jplkhdjhf ,Ue;J nkd;ikahff;
$ba xd;iw iffshy; gpira KbAk;.
Fwpg;ghf ‘miu’ vd;W nrhd;dhy; mjpy; fz;bg;ghf fUtp ,lk; ngWtJ Nghd;W
gpir vd;W tpidia tiuaWj;jhy; mjpy; iffs; fUtpahf ,lk; ngWk;. Fwpg;ghf
gpirtjw;F tpuy;fs; mtrpakhfpwJ.
1) ePHkj;ij gpira KbahJ.
2) kpfTk; FioTj; jd;ikg; ngw;wijAk; gpira KbahJ.
3) kpUJthdJ fl;bj;jd;ikf; nfhz;lij kl;LNk gpira KbAk;.

4) ePHkk; mw;w khitiaAk; gpira KbahJ.
v.fh:
1) g+hpf;F khT gpira Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;fz;l vLj;Jf;fhl;by; ePHkk; mw;w khT nghUis ePHkk; tpl;L gpirjy;.
Fwpg;ghf gpir vd;gjpy; ePHj;jd;ik fye;J/ fye;j xd;iw iffshy; mOj;jp
xd;wpizj;jy;.
v.fh.
i) GNuhl;lhtpw;F khT gpir.
ii) Nghz;lh nra;tjw;F cUisia gpir. Fwpg;ghf gpir vd;W xU
epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.
gpir
+ nte;j/ kpUJthd nghUs;
+ iffshy; tpidjy;
+ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Kaw;rp
– ePHkk;
+ xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.
46. krp
Ntfitj;j/gok; Nghd;w nkd;ikahd nghUis eRf;fp khT/$o; Nghd;w
epiyf;F nfhz;LtUjy;. ngUk;ghYk; nte;j> nkd;ikahdg; nghUSf;Nf ,t;tpid
tUfpd;wJ. krp tpid epfo if> kj;J Nghd;w fUtpahNy epfof;$baJ. $o; vd;w
epiyf;F Ke;jpaJk;> jplepiyf;F gpe;jpajhfTk; nfhs;syhk;. krp vd;gJ
xUtifahd $Ok; rw;W jplepiyAk; fye;jjhff; nfhs;syhk;. jdp ePHkj;jp;y;
,t;tpid epfo;j; KbahJ. fbdkhd jplkhd nghUspy; krp epfohJ.
v-fh:
1) Kl;ilia krpj;J it (Ntf itj;jJ)
2) cUisf;fpoq;if krpj;Jf; nfhL (Ntf itj;jJ)
krpj;jy; vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; rikay; nraYf;Nf tUk;. Vndd;why; ‘krpay;’
vd;w jdp czitf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ> krp vd;w tpid. gpirAk; krpAk; xd;WNghy;
Njhd;wpdhYk; NtWNtW nghUs; jd;ikia> nghUs; vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ.
1) krp vd;gJ iffshYk; nra;ayhk; fUtpahYk; nra;ayhk;.
gpir vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; iffshy; kl;LNk epfo;tJ.
2) krpf;f- nghUs; Ntfitj;j/ nkd;ikahdg; nghUs;fis nfhz;L epfo;j;j KbAk;.
gpira- Ntf itf;fhj khT nghUs; ePHkk; fye;J/ nkd;ikahd nghUisf;
nfhz;L epfo;j;j KbAk;.
v.fh:
fPiuia gpire;J nfhL (Ntf itj;jJ)
fPiuia krpj;Jf; nfhL (Ntf itj;jJ)
,t;tpU vLj;Jf;fhl;by; xNu nghUis jUfpd;wd. Mdhy;
GNuhl;lhtpw;F khT gpir√
GNuhl;lhtpw;F khT krp x
vd;W tutpy;iy. vdNt krpAk; gpirAk; jdpj;jdp nghUs; fl;likg;igf;
nfhz;lJ. ngUk;ghYk; ‘krp’ tUk; ,lq;fspy; ‘gpir’ tu tha;g;Gs;sJ. Mdhy; gpir
tUk; ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; ‘krp’ tUk; vd;W cWjpapl;Lf; $wKbahJ.
krp
+ if kw;Wk; fUtpahy;
+ Ntf itj;jJ> kpUJthdJ.
+ eRq;ff;$ba jplkhdij rpijj;jy;
– jplkhdJ/ fbdkhdJ
– jdp ePHkk;
+ xU tifahd eRf;Fjy;.
+ xU tifahd jpl;l kpl;l eRf;Fjy;.

47. fil
Fwpg;ghf> nte;jij $ohf;Fjy;. kj;J> Nfhy; Kjypatw;why; nkd;ikahd
ePHj;jd;ik kpFjpahf cs; nghUspy; fUtpia itj;J ,lkhfTk;> tykhfTk;
khwpkhwp Roy mOj;jpj; Nja;j;jypd;/ Royr; nra;jypd; %ykhf $ohf;Fjy;. fil-
,t;tpid epfOk; NghJ nghUs; ePHkk; fye;J nkd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jplg;nghUspy; ePHkk; mw;W filjy; epfohJ. czTg;nghUis krpj;J xU
epiyf;F khw;WjYk;> file;J xU epiyf;F khw;WjypYk; NtWghL cs;sJ.
nghJthf fil> miu> Fog;G> krp> Nghd;w midj;Jk; xU nghUis kpUJthd
FioTepiyf;F khw;Wjyhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; nray; top NtWghL ,Ue;J xU
epiyf;F khWtjhy;> xt;nthU epiyf;Fk; xU Ritiag; ngWfpd;wJ.
v.fh:
1) japH fye;j Nkhiu file;jhy; ntz;nza; tUk;.
2) fPiuia file;J it.
3) gUg;igf; file;J rhk;ghH it.
Fwpg;ghf NkH filtjw;Fk; fPiu filtjw;Fk; rw;W NtWgl;l nray;ghL
nfhz;lJ. NkhH filAk; NghJ kj;ij NkhhpDs; tpl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; fPiufilAk;
NghJ mjid Nky;gFjpapy; itj;J eRf;Ftjhf nfhs;syhk;. vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk;
filtpid epfOk; NghJ mjpy; ePHkk; fye;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fil
+ fUtpnfhz;L Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; mOj;jpr; Royr; nra;jy;.
+ nte;j> nkd;ikahd nghUs;.
+ ePHkk; fye;j nghUs;
– eRq;fhj jplg;nghUs;
+ xU epiyapypUe;J NtW epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.
+ Fwpg;gpl;l Fopthd ghj;jpuj;jpd; cs;Ns epfo;tJ.
48. fiu
,t;tpid ngUk;ghYk; ePHkj;jpy; epfof;$baJ. khTj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l
nghUis fiuf;f KbAk;. mjhtJ jplg;nghUs; jputj;jpy; epiy khWjy;. xU
ePHkj;ij xU ePHkj;jpy; fiuf;f KbahJ. vz;nza;j; jd;ikf; nfhz;lijAk;
fiuf;f KbahJ.
fiu: vd;gJ ,Wfpa jplg;nghUs; epiy khwp ePHkepiyapy; nry;Yjy;.
Fwpg;ghf vz;nza; jd;ik nfhz;l> ntz;nza; Nghd;wij cUf;f KbAk;.
mjid fiuf;f KbahJ.
nghJthf ,jid:
1) fiuf;f Kbe;jij rpy Neuq;fspy; cUf;f KbahJ.
2) cUf;f Kbe;jij rpy Neuq;fspy; fiuf;f Kbahky; Ngha; tpLk;.
nty;yj;ij- fiuf;fyhk;> ,yf itf;fyhk; cWf itf;fKbahJ.
mJNghy;
Nrhw;iw - fiuf;f KbAk;> $ohf;f KbAk; cUf;f KbahJ.
v-fh:
1) Gspia fiuj;Jf; nfhL√
Gspia cUf;fpf; nfhL x
2) cg;ig fiuj;J it√
cg;ig cUf;fp it x
vdNt fiu vd;gJ vy;yhg; nghUSf;Fk; tUtJ ,y;iy. fiu vd;w tpidf;Fs;
jd;id ,oe;J my;yJ xU nghUspd; milahsk; ,oe;J xd;wpizjy; epfo;fpd;wJ.
fiu
+ khTj; jd;ik nfhz;l nghUs;
+ ePHkj;jpy; epfo;tJ
+ Kw;wpYk; epiy khWk; nghUs;
– fbdkhd jplg;nghUs;.

+ ,U nghUis ,izj;jy;.
– vz;nza;j; jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUs;.
49. Fog;G
,t;tpid Fioj;jy;> fyf;Fjy; vd;w nghUs; jd;ikapy; tUfpd;wJ.
ePHkj;jpy; khT nghUs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfisg; Nghl;L tl;ltbtpy; Royr; nra;jy;.
,t;tpidf;F Fog;G> Fio ,uz;L ,Ue;jhYk; ,g;nghUs; fsj;jpw;F Fog;G kl;LNk
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
v-fh:
nfhok;gpy; nkhyfha; nghb Nghl;L nfhog;gp mLg;Gy it
Fog;G vOj;J tbtkhf Fio ,Ue;jhYk; kf;fs; mLg;gq;fiwapy; gad;gLk; Ngr;R
nkhopapy; Fog;G (nfhog;G) vd;gJ kl;LNk ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(nfhor;rpf;nfhL - nfhog;gpf; nfhL) vd;w ,U Ngr;R tof;fpy; rw;W nghUs; czHT
khWgLtjhfj; njhpfpd;wJ. nfhor;rpf;nfhL (Fio) vd;gjpy; rw;W fl;bj;jd;ikg;
ngw;w> ifahy; topj;J vLf;ff;$ba nghUSf;Nf ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.
v-fh:
1) Njid kUe;jhy; nfhor;rp rhg;gpL√
2) Njid kUe;jhy; Fog;gp rhg;gpL√
3) nfhok;ig $l;b Fog;gpit√
nfhok;ig $l;b nfhor;rp it x
vdNt Fok;G itf;Fk; NghJ Fio vd;gij gad;gLj;jhky; nfhog;G (Fog;G)
vd;gijNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;. vdNt nfhog;G vd;gjpy; mjpfkhd ePHkk;
fye;jjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
Fog;G:
+ ePHkj;jpy; fyj;jy;.
+ tl;ltbt Row;rp.
+ fiua Ntz;ba fl;lhakpy;iy.
+ xU tifahd fyq;f itj;jy;.
50. fUf;F
,t;tpid xUnghUs; ngUk;ghYk; jPapy; fUtp tPzhNghtijNa Fwpf;fpd;wd.
Mdhy; rpy ,lq;fspy; ,J rikay; nrhy;yhf mg;nghUs; fl;likg;gpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
1) ,r;nray; mjpfkhd jPapy; eilngwf; $baJ.
2) ,J xU tifahd jpl;lkpl;l #Nlw;Wjyhff; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh:
1) Ml;Lf;fhypd; Kbia nghRf;fp vLj;J tuhNj ed;whf mLg;gpy; fUf;fp
vLj;Jth.
2) ,r;nray; kw;w rikay; nghUSf;F mhpjhf tUfpd;wJ.
fUf;F- vd;gJ xUtifahd fUg;Gepwk; khWjYk;> mjpfg;gbahd #L Vw;WjYk;
nfhs;syhk;.
fUf;F
+ Neub jPapy; epfo;tJ
+ Njhy; NtFjYk; fUg;G epwk; khwYk;.
+ xU tifahd jpl;lkpl;l #Nlw;Wjy;
+ nghRf;F vd;gjw;Fk; mLj;j epfo;T
+ xUtifapy; czTf;F gad;glhjij ePf;Fjy;.
51. nghRf;F
,r;nray; Neub jPapy; epfo;tJ. vg;nghUspy; cNuhkq;fs; epiwe;J
,Uf;fpd;wNjh mg;nghUSf;Nf ,r;nray; epfOk;. cztpw;fhf xU nghUspd; Njhiy
fUfr;nra;jy;. ,r;nray; ‘fUf;F’ vd;gjw;F Ke;jpa epfo;thff; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh.
1) Nfhop nuf;ifnay;yhk; Ma;e;jg; gpd; mLg;gpy; fhl;b> ifahy; vLf;f Kbahj
Kbia nghRf;fp vL.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhuq;fSf;fhf Njhy; Ntfhj thW Nfhopapd; Kbia nghRf;Fjy;.
,J Ntz;lhjtw;iw ePf;Fk; jd;ikapy; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghRf;F
+ Neub jPapy; epfo;tJ
+ Kbia ePf;Fk; nghUl;L
+ ‘fUf;F’ vd;gjw;F Ke;jpa nray;
+ czTg; nghUisr; Rj;jk; nra;jy;
52.RL -1> 53.RL–2> 54.RL> 55.RL> 56.RL
,t;tpid Ie;Jk; cztpw;fhf xU nghUis Ntf itj;jy; vd;w nghJg;
nghUisAk; gy njhlh;Gila NtW NtW nghUs; czh;itAk; nfhz;L cs;sd.
RL – 1
,t;tpidahdJ Neubahf jPapy; eilngWtJ. xU jplkhdg; nghUs; jPapy;
fUfhky; cz;ZjYf;F Vw;g epiykhwf; $ba nghUSf;Nf ,t;tpid tUfpwJ.
v.fh.
1. mg;gsk; Rl;Lf;nfhL
2. Nrhsk; Rl;Lf;nfhL Neubj;jPapy;
3. fUthL RL
jdpj;j> kpfr;rpwpag; nghUis RL epfo;j;j KbahJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F mhprpia
Rl KbahJ. Mdhy; ,r;RL kiytho; kf;fSf;Fr; rw;W jdpj;jg; nghUs;
jd;ikiaAk;> tphpthd nray;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;lJ.
RL – 2
,t;tpidahdJ Ntf itj;jy; vd;w nghJg; nghUisg; ngw;W rpwg;Gg;
nghUshf nfhjpf;Fk; vz;nzapy; jahhpj;j czTg; nghUis Kf;fp Ntf itj;J
vLj;jy;> epiykhwr; nra;jy; vd;w epiyapy; tUfpd;wJ.
v.fh.
1. til RL ;
2. mjpurk; RL kiwKf jPapy; Neub nfhjpf;Fk; vz;nzapy;
RL – 3
,t;tpid kiwKfj; jPapy; Neubahff; fy;ypd; #l;by; epfo;tJ. #L Vw;wpa
fy;ypd; kPJ vz;nza; jltp czTg; nghUis Gul;ba epiy. ,t;tpidAk; czTg;
nghUis Ntf itj;jy; vd;w epiyapy; epfo;tJ.
v.fh.
1. GNuhl;lh RL
2. Njhir RL kiwKfj; jPapy; Neub fy;ypd; #l;by; epfo;tJ
3. rg;ghj;jp RL
RL – 4
,t;tpid czTg; nghUis Ntf itg;gjd; Nehf;fpy; ePuhtpay; epfo;j;Jjy;
ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; ePiuf; nfhjpf;f itj;J Mtp NkNyOk;gr; nra;J mt; Mtpapd;
#l;by; czTg; nghUis Ntf itj;jy;. ePuhtpapd; mOj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf epfo;tJ.
v.fh.
1. ,l;lyp RL
2. Gl;L RL kiwKfj; jPapy; ePuhtpay; NtFjy;
3. ,bahg;gk; RL
,t;tplj;jpy; ‘RL’ vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf ‘mtp’ vd;w khw;W tpidAk; tUfpd;wJ.
RL – 5
xU nghUis #Nlw;Wk; nraiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ePh;kk; / ePh;kk; my;yhjg;
nghUs; kiwKfj; jPapy; %ykhf ntg;g epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.
v.fh.
1. jz;zPh; Rl;lTld; fha;fwpiag; NghL
2. Rlhj Njhiria kbj;J ntl;l KbahJ #L Vw itj;jy;
3. #L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Cw;wpdhy;jhd; Nff;
tbtk; fpilf;Fk;

