1. The researcher used purposive sampling to select 22 schools located in areas with high student populations to collect data from students and parents about students' access to education opportunities after 21 years of war. 2. A total of 22 schools, 22 students, and 44 parents were selected as the sample. Questionnaires were used to collect information from students and parents about student demographics, access to education, and challenges in continuing education after 21 years of war. 3. The researcher conducted pilot tests of the questionnaires and made revisions before distributing them to the final sample selected through purposive sampling from schools in high population areas.

1. 1
%d;whk; mj;jpahak; (CHAPTER THREE)
3.0 Ma;T Kiwapay; (Research Methodology)
3.1 mwpKfk; (Introduction)
,t;tha;thdJ jw;fhy ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp ju Nkk;ghl;il tpidjpwDilajhf
miktjw;F ghlrhiy mjpgu;fspd; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs;
ve;jsTf;F tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. vd;gijg;gw;wpa fUj;ij Kd;dtj;J vLj;Jr;
nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ . ghlrhiyapd; fy;tpju Nkk;ghL miltjw;F ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs;
jd;Ds; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;ahikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;> 21Mk;
E}w;whz;bw;F nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s gpur;ridfs;
kw;Wk; ,g; gpurpidfis jPu;g;gjw;F mjpgu; ifahz;l cghaq;fSk;> El;gq;fSk;>
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; mjpgu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nry;ag;gl Ntz;ba
jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; Nghd;w
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfhZk; tpjj;jpy; ,t;tha;T Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ
3.2 Ma;T Kiw (Resarch Method)
Ma;tpd; jiyg;G> Nehf;fk; rdj;njhif> Ma;Tr;R+oy;>fhyk; Kjyhd khWgLk;
epge;jidfspd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;thsupdhy; gy;NtWgl;l Ma;T Kiwfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L thndhf; vk; (1985) ,e;j tifapy; ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fj;ijAila
"rupahd jfty;fis mspf;Fk; tpku;rd gupNrhjid Kiw" gpd;gw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ.
MaTr; rdj;njhif xU r%f tpQ;Qhd gug;gpy; mike;Js;sikapdhy;
rdj;njhifapy;khjpupfis njupe;J khwpfis Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fp ,e;j
Ma;T Kiw jfty; jpul;Lk; xU Kiwahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;L epfo;fhy
cz;ikfis fz;lwpa cs;s epiyikfs; tprhuiz %yk; Muhag;gLtjpdhy;
,e;j Ma;T xU mstPl;L Ma;T KiwahfTk; mikfpd;wJ. tprhuiz %yk;
ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; midj;Jk; Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gl;L Ma;T Nehf;fj;ij mila
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

2. 2
,e;j Ma;T tprhuiz Ma;T Kiwapy; miktjpdhy; mjpgu;fspd; 21 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; gw;wpa gy jfty;fis jpul;l cjTfpd;wJ.
jpul;bajd; %yk; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jPu;f;f topNaw;wg;gLfpd;w mNj
rkaj;jpy; khwpfspilNa njhlu;Gfis fz;lwpaTk; cjTfpd;wJ. gy mjpgu;fs;
Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J jfty;fis ngWtjpdhy; jtwhd KbTfs; tUjy; jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w mNj Ntisapy; mf tajd;ikf;F ,lkpy;yhjpUg;gJld; Ma;tpd;
Nehf;fj;ij cila fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs; ek;gfKk; jFjpAk; cilajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tha;tpid tprhuiz Ma;T Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtjd; %yk;
rkfhyj;ij gpd;gw;wp kpfr; rupahd jfty;fSk; fpilf;f tspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
3.3 khjpupj; njupT (selection of sample)
Fbj;njhifapd; jd;ik> Ma;tpd; jd;ik> Njitg;gLk; juTfspd; msT Mfpa
fhuzpfSf;F Vw;g Muha;r;rpapd; khjpupfs;; (sample) njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
“nghJikg;gLj;jpa Ma;T Kbitg;; ngWtjw;F gpujpepjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLk;
rdj;njhifia Ma;T rdj;njhif (Research Population) vdg;gLk;. vd fw;];uh v];
(1986) $wpAs;shu;. xU ngUe;njhif kf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy;
mjpypUe;J tiuaWj;J njupT nra;J mk;kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahf gad;gLj;jp
mtu;fisf; nfhz;L Ma;T nra;J fUj;Jf;fis mwpjNy khjpup (Sample) vd
Fity;Nghy;.rp (1965) vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;.
ghlrhiyapd; njhif> Mrpupau; vz;zpf;if> ghlrhiyapd; juk;> ghlrhiyapd;
tsepiy> mjpgu;fspd; juk; Kjypatw;iw fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
midj;Jf; Nfhl;lq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; khjpup njupT
Ma;thsupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ,t;tha;Tf;fhd khjpup njupT kpfTk;
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljpdhy; FWf;F ntl;L Ma;T Kiw (Cross
Sectional studies) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s %d;W
Nfhl;lq;fspYk; ,k;khjpup njuptpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bape;j;jpdhy; gpuNjr
xJf;fPl;L khjpup njuptpidAk; (Area quota sample) Ma;thsu; gad;gLj;j Ntz;b
,Ue;jJ. ,t;thA mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Ma;T
vd;gjpdhy; nghJthf juk; $ba ghlrhiyfspy; njupT xU Nehf;fj;ij
mbg;gilahf itj;J njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. vdNt khjpup njupT FWe;Nehf;f khjpup