vdNt ‘RL’ vd;w xU nrhy; xNu tbt xypg;Gj; jd;ikapy; gy;NtW nghUz;ikf;
fs czh;T vy;iyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. njhFg;Gj;jd;ikapy;>
1. Neubj; jPapy; Ntf itj;jy;
2. Neubahf vz;nzapy; %o;fp Ntf itj;jy;
3. fy;ypd; #l;by; vz;nzapy; Gul;b Ntf itj;jy;
4. ePuhtpapy; Ntf itj;jy;
5. xU nghUis #L Vw itj;jy;
vd;W nray;ghLfs; tphpfpd;wd.
rikay; nghUz;ikf; fsj;jpy; ‘RL’ vd;gJ mjpfkhd nghUs; vy;iyiaf;
nfhz;L gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rikj;jy; tpidapy; ‘RL’ vd;gJ jiyik
tpidahf> jha; tpidahf ,Ue;J ,aq;FtJ njhpfpd;wJ. ‘rikj;jy;’ vd;gJ
mjpfkhd nghUs; czh;itf; nfhz;L tpsq;FtJ Nghy; ,e;j ‘RL’ tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
Mdhy; ,r;RL midj;J ,lq;fSf;Fk; tUtJ ,y;iy.
v.fh.
1. NrhW Mf;F
2. Fok;G it
3. nghhpay; nra;
4. ,l;lyp RL (til–RL> Njhir-RL)
,jpypUe;J>
1. Nrhw;iw Mf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. Fok;ig itf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. nghhpaiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;
4. gyfhuq;fis Rl Ntz;Lk;
vjw;fhf kf;fs; jq;fs; nghUz;ikf; fs gFg;ig jdpj;j tiuaiwf;Fs;
itj;J mjpfkhd nghUs; czh;itj; jpdpj;Jf; $wpdhh;fs; vd;gJ tphpthd Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. NkYk; rw;W tphpthfj; njhlh;Gila tpidiag;
ghh;f;f.
RL – 1
+ Neubj; jPapy; NtFjy;
+ Neubahf cz;ZjYf;F khw;Wjy;
- fUf;F
+ mjpfg; gbahd Kaw;rp
- kpfr;rpwpa jdpj;jg; nghUs;
+ jplg;nghUs;
RL – 2
+ Ntf itj;jy;
+ kiwKfkhf jP gl;L NtFjy;
+ RL vz;nza; (nghUis %o;fr;nra;Ak; msT)
+ Kf;fp vLj;jy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; khTj;jd;ikahd nghUs;
+ $ohdg; nghUis jplkhf khw;Wjy;
RL – 3
+ kiwKfj; jP
+ fy;ypd; #l;by; NtFjy; (,Uk;gyhdJ)
+ jltpa vz;nzapy; Gul;b vLj;jy;
- (rpy Neuq;fspy;) vz;nza;
- Neubj; jP
+ jplg;nghUs;
RL – 4
+ ePuhtpay; NtFjy;
- Mapy;

+ ePiu mjpf #l;by; nfhjpf;f itj;jy;
+ mtpj;jypd; KO nray;ghL
- Neubj;jP
+ jplg;nghUs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyapy; cs;sij jplkhf khw;Wjy;
RL – 5
+ #Nlw;Wjy;
+ ePh;kk; ePh;kk; my;yhj nghUs;
+ kiwKfj; jP
+ jpl;lkplg;gl;l RL
57. nghhp –1> 58. nghhp –2
,t;tpU tpidfSk; #l;by; epfo;tJ. xU nghUis Ntf itf;f ,e;epiyghL
elf;fpd;wJ. nghhp – 1 vd;gJ nfhjpf;Fk;> ed;F #Nlw;wpa vz;nzapy; mg;gsk;>
khkprf;fwp Nghd;wtw;iw Kf;fp Ntf itj;jy;. ,e;j #Nlw;WJypy; %d;W mLf;F
mikfpd;wJ.
1. jP vhpa tpLtJ xd;W
2. fy;iy mjhtJ ghj;jpuj;ij #Nlw;WtJ kw;Nwhd;W
3. vz;nzia #Nlw;WtJ ,Wjp
4. ,k;%d;W epiyghl;by; xU nghUis Ntfitj;J czT epiyf;F
khw;Wjy;
v.fh.
1. kPid nghhpr;rpf; nfhL
2. mg;gsk; nghhpr;rpf;; nfhL
* Fwpg;ghf mg;ghlj;ij Neubj; jPapy; fhl;b czTf;Fj; jahh;gLj;jyhk;.
* mg;gsj;ij RL vz;nzapy; Kf;fp Ntfitj;J> nghhpa itj;J czTf;Fj;
jahh; gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tplj;jpy; nghhpj;jy; vd;gJ nfhjpf;Fk; vz;nzapy;
khkprj;Jz;L> kPd; Nghd;wit cs;Ns mkpo;e;J NtFkhWr; nra;jy;. Fwpg;ghf nghhp
vd;gjw;Fs;> mt;tpid epfOk; NghJ mjpy; rj;jk; my;yJ xyp vOk;g tha;g;;Gs;sJ.
nghhp vd;gjpy; xU G+hpj;j epiy Fwpg;ghf ntbj;J> msT nghpjhFk; epiy Vw;gl
tha;g;Gs;sJ.
nghhp – 1
+ Ntf itj;jy;
+ kiwKfr; #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ vz;nza;
+ vz;nzapy; %o;Fk; epiy
+ tbt epiy khwy;
+ rj;jj;NjhL ,t;tpid epfo;tJ
nghhp – 2
,t;tpidAk; nghUis Ntf itj;jy; vd;w epiyapy; epfo;tJ. NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W mLf;F vd;gijj; jtph;j;J ,uz;L mLf;F #l;by; epfo;tJ>
vz;nza; ,y;yhky; ‘nghhp’ tpidia epfo;j;jf; $baJ. ,t;tpidAk; rw;W
rj;jj;NjhL epfo;j;jf; $baJ. rpy Neuq;fspy; %d;W mLf;F #l;ilAk; Vw;gLj;jp
Ntf itf;f Kaw;rpg;gJ.
1. mty; nghhpj;Jf; nfhL
2. Nrhsk; nghhpj;Jf; nfhL
rpy Neuq;fspy; Nrhsk; nghhpf;Fk; NghJ jPiaAk; mjNdhL $ba ghj;jpuj;ijAk;
mg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;l kziy nfhz;L Nrhsk; nghhp epfo;it Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
nghhp - 1 y; epfOk; vz;nzapd; jd;ikg; Nghy; ,t;tplj;jpy; ‘kzy;’ mjd;
mzpiar; nra;fpd;wJ.
nghhp – 2
+ czTg;nghUis Ntf itj;jy;
+ kiwKfr; #l;by; epfo;tJ

+ rj;jj;NjhL epfo;tJ
- vz;nza; (ePh;kk;)
+ #L VWtJk; nghhpia epfo;j;JtJk; jplg;nghUs;
+ ngUk;ghYk; kpfr;rpwpa jdpj;jdpg;nghUs;
59.tW – 1> 60. tW – 2
,t;tpU tpidr;nrhw;fSk; #l;by; epfo;tJ. tW – 1 vd;gJ ghj;jpuj;ijr;
#l;by; fha itj;J ePh;kk; Nrh;f;fhky; czTg; nghUis Ntf itj;jy;.
v.fh.1. gaW tWj;J vL
2. Nth; fliy tWj;J vL
tWj;jy; vd;gjpy; tWgLk; nghUspy; cs;s ePh;j;jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;jy; /
Fiwj;J fl;bg;gl itj;jy;.
tW – 2
#L Vwpa ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePh;kk; fye;J czTg; nghUis krhyh jltp Gul;b
Ntf itj;jy;.
v.fh.
1. kPd; tWj;Jf; nfhL
2. Ml;Lf;fwp nfhQ;rk; tWj;J it.
tWj;jy; vd;gJ ePh;kk; my;yhj NghJ rw;W ntbg;nghypAld; epfo;tjhy; mij nghhp
vd;Wk;> ntbg;nghyp ,y;yhky; epfo;e;jhy; mij ‘tW’ vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
v.fh.
1. mg;gsk; nghhp – vz;nzapy;
mg;gsk; tW x (mg;gsj;ij tWf;f KbahJ)
2. kPidg; nghhp - fz;bg;ghf vz;nzapy; %o;fp vLj;jy;
kPid tW – vz;nzapy;yhky; krhyh jltpa ePh;kj;jpy;
ePh;kk; my;yhj NghJ
1. ,uit / fliy tWj;Jf; nfhL √
2. ,uit / fliy nghhpr;rpf; nfhL x
3. Nrhsk; nghhpr;rpf; nfhL √
4. Nrhsk; tWj;Jf; nfhL √
NkNy fz;l vLj;Jf;fhl;L %yk; nghhp tUk; ,lj;jpw;F tW tUfpd;wd.
Mdhy; ‘tW’ tUfpd;w ,lj;jpw;F nghhp tUtjpy;iy.
mg;gsk;> kPd; ,uz;ilAk; rpy Neuq;fspy; KOtJkhf vz;nzapy; Kf;fp Ntf
itj;J vLf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;>
1. kPidg; nghhpr;R vL
2. kPid tWj;J vL
,uz;L ,lj;jpYk; nghhp> tW xU nghUis vLf;fpd;wd. my;yJ ,g;nghUis
,uz;L tpidapYk; cl;GFj;jp czthf khw;wyhk;. Mdhy;>
1) mg;gsk; nghhpr;Rf; nfhL√
2) G+hp nghhpr;Rf; nfhL x
3) til nghhpr;Rf; nfhL x
vdNt g+hp> til> mg;gsk; Nghd;wit KOtJkhf vz;nzapy; mkpo;e;jhYk;
rpy ,lq;fspy; ‘nghhp’ tUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mjw;fhf ‘tW’ tUfpd;wd. vdNt ‘tW’
vd;gJ jdpj;j nghUz;ikf; jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhz;L tof;fpy; tUfpd;wd. tW-1
vd;gJk; tW -2 vd;gJk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; nghUs; xg;Gikiaf; nfhz;lhYk;>
,t;tpuz;bw;Fs;Sk; jdpj;j nghUz;ikf; jsj;ijf; nfhz;lJ.
1) ‘tWj;jf; fwp’ vd;gjw;Fk;
2) ‘tWj;j cSj;jk;gUg;G’ vd;gjw;Fk;>
nghUs; khWghL nfhz;lJ. fwpia ePHkk; ,y;yhky; tWf;fKbahJ. cSe;ij
ePHkj;NjhL tWj;J Njhy; chpf;f itf;f KbahJ.
tW-1
+ czTg;nghUis Ntfitj;jy;

+ ghj;jpuj;ij #Nlw;Wjy;
– ePHkk;
+ mjpfr; #l;by; epfo;tJ.
+ czT nghUspd; ePHkj;jd;ikia tw;wr; nra;jy;.
tW-2
+ czTnghUis Ntfitj;jy;
+ ghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; ePHkj;ij #Nlw;Wjy;
+ ePHkk;
+ krhyh fye;j epfo;T
+ krhyh fye;j ePHkj;ij tw;wr; nra;jy;.
61. fha;r;R
,t;tpid ePHkj;NjhL njhlHGilaJ. ePHkj;ij #LgLj;jp/ nfhjp epiyf;F
khw;wp czTj; jahhpj;jy; Fwpg;ghf ePHkj;ijf; nfhjpf;f itj;J czT epiyf;F
khW;Wjy;.
v-fh:
1) vz;nziaf; fha;r;rp it.
2) ghiyf; fha;r;rp it
3) fQ;rp fha;r;rp it.
4) rhuhak; fha;r;R.
fha;r;R vd;gij nfhjp epiyf;F mLj;j epiyahff; nfhs;syhk;. fha;r;R
vd;gjw;Fs; ‘nfhjp’ mtrpak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhjp vd;gjw;Fs; fha;r;R tu
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,y;iy. fha;r;R vd;gjpy; ePHkk; fz;bg;ghf mika Ntz;Lk;.
fha;r;R tpid epfo;e;jg; gpd; mJ ePHkk; rhHe;j czthfj;jhd; mikaNtz;Lk;.
‘fha;r;R’ vd;gjpy; gy tpidfs; njhlHG nfhz;L ,Ug;gij czuyhk;. ePHkk;
nfhjpj;jy;> tw;wr; nra;jy;> fpz;Ljy; Nghd;w gy epiyfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
fha;r;R
+ ePHkk; fye;j czit jahhpj;jy;.
+ nfhjp epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.
+ ePHk czit rw;W tw;w itj;jy;.
+ nfhjp vd;gjw;F mLj;j epiy.
+ ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by; epfo;tJ.
+ kiwKfj; jP
62.mtp1
,t;tpidr;nrhy; ePuhtpiaf; nfhjpf;f itj;J vOk; Mtpapy; czitj; jahH
nra;jy;. NkYk; ghjp ePUf;Fs; gr;irahd fha;fwp/fpoq;F tiffis ,l;L ePiuf;
nfhjpf;f itj;J mjpy; Ntf itj;jyhf nfhs;syhk;.
v-fh: 1) Gl;L mtp - ,l;lyp mtp/RL ( ePuhtpapy; ghHf;f -RL-4)
2) fpoq;F mtp - nfhjp ePhpy; %o;fp mtpj;jy;.
Fwpg;ghf Ntfitj;jy; vd;gJ gy epiyfspy; epfo;tJ. Kf;fpakhf ePH mikj;Jk;
Ntf itf;fyhk;. ePH ,y;yhkYk; Nt itf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtpj;jy; vd;gJ
fz;bg;ghf vz;nza; ePf;fpa jputkhd ePNuhL fpsk;gpa ePuhtpapy; kl;LNk epfo;tJ.
mtp vd;gJ Ntfitj;jy; - ePHkj;jpy; ,J ePNuhL nra;Ak; nraYf;F
tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; vz;nzNahL nra;Ak; nraYf;F Ntfitj;jy; kl;LNk tUk;.
‘mtp’ tuhJ. mtpj;jy; vd;gij xU tifahd Ntfitj;jy; vd;W $wyhk;. Mdhy;
Ntfitj;jiy mtpj;jy; vd;W $wKbahJ.
v-fh:
1) ,l;lypia Ntfit√
2) ,l;lypia mtp√
3) nuhl;bia Ntfit√
4) nuhl;bia mtp x
5) cUisf;fpoq;if Ntfit

6) cUisf; fpoq;if mtp ePHkj;NjhL
7) vz;nzapy; Nghl;l tilia ed;whf Ntfit√
8) vz;nzapy; Nghl;l tilia ed;whf mtp x
NkNy fz;l vLj;Jf; fhl;LfspypUe;J
mtp- vd;gJ ePuhtp/ jPapd; GOf;fj;jpy; Ntff;$baJ.
Ntfit- vd;gJ vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; epfof;$baJ.
Fwpg;ghf
Nrhw;iw ed;whf Ntf it√
Nrhw;iw ed;whf mtp x
vdNt mtpj;jypYk;> Ntfitj;jypYk; xU NtFjy; cs;sJ. mJ mg;nghUs;
nte;jg;gjj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
v-fh:
1) Gl;L mtpj;Njd; Ntftpy;iy.
2) NrhW ,g;gj;jhd; Ntfitj;Njd;. mJ NtfNt ,y;iy. vdNt Ntf
itj;jypy; xU gjKk;> mtpj;jypy; xU gjKk; cs;sJ.
Fwpg;ghf
1) mtpj;jy;> Ntfitj;jy; jplg;nghUSf;F kl;LNk tUk; ePHkj;jpw;F tuhJ.
2) ePHkj;ij #lhf;f KbAk;> nfhjpf;f itf;f KbAk; mjid mtpf;f KbahJ.
3) ePHkk; NtfhJ mJ #L kl;LNk VWk;.
4) mtpj;jy; vd;gNj ePHkj;jpy; epfo;tjhy; ePHkj;ij mtpf;f KbahJ.
63. NtF(nte;J) ghHf;f mtp-2
czT vd;gJ nte;jhy; mJ mg;ngaHngUk; czT ghpkhdj;jpy; ‘NtF’ vd;;gJ
Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. NtF vd;gJ cz;gjw;F Vw;w Kiwapy; Ntfhj czT
nghUs;fis nfhjpf;Fk; ePHkj;jpy; mkpo;j;jpNah/ mjd; MtpapNyh/ #lhd fy;ypNyh
Nghl;L cz;Zk; epiyf;F khw;Wjy;/ gr;irak; ePq;fp nte;j epiyf;F khw;Wjy;
(ghHf;f- mtp1>2)
Fwpg;ghf NtF vd;gJ ePHkk; fye;J my;yJ <uj;jd;ikapy; epiykhWjiy
kl;LNk NtF(nte;jJ) vd;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
1) Neubj;jPapy; Rl;L nte;j epiyf;F khw;wyhk;.
2) ePHkk; mw;W fha;e;j ghj;jpuj;ij #l;by; itj;J gr;irahd nghUis
Ntfitf;fyhk;.
3) ePhpy;/ ePuhtpapy; xU nghUis Ntf itf;fyhk;.
4) xU nghUspd; <uj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;J/tw;wr; nra;J Ntf itf;fyhk;.
nte;J/NtF vd;gJ Fwpg;ghf ePHkk; fye;j #l;by; kl;LNk ,t;tpid tUk;.
mtpj;jypy; nfhjpj;jypy;> RLjypy; NtFk;. Mdhy; ePHkk; mw;W ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by;
tWj;jypy; ,t;tpid tu tha;g;G Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ‘NtF’ vd;gjw;F ,izahf
‘nkhWnkhWg;G’ vd;gJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
v-fh: (gapW tWf;Fk; NghJ)
1) ed;whf nkhWnkhW vd;W tWj;Jf;nfhL.
2) kPid ed;whf nkhWnkhWg;ghf tWj;Jf; nfhL.
3) kPd; Fok;gpy; nte;jg;gpwF ,wf;F.
4) fwp ed;whf Ntfl;Lk;.
vdNt NtF(nte;j) vd;gJ ePHkr; #oypy; cz;Zk; epiyf;F khw;WjiyNa
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
NtF:
+ nghUis Ntfitj;jy;.
+ ePHkj;jpy; epfo;tJ.
± ePHkk;
+ mjpfr;#L
64. tjf;F
,t;tpidAk; #l;by; epfo;tJ. vz;nza; kw;Wk; vz;nza; ,y;yhj epiyapYk;
epfo;tJ. rikay; nghUl;fsj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; vz;nza; fye;Nj epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf> xU czTg;nghUis ghj;jpuj;jpy; Fiwthd (tjq;Fk; nghUspd; msit
tpl Fiwthf) vz;nzia Cw;wp #L Vw;W tpiuTj;jd;ik/ gr;irepwk; khwr;
nra;jy;/ Jtsr; nra;jy;.
1) kpjkhd #l;by; epfo;tJ.
2) ngUk;ghYk; vz;nzNahLk; rpy Neuq;fspy; vz;nza; ,y;yhkYk; epfOk;.
3) ePHr;rj;J cilag; nghUisj;jhd ngUk;ghYk; tjf;f KbAk;.
4) jputg; nghUSf;F ,t;tpid epfohJ.
v-fh: 1) gr;ir kpsfhia vz;nza; tpl;L tjf;fpdhs;.
2) ntz;ilf;fhia vz;nza; tplhky; tjf;fp Fok;gpy; NghL.
tjf;F vd;gJk; xU tifapy; nghUis Ntf itj;jyhf nfhz;lhYk; mjd;
gpwF NtW xU #l;bd; epfo;tpw;F nry;y tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. ‘tjf;F’ vd;gJ
midj;Jg; nghUSf;Fk; tu tha;g;gpy;iy. mhprpia tjf;f KbahJ. mjid
nghhpf;f/ Ntfitf;f KbAk;. tjf;F vd;gjpy; nghUis RUq;fitj;jy;> Jts
itj;jy; vd;gjpy; epiwT ngWfpd;wJ. tjq;Fk; nghUis Ntfitf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
NtFk; nghUis tjq;f itf;f KbahJ. ePHkk; vd;W nfhs;Sk; NghJ xU nghUis
ePhpy; tjf;f KbahJ. vz;nza;j; jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUshy;jhd; tjf;F epfo;j;j
KbAk;.
tjf;F:
+ gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;
+ #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ ghj;jpuj;NjhL NrHe;j #L
– ePH
+ vz;nza;
+ gytifahd jpUg;GjYf;F MshtJ.
65. jhsp
,r;nray; rikay; miwapy; kl;LNk epfof;$baJ. fz;bg;ghf vz;nza; fye;j
$l;by; epfo;tJ. czTg;nghUSf;F RitAk; thridAk; NrHf;Fk; nghUl;L
nfhjpf;Fk; vz;nzapy; fLF> cSj;jg; gUg;G kw;Wk; thrid ,iyfis Nghl;Lg;
nghhpar; nra;jy; vz;nza; ,y;yhky; ,t;tpid epfotha;g;gpy;yhjjhy; vz;nza;
te;jg;gpwNf ,t;tpid Njhd;wpapUf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.
czTj; jahhpj;jypy; gytifahf Ntfitj;jy;> tjf;Fjy;> nghhpj;jy;
Nghd;wit midj;Jk; czit nte;j epiyf;F khw;Wjy; vd;w epiyapy;
,Ue;jhYk; jhspj;jypy; NghLk; nghUs;fs; jpl;lkpl;L fUf;F epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.
czTj;jahhpj;jypy; rpynghUs; fUff;$lhJ. rpy nghUs;fs; fUfp ntbj;Jr;
rpjuNtz;Lk;. mt;tbg;gilapy; jhspj;jy; vd;gJ rikj;jypy; mjhtJ mLg;G
vhpAk;NghJ epfo;j;Jk; jahhpg;G Kiwapy; ,Wjp tbtk; ngWjyhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
Fwpg;ghf: jhspj;jy; vd;w nray; Fwpg;gpl;l NeuNk epfof;$baJ.
v-fh: 1) fhuf; Fok;igj; jhspj;jhy; jhd; Ritahf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) rl;dp itj;J tpl;Nld;. jhspj;J kl;Lk; Cw;W.
jhspj;jy; ngUk;ghYk; ntbg;Gr;rj;jKk;> rw;W GifAk; Vw;glf;$baJ. ,J
Neubj; jPapy; epfohky; ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by; epfof; $baJ. mjhtJ %d;W
mLf;Fr;#L jP> ghj;jpuj;jpd; #L> mjd; %yk; vz;nza; #L Nghd;wit epfOk;.
jhsp:
+ #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ vz;nza;
+ ghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; vz;nza; #L.
+ Fwpg;gpl;l nghUspd; gad;ghL
+ Fwpg;gpl;l NeuNk epfo;tJ
+ ngUk;ghYk; czTj; jahhpj;jypy; ,Wjp tbtk;.
– ePH
+ epfOk; nghUs; fUFk; epiy.
+ jdpj;j nray;ghl;NlhL epfo;tJ.