3. 3
njupT (Purposive sampling) MFk;. mj;Jld; fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s %d;W
Nfhl;lq;fismbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mjhtJ ,g;g ghlrhiyfspd; ,t;tplq;fspy;
Kjd;ik ghlrhiyfshf miktjpdhy; ,q;F xU Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L xOq;FKiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;tha;tpy; juTfis Nrfupg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fpz;zpah tya 1AB> 1C
juq;fis cila 22 ghlrhiyfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;j ghlrhiyfs;
midj;Jk; ,e;j tyaj;jpy; cs;s Nfhl;lj;jpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT trjp $ba
ghlrhiyfshf fUjg;gLtjpdhy; Nehf;fj;Jf;Fupa njspthf mikfpd;wd.
xt;nthU ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;Jk; mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fSk; Ma;thsupdhy;
nra;ag;gl;ldu;. Mz;> ngz; vd;w NtWghL ,d;wp Nfs;tpf;fj;jpy; cs;s
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f $batu;fshf Ma;thsupdhy; Nehf;fj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,tu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,t;thW 22 ghlrhiyfspy;
,Ue;J 22 mjpgu;fSk;> 44 gpujp mjpgu;fSk; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;. xt;nthU
tifahd mjpgu;fisAk; ghy;> fy;tp jFjp> mDgtk; mbg;gilapyhd
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; khjpup njupthdJ ftdkhf njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,jd; gb njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

4. 4
ml;ltiz.
njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; juKk;> mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk;.
ghlrhiyapd;
FwpaPL
ghlrhiyapd; juk; mjpgu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
gpujp mjpgu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
A 1AB 1 2
B 1AB 1 2
C 1AB 1 2
D 1C 1 2
E 1C 1 2
F 1C 1 2
G 1C 1 2
H 1C 1 2
I 1C 1 2
J 1C 1 2
K 1C 1 2
L 1C 1 2
M 1C 1 2
N 1C 1 2
O 1C 1 2
P 1C 1 2
Q 1C 1 2
R 1AB 1 2
S 1C 1 2
T 1AB 1 2
U 1C 1 2
V 1C 1 2

5. 5
3.4 juTfisr; Nrfupj;jy; (Collection of Data)
xU Ma;tpd; Kd;Ndhb eltbf;iffspy; juT Nrfupj;jy; Kf;fpakhdJ xd;whFk;.
Ma;Tf;F Ntz;ba juTfis cupa Neuj;jpy; cupatuplk; ,Ue;J R%fkhd
Kiwapy; ngw;W nfhs;tjpNyNa Ma;tpd; G+uzj;JtKk;> ntw;wpAk; jq;fp cs;sJ.
,e;j Ma;T jiyg;ghdJ ghlrhiy fy;tpj; ju Nkk;ghl;by; ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; 21
Mk; E}w;whz;L jiyikj;J jpwd;fs; gw;wp ,Ug;gjdhy; ,it fpilf;fhj tplj;J
ghlrhiyapd; fy;tp ju Nkk;ghL ghupa jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt mjpgu;fs;>gpujp
mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs;> ghlrhiy Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; gy juTfs;
ngw Ntz;b ,Ug;gjpdhy; gpd;tUk; Ma;T fUtpfs; ,t;tha;Tf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
(m) tpdhnfhj;J (Questionnaire)
Nehf;fj;jpw; Nfw;g gpur;rpidfisf; $wp mg;gpur;rpidfNshL njhlu;Gila
jfty;fis ngwf;$bajhf tpdhf;fj;J mikf;fg;gl;ld. jfty;fis jpul;l Kd;G.
01. vt;tpjkhd jfty; Njit?
02. mJ ahuplkpUe;J ngw Ntz;Lk;?
03. ve;j tpdh ahuplk; Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
04. rfy tpdhf;fisAk; Nfl;fg;glf; $batu; ahu;?
vd;gd Ma;thsupdhy; njupT nra;a njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mj;Jld;
tpdhf;fj;jpy; Kjypy; ,yFthd tpdhf;fSk; gpd;G rpf;fyhd tpdhf;fSk;
Nru;f;fg;gl;L xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy; Ma;thsupdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdh
nfhj;J gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd.