66.Rz;L-1
> 67Rz;L-2
,t;tpidapd; nray; ePHkk; Nghd;w nghUs; ntg;gj;jhy; tw;wp Nghjiyf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kw;Wk; xU nghUis ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;L #l;by; thl;Ljiyf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
Rz;L-1
,t;tpid ePHk czthf Fok;G> ghy; Kjypatw;iw ghj;jpuj;jpy; itj;J mjpf
#Nlw;Wtjhy; mJ ,Uf;Fk; epiyapypUe;J tw;wpf; Fiwjy;. ,t;tpid xU nghUspd;
msT nte;j epiyapypUe;J FiwAk; Nehf;fpy; epfo;j;Jjy;. ,J xU tifahd
jpl;lkpl;l Fiwg;G. ,t;tpid rikay; jsj;jpy; jahhpj;jypy; cs;s KOnghUis
vLf;fhky; mstpidf; Fiwj;jy; vd;w jd;ikapy; mikfpd;wJ.
v-fh: 1) Fok;ig rw;W Rz;lit Ritahf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) ghiy Rz;lf;fha;r;rp vLj;Jit.
Rz;L vd;gJ nfhjpj;jy;> nte;j epiy epfo;e;jg; gpd;Gjhd; ,J epfOk;.
nfhjpj;jypy;> Ntf itj;jypy; ,J ,Wjp epiy. ,J ePHkk; czTf;F kl;LNk tUk;.
,t;tpidapd; nghUz;ik vy;iy xU nghUis ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J Jtf;Fk; NghJ
,Uf;Fk; msittpl ,t;tpid KbAk;NghJ mjd; msT fz;bg;ghf Fiwe;J ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Rz;L-2
fPiu> gapW Nghd;w czTg; nghUs;fis rl;bapy; ,l;L thl;b> tjf;fpj; jahhpj;jy;.
Ntfitj;jypy;-NtFjy; kl;LNk epfOk;
jahhpj;jypy;- mJ njhlHghd jhspj;jy; epfo;T kl;LNk epfOk;.
Rz;Ljypy;- Vw;fdNt nte;jij/ Fiwe;j #l;by; NtFk; nghUis vz;nza;
Nghd;w ePHkg; nghUis ,l;L mij tjq;fr; nra;J czthfj; jahhpj;jy;. fliy -
vd;w czT nghUis thq;fpte;J Ntfitj;J Rz;Ljy; vd;w epfo;it
epfo;j;Jtjhy; mJ fliy vd;w jd; ngaiu ,oe;J Rz;Ljy; epfOk; NghJ
cUthFk; ngaiu (Rz;ly;) ngWfpd;wJ. ‘tjf;F’ vd;gJ nghUs; JtYk; epiyf;Fr;
nry;Yjy; ‘Rz;L’ vd;gJ nghUis Neubahf cz;Zk; epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.
fPiu> gaW tiffis Rz;bf;nfhL vd;why; mjid mtpj;J> jhspj;J> jahhpj;jy;
vd;w nghUs; fl;likg;igg; ngWfpd;wJ. Rz;L-2 vd;gJ tpupthf gy epfo;Tfis
cs;slf;fpf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ.
v-fh:
1) Riuf;fha; Rz;L- vd;gJ mjid Rj;jk; nra;J eWf;fp> Ntfitj;J> jhspj;J>
tw;wr; nra;J xU GJtpjkhd Ritia ju epfo;j;JtJ.
2) fPiuia Ntfitj;Jf; nfhL> vd;gJ Ntfitj;jiy kl;LNk Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
fPiuia Ruz;bf; nfhL-vd;gJ gy tiffis NrHj;J> gy epiyfisr; NrHj;J
jahhpj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
Rz;L -1
+ ePHk czT
+ mjpf #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ nfhjpj;jy; epiyf;F mLj;J epfo;tJ.
+ ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ ePHkk; fye;j czit tw;wr; nra;jy;.
– jpl czT
Rz;L - 2
+ jpl czT
+ xU tifahd czT jahhpj;jy;
+ thl;Ljy;> tjf;Fjypd; njhFg;G
+ ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ cz;Zk; epiyf;Fj; jahHgLj;Jjy;.
68. nehjp
ePHkk;> ePHkj;jpy; fyf;fp itj;j khT Kjypait Gspj;J mjhtJ epiykhwp
NkNyOk;Gjy;. ,t;tpid Ntjpkhw;wk; epfo;tjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ngUk;ghYk; rikay;

nghUz;ik mikg;gpy; ‘nehjp’ vd;gJ tPzhFjy; vd;w nghUspy; te;jhYk;> rpy
czTfSf;F ‘nehjp’ vd;w Ntjpkhw;wk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhjpj;jy; vd;gjpy; xU
tifahd nehjpj;jiyf; $wpdhYk; nfhjp fl;lhakhf mjpf jPapd; #l;by; epfo;tJ.
Mdhy; nehjpj;jy; fz;bg;ghf jPapd; #l;by; epfo Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
v-fh: 1) rhjk; nehjpf;tpl;L ,wf;F vd;gJ nfhjpj;jg; gpd; rw;W ghidapy; #l;by;
rw;W kpfTk; nte;j epiyf;F khWjy;.
2)Njhir khit ifia tpl;L fpz;L mg;NghJjhd; ed;whf nehjpj;J
NknyOk;Gk;. (vd;gJ khT #L Vwhky; Gspg;Gj;jid Vw;W rw;W Rit khWjy;.)
nehjp:
+ ePHkk; fye;j czT
+ Ntjp khw;wk; epfo;jy;
+ #l;by; #L ,y;yhky; Gspg;Gj; jd;ik milj;jy;.
+ Ntjpkhw;wk; mile;J NkNyOk;Gjy;
+ xU tifahd FoFog;Gj; jd;ik miljy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; khTg; nghUSf;F tUtJ.
69. Fio
,t;tpid kpFjpahd ntg;gj;jhy; nte;jg; nghUs; nkd;ikahd epiyf;F tUjy;.
i.) xU czTg;nghUis Neubahf jPapy; fhl;bdhy; fUFk;.
ii.)mNj Nghd;W ghj;jpuj;ij kpFe;j #Nlw;wp nghUis itj;jhYk; fLFk;/
mbg;gpbf;Fk;.
iii.)Mdhy; ,e;j Fiojy; mjpfnfhjp ePhpy; ,l;L Ntfitf;fpd;w NghJjhd;
FioAk;.
iv.) nghJthf RL vz;nzapy; xU czTg;nghUis ,l;lhy; mJ FioahJ.
v.) Fio vd;gjw;F ePHkk; mtrpakhfpwJ.
v-fh: 1) NrhW ed;whf Fioe;J tpl;lJ.
2) fpoq;F ed;whf nte;J Fioe;jg;gpd; ,wf;F.
xU czTg; nghUs; nte;jg; gpd;Gjhd; Fio epiyf;F milAk;. ‘Fio’
vd;gjpy; girahd epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. Fio vd;gjpy; ,uz;L nghUs; gphpT cz;L.
Fiio-1 vd;gjpy; fl;lha jPapy; epfo;tJk; Fio(Fog;G) vd;gJ ePhpy; RLepiy mw;W
fyj;jiyAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ghHf;f-Fog;G. ,t;tplj;jpy; Fioe;J vd;w tpidg; gFg;ig
kl;LNk itj;J tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fio
+ kpFjpahd ntg;gk;
+ ghj;jpuj;jpd; #L kw;Wk; ePHfye;j #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ nte;j epiyf;Fg; gpwF epfo;tJ.
– vz;nza;
+ Fwpg;gpl;l gad;fUjp epfo;j;Jjy;.
70.ekH> 71.CW
,t;tpU tpidAk; <uj;jd;ikg; gl;L czTg;nghUspd; nkhWnkhWg;Gj; jd;ik
mw;W <u epiyf;F khWjy;.
ekH(eK)
fha;e;j/<uj;jd;ikaw;w czTg; nghUs; kPJ my;yJ ePHgpbf;f itj;jy;.
vz;nzapNyh/vz;nzapy;yhkNyh nghhpj;j czTg;nghUis ePhpidj; njspj;J
nkhwnkhwg;Gj; jd;ikiag; Nghf;Fjy;. ‘ekH’ vd;gJ Fwpg;ghf fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;jpYk;
epiy khwyhk;.
v-fh:
1) nghhp/mhprp khit ePHnjspj;J ekHe;J it.
CW vd;gJ xU fha;e;j nghUs;. ePhpid cwpQ;rp> eide;J nkd;ikj;
jd;ikahjy;. Fwpg;ghf mhprp> gUg;G Kjypait KOtJk; ePhpy; fide;J/cwpQ;rp

nkd;id epiyahjy;. Vw;fdNt <uj;jd;ik cs;s nghUs; CW epiyia Vw;fhJ.
nghJthf gr;irf; fha;fwpfs; CW epiyf;Fr; nry;tJ fbdk;.
v-fh: 1. mhprpia Cw it
2. cSe;J ed;whf Cwpdhy; jhd; ed;whf miugLk;.
CWjYk;> ekh;jYk; ePhpdhy; mike;jhYk; ,UNtW nghUs; fl;likg;G
vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ. ekh;j;J vd;gjpy; ePhpidj; njspj;jy;. ‘CW’ vd;gjpy; ePhpy;
Kf;Fjy;. xU nghUs; <uj; jd;ikapy; ekh;e;J CW epiyf;F khwyhk;. Mdhy;
Cwpa nghUs; gpd;G ekUk; epiyf;F khwhJ. xd;W Ke;jpaJ. kw;nwhd;W gpe;jpaJ.
ekh;jy; vd;gjpy; xU CW vd;w epiy ,Ue;jhYk; ekh; vd;gjpd; CW epiy epiy
rw;W khw;wk; ngw;;wJ. ekh; vd;gjpy; Fiwthd <ug;gjj;ijAk; CW vd;gjpy;
kpFjpahd <ug;gjj;ijAk; nfhz;lJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahf; ‘ekh;’ tpidapy; nghUs; kPJ
ePiuf; njspj;jy; ‘CW’ tpidapy; ePhpDs; czTnghUis nfhl;Ljy;.
ekH
+ fha;e;j czTg;nghUs;
+ ePHkj;ij njspj;jy;
+ Fiwthf <uj;jd;ik ngw;w epiy
+ CWtjpy; Kjy; epiy.
+ fha;e;j czTg;nghUs; nkd;ik epiy miljy;.
– ePhpy; mkpo;jy;
CW
+ fha;e;j czTg;nghUs;
+ ePHkj;jpy; Kf;fpa epiy/ mkpo;e;j epiy.
+ Kw;wpYkhf ePhpid cs;spOj;jy;.
+ ‘ekH’ tpidf;F gpe;jpa epiy.
71.Gsp
khT> japH Nghd;wit ,urhadkhw;wj;jhy; Gspg;Gr; Rit ngWjy;.
v-fh 1) Njhir khT Gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2) Gspj;jhy;jhd; CWfha; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;.
Gspj;jy; vd;w tpid ngUk;ghYk; ntk;gkhd rPNjhz epiyapy;
epfof;$baJ. nghJthf-ntg;gj;jpy; ,g;Gspj;jy; tpid epfo tha;gpy;iy. cztpd;
Rit> cztpd; fyit vd;gJ ,aw;ifapd; #oy; jPHkhdpg;gij ,e;j Gsp tpid
cjhuzkhf jpfOk;.
Gsp
+ ngUk;ghYk; khTg;nghUs;
+ ePh; fye;j CWjy; epiy
+ fye;j epiyapy; Xh; ,uT ,Uj;jy;
+ xU tifahd Ntjpkhw;wk;
– Neub #L> vz;nza;
73. rpt
,t;tpid RL vz;nzapy; kpFe;j #l;lhy; mg;gsk;> til Nghd;wit nte;J
nghd; epwkhjy;. ,t;tifahd nray;ghL czT jahhpj;jypy; mjpf ftdj;ijAk;
kpFe;j nray;ghl;ilAk; juf;$baJ.
nghJthf
i.) ePhpy; NtFk;nghUs; nte;J rpte;j epiyf;F khw;w KbahJ.
ii.) ePh;kk; ,y;yhky; tWf;Fk; NghJ rptg;G epwk; tuyhk;.
iii.) Mdhy; ,J kpFjpahf vz;nzapy; jhd; epfOk;.
iv.) rptj;jy; epiy vd;gJ fUFk; epiyf;F Ke;jpaJ. Kw;wpYkhf vz;nzapy;
nte;J epwk; khWjy;.
v-fh:
1. til ed;whf nte;jJk; vL
2. KWf;F ed;whf nte;jhy;jhd; rptf;Fk;.
rpt:

+ RL vz;nzapy; nte;J epiy khWjy;
+ ghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; vz;nzapd; #L.
+ rw;W nkhWnkhWg;Gj; jd;ik ngWjy;
– ePh;
+ nte;j epiyf;Fg; gpe;jpaJk; fUF epiyf;F Ke;jpaJk;.
74.RUs;
,t;tpidAk; RL vz;nzapy; kpFe;j #l;by; cs;Nehf;fp tl;l tbtkhf
klq;Fjy; czTg; nghUis vz;nzapy; Ntf itj;J ed;whf nghhpe;j epiyapy;
epiy khWjy;. ,t;tpidia epfo;j;jp czTg; nghUisj; jahhpj;jy;> rpy
Neuq;fspy; mt;tpid epfo tplhky;> NtFjypy; RUs; vd;gjid ,Wjp vy;iyahf
itj;J epfo;j;Jjy;.
v-fh: 1. hpg;gd; gNfhlh RUSk; NghJ jhd; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. kPid RUSk; mstpw;F nghhpf;fhNj.
,t;tpid mjpfg;gbahd ghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; vz;nza; #l;by;
RUs;:
+ mjpfkhd ghj;jpuj;jpd;> vz.nza; #l;by; epfo;tJ.
+ nte;J RUz;l epiyf;F khWjy;.
+ rw;W nkhWnkhWg;Gj; jd;ikf;F khWjy;.
– ePh;
75. cg;G
czTg;nghUs; #l;bNyh/#L ,y;yhkNyh mjd;msit tpl nghpjhjy;. cg;Gjy;
vd;gJ ,uz;L epiyfspy; epfof; $baJ.
1. CWk; jd;ik nfhz;l nghUis ePhpy; Kf;fpnaLj;J gUj;j epiyf;F
khw;Wjy;
2. khTj;jd;ik nfhz;l nghUis nfhjpf;Fk; vz;nzapy; Nghl;L gUj;j
epiyf;F khw;Wjy;
nte;j czTg; nghUis ePhpy; mOj;jp gUj;j epiyf;F khw;Wjy; KjyhtJ.
,uz;lhtJ czTg; nghUis vz;nzapy; Ntf itf;Fk;NghJ #l;by; gUj;j
epiyf;F khw;Wjy; ,uz;lhtJ epiy.xU nghUs; Ntf itf;Fk; #l;by; cg;g
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,y;iy. cg;Gjy; vd;gJ mt;TzT nghUspd; nkd;ikj;
jd;ikia mstplg; gad;gLfpwJ.
v-fh:
1. vz;nzapy; Nghl;lJk; G+hp cg;g Ntz;Lk;.
2. tlfwp nra;tjw;F til rhk;ghhpy; ed;whf Cwp cg;g Ntz;Lk;.
cg;Gjy; vd;gJ jbj;jy;> gUj;jy;> CWjy; vd;gjw;F ,izahdjhf nfhs;s
KbahJ. cg;Gjy; vd;gJ #l;by; epfOk; NghJ nte;J czthfkhWtjw;F
milahsk; cs;sJ. ‘cg;G’ vd;w tpid #l;by; epfOk; NghJ mjd;
gf;Ftg;gLj;jpa epiyia Nrhjpg;gjw;F msT NfhyhfTk; mikfpd;wJ.
v-fh: 1) khT rhpahf gpira tpy;iy vd;why; g+hp cg;gp tuhJ.
rpy tl;lhu tof;Ffspy; ‘cg;G’ vd;gjw;F ,izahf nghhpjy; vd;W te;jhYk; cg;G
vd;gJ nray;ghl;bYk;> jahhpj;jy; Kiwapy; NtWghL cs;sJ.
cg;G:
+ #L vz;nzapy; epfo;tJ
+ mjd; mstpy; nghpjhjy;.
+ nghhpe;J nghpjhjy;
+ ePiu cs;spOj;J nghpjhjy;
+ ePHikj;jd;ik mw;wNj cg;G epiy epfOk;.
76. gphp
,t;tpid fye;jpUf;Fk; epiyapypUe;J jdpj;jdpahf gphpjy; njhlHghd nray;.
,J xU tifahd Rj;jg;gLj;Jjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ePHkk; fye;J #L Vw;wg;gLtjhy;
mjpypUe;J NjitahdJk; Njitapy;yhjJk; gphpjy;.
v-fh:

1) ghF fha;r;rpdhy; gphpAk;
2) [Pdpia fha;r;rp mOf;if gphpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gphp vd;gjw;F gyNtWghL nfhz;l nghUs; ,Ue;jhYk; ePhpy; mOf;ifg; gphpj;jiyf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
gphp
+ nghUis juk;gphpj;jy;.
+ ePHkk; fye;j nfhjpePhpy; ghFgLj;Jjy;
+ xU tifahd mOf;if ePf;Fjy;.
+ ghj;jpuj;jpd; msT Njhypy; epfo;tJ.
77. nghq;F
,r;nray; #LgLj;Jtjhy;> ,urhapd khw;wj;jhy; ghy;> ePH> khT Kjypait
Eiuj;J NknyOk;Gjy; ,g;nghUs; ePHkk; fye;j nghUSf;Nf tUk;.
v-fh: 1) ghy; nghq;fp tpLk;.
2) Fok;G nghq;fp tope;J tpl;lJ.
nghq;F vd;gJ nkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp tUjy; #l;bYk;> #L ,y;yhky;
Ntjpkhw;wj;jhYk; ,e;j nghq;F eilngWk;.
nghq;F
+ ePHkk;/ePHkk; fye;j nghUs;
+ ngUk;ghYk; #L Vw;gLk; NghJ nfhjpj;J NknyOk;Gjy;
+ ePHkk; nte;j epiyia Fwpj;jy;
+ NtF - ePHkj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;whYk; nfhjp> nghq;Fjypy; czHtJ.
+ Fwpg;gpl;l fhymsT.
78. nfhjp
,t;tpid mjpf #Nlw;wpa ePHkj;jpy; epfo;tJ nfhjpj;jy; vd;gJ ePHkk; kpFe;j
ntg;gkhfp Vw;gLk; epiy khw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. fPopUe;J NknyOg;gp tUtij
‘nfhjp’ vdyhk;. Fwpg;ghf nghq;FjYk;> topjYk; #l;by;jhd; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fl;lhak; ,y;iy. Mdhy; nfhjpj;jy; fz;bg;ghf #l;by; jhd; epfOk;.
i.) nfhjp tpid epfOk; NghJ fz;bg;ghf xU tifahd rj;jj;ij juf;$baJ.
ii.) ,jid #LNlw;wpa gpd; epfOk; epiyahff; nfhs;syhk;. tw;Wjy;> Rz;Ljy;
epiyf;F Kd;G epfo;gitahfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
v-fh: 1) NrhW nfhjpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
2) ,urk; nfhjpj;J thrid tUfpd;wJ.
nfhjpj;jy; vd;gJ ghj;jpuk;> ePHkk;> jP ,k;%d;W nray;ghl;bd; jd;ikapy; epfo;tJ.
jplg;nghUs; czthf khw NtFjy; tpidAk;> ePHkg; nghUs; czthf khw
‘nfhjpj;jy;’ tpidAk; tUfpd;wJ.
nfhjp
+ ePHkk;
+ mjpfkhd jP/#L
+ rj;jj;NjhL NknyOk;Gk; epiy
+ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk;.
+ ePHkk; fye;j czT.
+ #L Vw;WjYf;F gpe;j epiy.
– Neubj; jP.
79. Eiu
,t;tpid ePHkk;/ ePHkk; fye;j nghUs; nfhjpepiyapy;/ Ntjp khw;wj;jhy; Eiu
vOg;gp NknyOk;Gjy;. ,t;tpid rikay; jsj;jpy; kpFjpahd #oypy;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ,t;tpid ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jhj #oYf;F te;jhYk; rpy
Neuq;fspy; cztpd; #Lj;jd;ik/mjd; Ntjpkhw;wj; jd;ikia mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s
gad;gLfpwJ.
v-fh: 1) mLg;gpy; cs;s rhjk; Eiuj;J tpl;lJ.
2) ntz;nza; Eiuj;J mlq;fpaJk; ,wf;fptpL.

Eiu vd;gJ xUtpj ntz;ikahd nghq;Fjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ghj;jpuj;jpd;
cs;Ns eilngWk; tpidahf cs;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; czT gjg;gLj;Jjypy; ,Wjp
epiyia ,t;tpid Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ.
nehjp:
+ ePHkk; fye;j czT
+ #L
– #L
+ Ntjpkhw;wk; epfo;jy;
+ xUtpj Eiuj;jNyhL NknyOk;Gjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; ,Wfpa / Fioa ngw;w nghUs;
,WF – 80
,t;tpid vd;gJ ,yfpa / ePh;kk; fye;jg; nghUs; nkd;ik / ,yfpa jd;ik
,oe;J fbdj;jd;ik miljy;. Fwpg;ghf nfl;bj;jd;ik ngWjy;. ,t;tpid #l;bYk;
epfoyhk; #L ,y;yhkYk; epfoyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; khTg;nghUis ed;whff; fpz;b
mjid Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;jpw;F Fwpr;rp milar; nra;jy;.
v.fh 1. cUl;ba vs; cUz;il ed;whf ,Wf Ntz;Lk;.
2. my;th Jz;L NghLtjw;F ed;whf ,Wf Ntz;Lk;.
cztpy; ,WFjy; vd;gJ kPz;Lk; mjid fbf;fNth gad;gLj;jNth $ba
epiy. Fiothdij nfl;bgl itj;jy;. xUtifahf ,jid cyh;jh; jd;ik
miltjhff; nfhs;syhk;.
,WF
+ #l;by; epfo;tJ
- #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ ,WFk; jd;ik
+ Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;jpy; miktJ
+ ,yfpajw;F mLj;j epiy
+ kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fl;bj;jd;ik
81. fha; -(1)> 82. fha;-(2)
fha; vd;w tpidf;F tphpe;j nghUz;ik fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
rikay; nghUz;ikf;fsj;jpy; ,U nghUz;ikj; jd;ikia kl;Lk; fsk;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fha; - 1
xU <uj;jd;ikAs;s nghUs; ntg;gj;jhy; (Neubahf #hpa xspapy; / fhw;wpy;)
<uj;jd;ik ,iwj;J fha;e;j epiyf;F khWjy;. ngUk;ghYk; ePh;jd;ik Fiwe;J
,Uf;Fk; nghUs; / ePh;gpbg;Gj;jd;ik cs;s nghUSf;Fj;jhd; tUk;. Fwpg;ghfj; jdpah
cs;s ePh;kj;jpw;F tuhJ.
v.fh. 1. tlj;ij ed;whf fhaZ
2. Cw itj;j mhprpia ed;whf fha it
ghiy fha it vd;gjw;Fk; mhprpiaf; fhait vd;gjw;Fk; kpFe;j NtWghL
nfhz;lJ.
fha; - 2
,t;tpid vd;gJ ePh;kj;ij jPapy; #Nlw;Wjy;. ,J ePh;kk; #l;by; nfhjp
epiyf;F Ke;jpa epiy. rpy Neuq;fspy; nfhjp epiyAk; / nfhjp epiy mlq;fp
#NlWjy; epiyahfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh. 1. mLg;gpy; ghF fha;fpd;wJ
2. mLg;gpy; ciy fha;fpwJ
NkNy cs;s ,uz;Lk; #Nlwpa epiy. rpy Neuq;fspy; ghj;jpuj;ij #Nlw;Wjy;
vd;w nghUspy; fha; - 1 njhlh;GgLj;jpAk; tUfpd;wJ.
fha; - 1> fha; - 2 ,t;tpU tpidAk; nghJ epiyapy; #L Vw;Wjy; vd;gjpYk;
rpwg;G epiyapy; fha; - 1 vd;gJ jpl nghUSf;Fk;> fha; - 2 vd;gJ ePh;kg;
nghUSf;Fk; tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j fha; vd;w tpid midj;J ,lj;jpw;Fk; nghJ

epiyapy; tUtjpy;iy. nghJthf ePh;kk; fye;j czTf;F tUtjpy;iy. fha; - 1
vd;gJ midj;J czT nghUSf;Fk; tUk; ve;j czT vy;yhk; ePh; tw;w Ntz;Lkh
mjw;nfy;yhk; tUk;. Mdhy; fha; - 2 vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l czT nghUSf;F kl;LNk
,t;tpid toq;Ftjw;F mDkjpf;Fk;.
cjhuzj;jpw;F>
1. mLg;gpy; rhjk; fha;fpd;wJ x
2. mLg;gpy; my;th fha;fpd;wJ x
3. mLg;gpy; ghy; fha;fpwJ √
4. ciy fha;e;jg;gpd; mhprpNghL √
NkNy fz;l cjhuzj;jpy; jdp ePh;kk; #L VWjiy kl;LNk Fwpf;f ,e;j fha;
tUfpd;wJ. fpz;L> rik vd;w ,lj;jpw;F ,izahf ,t;tpid tUtjpy;iy.
Fwpg;ghf ciy fha; - vd;gjpy; xU Xiria Nfl;f KbAk;. Mdhy; ‘ghy; fha;’
vd;gjhy; mt;thW Nfl;gjpy;iy.
fha; - 1 y; ePh;kj;jd;ikiag; Nghf;Fjy;
fha; - 2 y; ePh;kj;jd;ikiar; #Nlw;Wjy;
fha; - 1
+ <uj;jd;ikAs;s nghUis ePh;tw;wr; nra;jy;
+ xU tifahd fha itj;jy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; mLg;G jP mw;wJ
+ jplg;nghUs;
fha; - 2
+ jdp ePh;kj;ij #Nlw;Wjy;
+ ghj;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld;
+ kiwKfj; jP
+ rpy Neuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl rj;jj;Jld;
+ ngUk;ghYk; nfhjp epiyf;F Ke;jpa
- jplg;nghUs;
83.Mw;W> 84.MW
,t;tpuz;L tpidAk; nghJ epiyapy; czTg; nghUspd; #l;ilf; Fiwj;jy;
vd;w nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdp nghUz;ik vy;iyfisf;
nfhz;lJ.
Mw;W vd;gJ nfhjp epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ePh;kj;ij ,U ghj;jpuj;jpw;F khw;Wtjd;
%yk; #l;ilf; Fiwj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp ghj;jpuj;jpy; Cw;wp
#l;ilg; Nghf;Fjy;. ,t;tpid fz;bg;ghf ePh;k cztpw;Nf tUfpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. B ia Mw;wpf; nfhL
2. RL jz;zpia Mw;W
MW
jplg;nghUspy; cs;s #L jhdhf fhw;wpy; ntg;gk; Fiwjy;. Fwpg;ghf> ePh;k
czit Mw;wpdhYk; #L FiwAk; Mw itj;jhYk; #L FiwAk;. Mdhy;
jplg;nghUs; Mw;w KbahJ. ‘MW’ vd;w tpid kl;LNk epfOk;.
v.fh. 1. Nrhw;iw Mw it
2. czit Mw itj;J rhg;gpL
Fwpg;ghf MW> Mw;W ,uz;L tpidAk; xd;W Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; ,UNtW
nghUs; vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lJ. Mw;W epfo;j;Jk; NghJ MW epfoyhk;. Mdhy; MW
epfOk; NghJ Mw;W vd;gJ fl;lhakpy;iy. Mw;W vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l> jdpj;jg;
gad;ghl;NlhL epfo tha;g;Gz;L.
v.fh. 1. ghiy Mw;W ,y;iy vd;whYk; Mw it √
2. Nrhw;iw Mw it √
3. Nrhw;iw Mw;W x
4. cUisf;fpoq;if Mw;W x
5. B ia Mw;Wf; nfhL √
vdNt Mw;W vd;gJk; MW vd;gJk; jdpj;jdp nghUz;ikf;fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ.

Mw;W
+ ePh;kk;
+ mjpfkhd #l;ilf; Fiwj;jy;
+ ,U ghj;jpuj;jpy; khwpa epiy
+ Fwpg;gpl;l gad;ghL fUjpa epiy
+ rpy Neuq;fspy; jhdhfNt MWjy;
+ ftdkhd Kaw;rp
+ jdp ePh;kk;
MW
- ePh;kk;
+ #l;ilg; Nghf;Fjy;
+ ,aw;ifahf #l;il Fiwj;jy;
- ,lkhw;Wjy;
+ midj;J #lhd jpl / jput nghUSk;
85. cyh;
<ukhf ,Ug;gij fhw;W / #hpa xspapy; fha itj;jy;. ,J ngUk;ghYk;
jahhpj;j cztpw;F tuhky; czT jahhpf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk;. gjg;gLj;JjYf;Fk;
tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tpid ngUk;ghYk; ePh;kkhd nghUSf;F tUtjpy;iy. jplg;nghUSf;F
kl;LNk tUfpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. fsp nra;tjw;F rypj;j khit cyh;j;jp itj;Jf;nfhs;
2. fl;b cUz;ilg; gpbf;f khit cyh;j;jp itj;Jf;nfhs;
Fwpg;ghf cyh; vd;gJ kpjkhf fha;e;J <uj;jd;ik NghFjy;. Fwpg;ghf fha it
vd;gjw;Fk; cyh;j;J vd;gjw;Fk; mbg;gilg; nghUs; xw;Wikia fhl;bdhYk;
,uz;Lk; gad;ghl;by; nghUs; czh;tpy; NtWghL nfhz;lJ.
fha it vd;gjpy; Rj;jkhf <ug;gjk; Fiwtjw;fhf epfo;j;Jjy; ngUk;ghYk;
Neubahd nta;apypy;>
cyh;j;J vd;gJ epoy; glh;e;j nta;aypy;> ngUk;ghYk; fhw;wpy; <ug;gjk; Fiwjy;.
cyh;j;J vd;gjpy; xU nkd;ikj;jd;ikAk;> fha itj;jypy; xU fbdj;jd;ikAk;
,Ug;gjhf nghUs; czh;T ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
v.fh.
1. khit fha itf;fhky; cyh;j;jp itj;jhy; cUz;il gpbf;f VJthFk;.
,t;Tyh; vd;gJ jdp ePh;kj;jpw;F fz;bg;ghf tuhJ.
cyh;
+ jplg;nghUs;
+ kpjkhd <ug;gjj;ijg; Nghf;Fjy;
+ gjg;gLj;Jjypy; xU tif
- #L
86. jPa;
,t;tpid mjpfg;gbahd #l;by; vhpe;J Nghjy; / fUfp Nghjy;. ,t;tpid xU
tifahd gadw;W Nghjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. xU czit #LgLj;Jk; NghJ mjd;
,Wjpepiyahf ,t;tpidiaf; nfhs;syhk;. czT vd;W ngah; ngw;why;
,t;tpidf;F Ke;jpaj;jhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
,r;nray; Neubj;jPapy; / ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by; epfo;tJ
ePh;kkhdg; nghUs; kpFjpahd #l;bdhy; tw;wp NghjiyAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
,r;nray; kpFjpahf ftdf;Fiwghl;lhy; epfo;tJ. ,t;tpidia ahUk; rikay;
fsj;jpy; tpUk;gp epfo;j;JtJ fpilahJ.
v.fh. 1. fpoq;if thl;bf; nfhz;L th vd;why; jPa;j;Jtpl;lhNa
2. ghy; jPa;e;J fUfpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
jPa;
+ mjpfg;gbahd #l;by; epfo;tJ
+ Kw;wpYkhf gad;w;W Nghjy;
+ jpl> jput nghUSf;F tUk;

+ Ntf itj;jypy; ,Wjp epiy
+ kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jYf;F Kw;wpYk; mw;wJ
87. fhe;J
,t;tpidAk; czTg;nghUs; gadw;W Nghjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,r;nray;
Neubj;jPapy; / ghj;jpuj;jpd; #l;by; epfo;tJ. ePh;kkhdg; nghUs; kpFjpahd #l;bdhy;
tw;wpg; Nghjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. epwk; khWjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Fwpg;;ghf kpFjpahd jPahy;
thil Vwpa epiy. xU nghUspy; ,t;tpid epfOkhdhy; mjd; thrid ekf;F
czh;j;jptpLk;. ,t;tpid ePh;kk; / ePh;kk; mw;w nghUSf;Fk; tUk;.
v.fh. 1. gUg;G fhe;Jfpd;w thrid mbf;fpd;wJ.
rpy Neuq;fspy; fhe;Jfpd;w czTg;nghUis kPz;Lk; ek;khy; gad;gLj;jf; $l
KbAk;. Mdhy; jPa;e;J Nghd nghUis ek;khy; fz;bg;ghf gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
88. cUF / ,yF
,t;tpidahdJ vz;nza; jd;ik cila jplg;nghUs; ,Wfp ,Uf;fpd;w
epiyapypUe;J ePh;k epiyf;F #l;bdhy; khWjy;.
v.fh. 1. ntz;nzia cUf;fp it.
cUFjYk; fiujYk; NtW Ntwhdit. cUFjy; vd;gJ ePh;k epiyapypUe;J
,Wfpa nghUs; / vz;nza; jd;ikapypUe;J ,Wfpa nghUs; ntg;gj;jpdhy; ePh;k
epiyf;F khWjy;. fiujy; vd;gJ #L ,y;yhky; jdp ePhpy; khT jd;ikg; ngw;w
xd;W fiujy;. cUF vd;gjpy; vz;nza; jd;ikAk;> fiu vd;gjpy; khTj;jd;ikAk;
nfhz;L miktJ.
v.fh. 1. Fok;gpy; Nghl;l fj;jphpf;fha; fiue;Jtpl;lJ √
2. Fok;gpy; Nghl;l fj;jphpf;fha; cUfptpl;lJ x
3. Fok;gpy; Nghl;l fy;y cUz;il fiue;Jtpl;lJ √
4. Fok;gpy; Nghl;l fy;y cUz;il cUfptpl;lJ. x
vdNt cUF vd;gJk; fiu vd;gJk; NtW Ntwhdit.
cUF
+ vz;nza; nghUs;
+ #l;by; epiykhWjy;
+ Neub / kiwKfj;jP
+ jplg;nghUs; jputkhf khWjy;
+ Fwpg;gpl;l msthd #l;by; epfo;tJ
- ePh;
89.jphp –
,r;nray; ngUk;ghYk; Ntjpkhw;wj;jpy; epfo;td. ghy; Kjypatw;wpaYs;s rj;J
nghUs; jpl;Ljpl;lhf kpjf;fpd;w epiyapy; gphpjy; / nfLjy;. Rikay; fsj;jpy;
kpFjpahf ghYf;F kl;LNk tUfpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. ghy; jphpe;Jtpl;lJ
,t;tpid jplg;nghUSf;F tUtjpy;iy. ,jid xUtifahd gad;gLj;jhj epiyf;F
Nghjy;
jphp
+ ePh;kg;nghUs;
+ nfl;l epiyf;F khWjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; #l;by; epfo;tJ
90. nfl;L / nfL –
czthFk; nghUs; gjk; mopjy; vd;gJ nghJ nghUshf
epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid midj;J czTg;nghUs;fSk; tPzhg; Nghtjw;Fg;
nghJr;nrhy;yhff; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh. 1. Njq;fha; Nghl;L rikj;jjhy; czT tpiuthff; nfl;Ltpl;lJ
nfl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;why; mg;nghUs; ve;j xU epiyapyhtJ khw;wk;
epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk;. Fwpg;ghf rikf;Fk; NghJ gjk; mope;J epiykhWjyhff; $l
nfhs;syhk;.

nfL
+ cz;gjw;F mw;w epiyapy; khWjy;
+ midj;J czTg;nghUSf;Fk;
+ jahhpf;Fk; NghJ ftdf;FiwghL
+ xU tifahd Ez;fpUkpfshy; epiykhWjy;
91. mLf;F
rikay; nghUs; fsj;jpy; Jiz cztpw;Nf ngUk;ghYk; tUfpd;wJ.
jdpj;jdpahff; nfl;bahf cs;sjw;F ,t;tpid tUfpd;wJ. mLf;F vd;gJ
ghJfhj;jyhfTk;> moFg;gLj;JjyhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
Jiz czthd Jz;L nra;ag;gl;l Nff;F tiffs;> KWf;F Nghd;w jdpj;j Jiz
czTfis xOq;fhd tbtpy; xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf mLf;Fjy;. ,jid tpiuthf>
jdpj;jdpahf vLj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,t;tpid epfo;fpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. my;th Jz;il vLj;J mLf;fp it
2. KUf;F> gyfhuq;fis ed;whf mLf;fp it
czT rikj;jypy; ,t;tpid ,Wjpepiyahff; nfhs;syhk;. jw;fhy czTj;
jahhpg;gpy; mLf;F vd;gJ xU tifahd Ez;fiyfshff; nfhs;syhk;.
mLf;F
+ Jiz czT
+ jplkhd jdpj;j czT
+ xU tifahd xOq;F ngw;w tbtikg;G
+ jahhpj;jg; gpd; ,Wjp tbtk;
- ePh;k czT
92. gjp
,itAk; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l cztpd; kPJ> ngUk;ghYk; Jiz cztpy; Rit
$l;lTk;> moFg;gLj;jTk;> gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghYk; Ke;jphp> nts;shpj;Jz;L
Nghd;w czTg; nghUis jahh; nra;j jpl cztpd; kPJ xl;b ,Uf;FkhW gjpa
itj;jy; / mOj;Jjy;> nghUj;Jjy;.
v.fh. 1. cg;Gkhtpy; tWj;j Ke;jphp gUg;ig gjpj;J it.
2. my;thtpd; xt;nthU Jz;bYk; xU Ke;jphp gUg;igg; gjp.
gjp
+ jpl czT
+ jdpj;j Jz;L nra;ag;gl;l czT
+ Ritiaf; $l;l
+ xU tifahd cztpid moFg;gLj;Jjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; $ohfr; nra;J fl;bg;gl;l Jiz czT
+ xU cztpd; kPJ kw;nwhU czT
93.myq;fhp
,t;tpidAk; jahh; nra;j Jiz cztpd; Nky; Ritf;fhfTk;> cz;Zk;
czh;itj; J}z;lTk; mikag;gl;lJ. nghJ nkhopapy; gue;Jg;gl;l nghUshf
,Ue;jhYk; rikay; fsj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Neh; nghUisf; Fwpg;gJ. ,jid xU
tifapy; moF $l;Ltjhff; nfhs;syhk;. jw;fhy czT rikj;jypy; ‘myq;fhp’
vd;w xU nray; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,t;tpid rikj;jypy;
,Wjp epiyahfTk; cz;gjw;F Ke;jpa epiyahfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh. 1. Nghpr;rk; go my;th vd;W njhpahj mstpw;F Ke;jphp> Vyk; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
nfhz;L myq;fhpj;j itj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;.
2. mts; nra;j Nff;F tiffspy; fphpikf; nfhz;L mofhf myq;fhpj;J
itj;jpUe;jhy;
3. fwp cztpd; Nky; ky;ypj;jioiaf; nfhz;L myq;fhpj;jhh;fs;. ,r;nraYk;
rikj;jypy; ,Wjp epiyiag; ngWfpd;wJ. myq;fhpj;j czT kPz;Lk; rikf;f
nry;tjpy;iy.
myq;fhp

+ xU cztpd; kPJ kw;Nwhh; Ritf; $l;Lk; nghUis J}Tjy; / mLf;Fjy;
+ jpl / jput czT
+ czT rikj;jypy; ,Wjpepiy
+ cztpid mof; $l;Ljy;
94. eid / njha;
,t;tpidAk; Jiz czit Rit $l;Ltjw;fhf ePh;kf; Fiotpy; eidj;jy;.
ngUk;ghYk; vz;nzapy; nghhpj;j czit nty;yg;ghfpy; eidj;J Kf;fp vLj;jy;.
cztpid NeubahfTk; jahhpf;fyhk;. jahhpj;j czit Rit Nrh;gjw;fhf
,uz;lhk; gb epiyapy; eidj;J RitAk; $l;lyhk;. eid vd;gJ ,uz;L jd;ikapy;
eilngWfpd;wJ.
v.fh.
1. rikay; Mfhj xU nghUis ePhpy; eidj;jy;. ,jid <ug;gLj;Jjy;>
fOTjyhf mikf;fyhk;.
2. xU jpl cztpid kw;NwhU ePh;k cztpy; eidj;jy;. ,jid Rit
$l;Ljyhff; nfhs;syhk;.
,t;tplj;jpy; eid vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; nghUis vLj;J nghUs; epiyia
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. rpNyg;gp> FNyhg;[hKd; Nghd;wtw;iw rh;f;fiu ghfpy; eidj;jy;
2. jhd; nra;j Nff;if ntz;nzapy; eidj;J mLf;fp itj;jhs;.
eid
+ vz;nzapy; Rl;lg;nghUs;
+ Ritiaf; $l;l
+ jput / fiury; jd;ik cs;sjpy; epfo;tJ
+ Fwpg;gpl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;T
+ ngUk;ghYk; ,dpg;G Rit cila ePh;kk;
- ePh;
95. G+R / jlT
,JTk; Jiz czthd gpul;> mLkid czT Nghd;wtw;iw Rit
Nrh;g;gjw;fhf nea; / ntz;nza; Nghd;wtw;iw Nky;Gwj;jpy; G+Rjy; / jlTjy;. G+R
vd;gJ FioT jd;ikf; nfhz;lij jplg;nghUspd; kPJ Nky;Gwkhf xl;bj; jlTjy;.
ngUk;ghYk; CUk; jd;ikf; nfhz;ljpy; ,J epfo;j;Jtjpy;iy. G+R / jlT vd;gjw;F
jdp fUtpfSk; mjpfkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
v.fh. 1. ntz;nza; G+rpa gpul;jhd; vdf;F Ntz;Lk;
2. gpul;by; [hk; jltpf; nfhLj;jhh;
3. Nfhop kPJ kQ;rSk; krhyhTk; jltp it.
G+R
+ gir Nghd;w czT
+ jpl cztpd; kPJ glur; nra;jy;
+ Ritf;$l;l
+ ngUk;ghYk; vz;nza; jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ
- ePh;
+ Jiz czT
96. cUl;L
nkd;ikahd khTg;nghUis ge;J Nghy; cUz;ilahf;Fjy; / ifapy; Nkny> fPNo
Nghl;L Fwpg;gpl;l tbtk; jUjy;. Fwpg;ghf fbdkhf ,Wfpag; nghUis cUl;l
KbahJ. ePh;kj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUisAk; cUl;L epiyia epfo;j;j KbahJ.
vdNt cjphpahf cs;s / gpirTj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUisj;jhd; jdpj;jdp
cUz;il tbtk; nfhLf;f KbAk;. cUl;L vd;w tpid midj;J
czTg;nghUSf;Fk; tutha;g;gpy;iy.

cUl;L vd;gJ czTj; jahhpj;jg;gpd; cUl;L epiyAk; jahhpf;Fk; NghJk;
cUl;L vd;w epiyAk; tUfpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. rPil cUl;b it
2. Nghz;lh ,it czthf tbtk; ngWtjw;F Kd;G nra;tjw;F fpoq;F
fyitia cUz;ilia cUl;b it
3. rPdp cUz;il cUl;b it
4. ifyl;L ed;whf cUl;bdhy;jhd; tbtk; fpilf;Fk;
,it czthf tbtk; ngw;wg; gpd;. cUl;L vd;gJ ,U cs;sq;ifapy; itj;J xU
Fwpg;gpl;l mOj;jj;jpy; cUyr; nra;J tbtkhf;Fjy;.
cUl;L
+ khTj;jd;ik nfhz;l nghUs;
+ ,U cs;sq;ifapd; gq;fspg;G
+ xU Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
+ tbtkw;w czit tbtkhf;Fjy;
- ePh;kk; / FioT
- #L
+ ngUk;ghYk; Njitiaf; fUjp
97. RUl;L
,t;tpid nkd;ikahd klq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;l / jl;ilahf cs;s
khTj;jd;ik nfhz;l nghUis cs;klq;FkhW tl;l tbtpy; Rw;Wjy;. ,t;tpid
rikay; nghUs; fsj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf jw;fhy czTj; jahhpj;jypy; ngUk;ghd;ikahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1. gid Xiyapy; khitj; jl;b RUl;bf; fl;L
2. krhyh itj;J RUl;b vz;nzapy; NghlTk;
ngUk;ghYk; khTj;jd;ikahf cs;s nghUSf;Nf tUfpd;wJ. ‘cUl;L’ vd;w
,UtpidAk; xd;WNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; ntt;Ntwhd nghUs; vy;iyiaf; nfhz;lit.
‘cUl;L’ vd;gJ tl;l tbtpy; cUz;ilahf;Fjy;
‘RUl;L’ vd;gJ jl;ilahdij cs;klq;FkhW Rw;Wjy;
v.fh.
yl;L vd;w tbtj;ij cUl;bj;jhd; tbtk; juKbAk;. Mdhy;> jl;ilahd
xd;iwj;jhd; RUl;L vd;w tpidahy; nra;a KbAk;. cjphpahf cs;sij cUl;l
kl;LNk KbAk;. Mdhy;> vz;nza; fye;J gDj;jd;ik nfhz;L cs;sij cUl;lTk;
KbAk; RUl;lTk; KbAk;. vdNt cUl;L> RUl;L vd;gJ ntt;Ntwhdit.
RUl;L
+ khitf; Fioj;jj;jd;ik
+ gpire;j khit jl;ilahf;fp tbtikj;jy;
+ cs; klq;FkhW Rw;Wjy;
- ePh;kk; (jplg;nghUs;)
+ NfhJik> ikjh Nghd;w khtpd; FioTj;jd;ik
98. gpb
,r;nray; ngUk;ghYk; cs;sq;ifapy; epfo;tJ. nkd;ikahd nghUis /
nkd;ikahd khTj;jd;ik nfhz;l nghUis ifahy; ,Wf;fpg; gpbj;J Njitahd
tbtk; / cUtk; nfhLj;jy;.
v.fh. 1. khit ifahy; ms;spg; gpbj;jhy; nfhOf;fl;il tbtk; fpilf;Fk;.
gpb
+ cjphpahd khTj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ
+ ngUk;ghYk; iff;Fs; mlq;Fk; jd;ik
+ ntFtjw;F Kd;Ngh / gpd;Ngh
- ePh;kk;
+ tbtk; nfhLj;jy;

kb – (99)
kb vd;gJ ePz;bUf;Fk; / gue;J tphpe;jpUf;Fk; xd;iw jd; kPJ gbAk;gb
nra;jy;. khitj; jl;ilahf;fp / ,Wfpa> girj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l khit cs; gf;fNkh
/ ntspg;gf;fNkh jpUk;GkhW nra;jy;.
v.fh.
1. rNkhrhit ed;FGwKk; krhyh nfhl;lhjthW kbj;J it.
Fwpg;ghf ‘RUl;L’ vd;gJ tl;ltbtkhf cs;klq;FkhW Rw;Wjy;. ‘kb’ vd;gJ
tphpe;jpUf;Fk; xd;iw klf;fp xl;Ljy;
kb
+ ePz;L ,Ug;gij kbj;J xl;Ljy;
+ khTj;jd;ik nfhz;L tphpe;j nghUs;
+ NtFtjw;F Kd;G / gpd;G
+ cs;Ns itj;j krhyh ntspNawhjthW
- ePh;kk;
100. KWf;F
nkd;ikahd> girj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l nghUis RUSk;gb / jpUfpa tbtk;
Vw;wp mikj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf Neuhd xd;iw jpUfpa tbtk; Vw;Wjy;.
v.fh.
1. eWf;fp itj;j khTj;Jz;il KWf;fp vz;nzapy; NghL
KWf;F
+ jplj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l khT
+ tbtj;ijf; Nfhzyhf;Fjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; tykpUe;J ,lkhf Rw;Wjy;
- ePh;kk;.
jl;L – (101)
nkd;ikahd czTg; nghUis ifahNyh / fUtpahNyh ,bj;J jl;il tbtk;
Mf;Fjy;.
v.fh. 1. tiliaj;jl;b vz;nzapy; NghLjy;
2. mjpurk; jl;bg; Nghl;lhy;jhd; ed;whf NtFk;.
jl;L
+ ,U iffs; ,ize;J
+ khTj;jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ
- ePh;kk;
+ iffspy; xl;lhjJ
102.ntl;L-1> 103.eWf;F> 104ntl;L–2
,k;%d;W tpidAk; xd;Df;nfhd;W njhlh;Gilajhf ,Ug;gjhy; Xh; ,lj;jpd;
mikg;gpy; tpsf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,t;tpid %d;Wk; xU nghUisj;Jz;L NghLtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ntl;L – 1 ML> fha;fwp Nghd;wit ntl;Ljy;
ntl;L – 2 Nff; Nghd;wit ntl;Ljy;
eWf;F - ,JTk; xU tifapy; Jz;L NghLjy;
v.fh.
1. fha;fwp ntl;L
fha;fwp eWf;F
2. Ml;il ntl;L
Ml;il eWf;F x
NkNy fz;l cjhuzk; %yk; eWf;F vd;gJ nky;ypajhf cs;sijAk;> ntl;L
vd;gJ fbdkhf cs;sijAk; nfhs;syhk;.
ntl;L – (1)> ntl;L – (2) vd;gJ fha;fwp ntl;LtijAk; Nff; ntl;Ltij xNu
nrayhff; nfhz;lhYk;> xNu fUtpahff; nfhz;lhYk; mjDila gad;ghL Ntwhf
cs;sJ.
Nff; - ntl;Ljy; vd;gJ Kiwg;gLj;jp xOq;fhd tbtj;jpy; nra;jy;.

fha;fwp – ntl;Ljy; Kiwahf / Kiwaw;w tbtj;jpy; jUjy;.
Fwpg;ghf fha;fwp ntl;Ljy; vd;gJ Jz;L NghLtijNa Nehf;fkhf nfhs;syhk;.
‘Nff; ntl;Ljy;’ vd;gJ mofhd tbtk; nfhLjiyNa Nehf;fkhff; nfhs;syhk;.
vdNt ntl;L – (1)> ntl;L – (2) jdpj;jdp nra;y;ghlhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ntl;L
vd;gjpy; fj;jp nghUs; kPJ itj;jiyAk; eWf;F vd;gjpy; fj;jp nghUs; kPJk;
itf;fyhk;. fj;jp kPJ nghUisAk; itf;fyhk; vd;w gphpT Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf
‘eWf;F’ vd;gJk; ntl;L vd;gJk; gy ,lq;fspy; (rikay;) xNu nghUisf;
nfhLj;jhYk; ML ntl;L vd;w ,lj;jpy; NtW nghUisj; jUtjhy; ‘ntl;Lk;’>
‘eWf;Fk;’ jdpj;jdp nray;ghlhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ntl;L – (1)
+ fUtp
+ nkd;ikahdijj; Jz;lhf;Fjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; fUtp kPNjh / nghUs; kPNjhitj;J mOj;Jjy;.
+ rpwpa Kaw;rp
+ ngUk;ghYk; xOq;fw;w tbtk;
- ePh;kk;
+ jplg;nghUs;
+ fzkhd fUtp
+ rpy Neuq;fspy; jplkhd nghUs;
ntl;L – (2)
+ fUtp
+ nkd;ikahdijj; Jz;lhFjy;
- nghUisf; fUtp kPJ itj;jy;
+ rpwpa Kaw;rp
+ xOq;F ngw;w tbtk;
- ePh;kk;
+ ngUk;ghYk; fj;jp
eWf;F
+ fUtp
+ Jz;lhf;Fjy;
+ nky;ypajhf cs;s nghUs;
+ jpl;lkplhjj; Jz;L NghLjy;
+ capuw;wJ
- ePh;kk;
105. ,U> 106. tb
,t;tpU tpidr;nrhw;fSk; ePh;kj;ij tbf;fl;Ljy; / ntspNaw;Wjy; vd;w
nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. tbfl;Ljy; / tbj;jy; vd;gJ Jzp Nghd;w tiyia itj;J
Rj;jkhdij ntspNaw;Wjy;. ,Uj;jy; vd;gJ ePh;kj;ij kl;Lk; ntspNaw;Wjy;
1. tbfl;LjYf;F ‘tbfl;b’ vd;w xU jdpf;fUtp cz;L.
2. ,Uj;jYf;F xU jdpf;fUtp fpilahJ.
Fwpg;ghf Nrhw;iw tbfl;L vd;gJk;;>Nrhw;iw ,Wj;JtpL vd;gJk; NtWNtwhdit.
,Uj;jy; vd;gJ fz;bg;ghf xU fUtp Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; ,y;iy. Mdhy;
tbtpf;f fz;bg;ghf xU fUtpj; Njit. ,Uj;jy; vd;gjpy; ePh;kj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
vd;w epfo;T elf;Fk;. tbf;fl;Ljypy; ePh;kj;ijf; Fiwj;J Njitapy;yhjij jhk;
gphpj;jy; vd;w nghUSk; tUk;. vdNt gy tof;fhWfspy; tbtk; ,WTk;
NtWNtwhdit.
,U
+ ePh;kj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;
+ ngUk;ghYk; iffshy; milj;J ePh;kj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;
+ Njit ,y;yhjij ntspNaw;Wjy;.

tbfl;L
+ ePh;kj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;
+ Njitahdtw;iw ntspNaw;Wjy;
+ tbfl;b JizAld;
+ jpl;lkpl;l Kaw;rp
- jplg;nghUs;
107.Urp> 108.Kfh;
rikj;j czTg;nghUis cz;gjw;F Kd; mjd; jd;ikia
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Sjyhff; nfhs;syhk; / Nrhjpj;Jg; ghh;j;jy; vd;gjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
Urp vd;gJ ehtpdhy; Ritj;Jg; ghh;j;jy;> jahh; nra;j cztpy; cg;G> fhuk;> Gspg;G
rhpahd mstpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij Kd; mwp Nrhjidr; nra;jy;.
Fwpg;ghf rikf;fpd;wth;fs; Urpj;Jg; ghh;j;jg; gpd;Gjhd; mJ czT mUe;Jk;
miwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ. jahh; nra;j cztpid cz;Zk; NghJ
Urpj;jy; vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jhYk; mt;thwhf vLf;fhky; mjd; jd;ikia
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Stjhf vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kfh; vd;gJ cztpid jahh; nra;gth;fs; Kd;mwp Nrhjidahf %f;fhy; Kfh;e;J
mjd; thilia itj;Nj mjd; Ritia czUjy;.
Urp – vd;gJ ehtpdhy; nra;jy;
Kfh; - vd;gJ %f;fpdhy; nra;jy;
v.fh.
1. kPd; Fok;ig Kfh;e;J thilNa tutpy;iy vd;whs;.
2. urj;ij $l;b nfhQ;rk; thapy; tpl;L Urpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhs;
Urp
+ ehtpd; Rit
+ rikj;jypd; ,Wjp epiy
+ #L FiwT
+ xU tifahd juk; czh;j;jy;
+ KOtJk; cz;zhik
+ Edp ehf;fpd; Rit
Kfh;
+ %f;fpd; czh;T
+ fhw;wpd; %yk; Rit czh;jy;
+ xU tifahd juk; czh;jy;
+ czT rikj;jypd; ,Wjpepiy
- rhg;gpLjy;
109. epkpl;L
fha;e;J jplkhdg; nghUis ,U tpuy;fspd; ,ilapy; itj;J Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf
mOj;jp Njhy; vOk;gj; Nja;j;jy;. ,jid xU czTg;nghUspd; gjk; ghh;j;jyhff;
nfhs;syhk;.
fha;fwpia thq;Fk;NghJ fps;spg; ghh;j;Jk;> Njq;fha; thq;Fk; NghJ jl;bg; ghh;g;gJk;
nghUspd; juj;ij kjpg;gpLjyhff; nfhs;syhk;. mJ Nghy; epkpl;bg; ghh;j;jy; vd;gJk;
tWj;j / ed;whff; fha;e;j nghUisj; juk; mwpjyhff; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh. 1. tWj;jf;fliyia epkpl;bg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L kPz;Lk; tWf;Fk;gb $wpdhs;.
,t;tpid jplg;nghUs; #l;by; tWgLk; NghJ Vw;gLk; epiyia tpsf;FtJ.
epkpl;L
+ tpuy;fshy; mOj;jpj; Nja;j;jy;
+ Njhy; vOg;gr; nra;jy;
+ gjj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jy;
+ kpjkhd #l;by; epfo;tJ
- ePh;kk;
110. mOj;J

,t;tpidAk; jplkhd/ jplj;jd;ikf; Fiwe;jczTg; nghUspd; gjj;jd;ikia
mwpe;J nfhs;s epfo;fpd;wJ. kpFjpahf NtFk; nghUis nte;J tpl;ljh? vd;w
epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;s ,t;tpid epfo;fpd;wJ.
v.fh. 1) cUisf;fpoq;F nte;Jtpl;ljh vd;W mOj;jpg; ghh;j;jhs;.
Fwpg;ghf mOj;J vd;gJ NtFk;epiyia mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s ,J gad;gLfpd;wJ.
mOj;J
+ tpuy;fshy;
+ nte;j epiyia mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s
+ xU tifapy; cs; mOe;Jjy;
+ jplkhd NtFk; jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ
- ePh;kk;
+ ngUk;ghYk; #l;by; epfo;tJ.
rikay; tpidfspd; nghUs; $Wfisf; fz;lwpa xd;wpid kw;nwhd;NwhL
njhlHGgLj;jpAk;> NtWgLj;jpAk;> mjid cs;Nehf;fpAk; Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ jhd;
nghUz;ikf; fs fl;likg;G njspTgLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;
$Wfs; Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwapypUe;J tpsf;fg;gLtjhy; ,JNt KOikahd nghUs;
vy;iyia nfhLf;Fk; vd;W $w ,ayhJ. NkYk; ,jid nghUs; mZf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yk; tpsf;fpdhy; tphpthd nghUs; $Wfis fz;lwpa KbAk;.
rikay; tpidr;nrhw;fs;
Rj;jk; nra;jy; njhlHghd tpidr;nrhw;fs;
1. Rj;jk; ePHkj;jpy;;
1) Nja;1
2) Jyf;F/ngyf;F
3) fis
4) mhp1
(gpuha;)
5) mhp2
6) myk;G (myR)
7) fOT
2. fUtpapd; Jizahy;
8) Gil
9) jhj;J
10) nfhop
11) Nehk;G
12) rsp
13) chp
14) rPT
15) Fj;J
16) jPl;L
17) Nja;2
18) Jil
19) Rwz;L
20) top
3. Jz;Lg;gLj;Jjy; njhlHghd tpidfs;
21) mW
22) mhp3

23) tfpH
24) fPW (fPD)
25) fps;S
26) xb
27) gpa;
4. rypj;jy; njhlHghd tpidfs;
28) $l;L
29) fpz;L
30) fyf;F
31) NrH
32) fpsW
33) mb
34) Fog;G
35) ,b
5.khTj;jd;ikahf khw;Wjy; njhlHghd tpidfs;
36) nghb
37) mehWf;F
38) cil
39) EDf;F
40) eRf;F
41) miu1
42) miu2
43) JUT
44) cjpH
6. FioTj; jd;ikf;F khw;Wjy;
45) gpir
46) krp
47) fil
48) fiu
49) Fog;G
7. Neubj;jPapy; fUFk; epiyf;F khw;Wjy;
50) fUf;F
51) nghRf;F
52) RL1
8. ePHkk; ,y;yhky; fUtpapd; R+l;by; epfo;jy;
53) RL2
54) RL3
55) RL4
56) RL5
57) nghhp1
58) nghhp2
59) tW1
60) tW2
9. R+l;by; ePHkj;NjhL epfOk; khw;wk;
61) fha;r;R
62) mtp1
63) NtF(nte;J)
64) tjf;F
65) jhsp
10.ePhpy; fye;j nghUs; epiy khWjy;
66) Rz;L1

67) Rz;L2
68) nehjp
69) Fio
70) ekH
71) CW
72) Gsp
11. RL vz;nzapy; fye;j nghUs; epiy khWjy;
73) rpt
74) RUs;
75) cg;G
76) gphp
12. ePH kw;Wk; vz;nzapy;epiy khWjy;
77) nghq;F
78) nfhjp
79) Eiu
80) ,WF
81) fha;1
82) fha;2
13. czT nghUspy; cs;s ePHkk; epiykhWjy;
83) Mw;W
84) MW
85) cyH
86) jPa;
87) fhe;J
88) cUF(,yF)
14. czTf;Fg; gad;glhj epiyf;F khWjy;
89) jphp
90) nfl;L(NfL)
15. myq;fhpj;jy; njhlHghd tpidfs;
91) mLf;F
92) gjp
93) myq;fhp
94) eid(njha;)
95) g+R(jlT)
96) cUl;L
97) RUl;L
98) gpb
99) kb
100) KWf;F
101) jl;L
102) ntl;L1
103) eWf;F
104) ntl;L2
16. cztpid juk; gphpj;jy;
105) ,U
106) tb
17. ghpkhWk;Kd; cztpid Ritg;gJ
107) Urp
108) KfH

தற்காலத் தமிழில் சமைத்தல் வினைச்சொற்கள் பொருண்மையியல் ஆய்வு

தற்காலத் தமிழில் சமைத்தல் வினைச்சொற்கள் பொருண்மையியல் ஆய்வு

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