6. 6
1. Fwpf;Nfhspd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fis jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
2. vy;yh tpdhf;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;L Kd;Ndhb guPl;irfs; %yk (Pilot studies)
gapw;rpf;fg;gl;ld.
3. tpilaspf;f xNu khjpupahd Kiwapy; ,ilntsp tplg;gl;l ,Ue;jd.
4. tpdhf;fspy; gy nghUl;gLk; jd;ik f;lkhd jd;ik ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
5. Nkyjpf tptuq;fisAk;> tplaq;fisAk; vOj trjp nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd.
6. xt;nthU tpdhTk; gupl;]; guprPyidf;F cl;gl;bUe;jd.
7. tpdh nfhj;J ftu;r;rpfukhf jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
8. tpdhf;fs; Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJld; ,yFtpy; tpilaspf;f
$bajhf ,Ue;jd.
9. tpdhf;fisAk;> tpdh mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; NtWgLj;jp mwpaf;$bathW
vOjg;gl;bUe;jd.
10. tpdhf;fj;jpd; tpsf;fk; RUf;fkhf jfty; jUgtu;fSf;F $wg;gl;ld.
tpdhf;fj;jpd; tpdhf;fs; 21k; E}w;whz;L ghlrhiy mjpgu; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs;
21k; E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs; Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs;>
ghlrhiy> fw;wy; fw;gpj;j nraw;ghLfs;> tFg;giw Mfpatw;Wld; ghlrhiy fy;tp
jpwik Nkk;ghl;il cau;j;j mikf;fg;gl;ld. gy;Nju;T tpdh> jpwe;j tpdh Kjyhd
gy;NtW tpdhf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp tpdhf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,NjNghy;
mjpgu;fSf;fhd tpdhf;fj;Jk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ( gpd;dpizg;ig
ghu;f;fTk;)

7. 7
(M) Neu;fhzy;.
,e;j Ma;tpy; mjpgu;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpa xU juT Nrfupg;G El;gkhf
Neu;fhzy; mikfpd;wJ. ,g;g gbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpdhf;fs; midj;Jk; Ma;T
tpdhf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpdhf;fj;jpd; %yk; ngw Kbahj rpy
juTfis ngWtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;ld. NeUf;F Neuhd fye;Jiuahlf;$ba
Neu;fhzy; mjpgUld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mq;F Ma;thsu; Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd
nghUj;jkhd njhlu;Gila jfty;fis tutiof;Fk; xU khu;f;fkhfNt Neu;Kf
tprhuiz xU Ma;T fUtpahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Neu;Kf
tprhuizapy; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
1. tpdhf;fs; kuG uPjpahd nkhopapy; ,Ue;j;jJ.
2. tpdhf;fs; gaDs;s tpilia ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
3. tpdhf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s nkhopia Neu;Kf tprhuizfSf;F
cl;gLtu; ,yFtpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
4. Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fs; xU Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jd.
5. Kjy; Nfs;tp Ma;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
mike;jpUe;jJ.
(,) mtjhdk;. (Observation)
gd;Kfj; njhlu;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;Gfspd; epiyikfspdJ
fhuzq;fisAk;> tpisTfisAk; rupahf Nehf;fp Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nray;
KiwNa mtjhdk; MFk;. Fity;Nghy; rP (1965) Fwpj;j jiyg;gpyhd ,e;j
Ma;thdJ tpdh nfhj;J> Neu;fhzy; %ykhf khj;jpukd;wp Ma;thsupd; Neub
mtjhdpg;gpd; %ykhfTk; jfty;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ghlrhiy mjpgupd; 21k; E}w;whz;L
jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; ghlrhiyapd; fy;tp ju Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt
nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wit Ma;thsupdhy; Neubahf mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gl;ld.
Ma;thsUk; Fwpj;j fy;tp gug;gpy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w xU gzpahsu; vd;w tifapy;
Neub mtjhdpg;gpd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; ,e;j Ma;itg; gw;wp tpahf;fpahdk;
nra;tjw;F ngupJk; cjTk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

8. 8
mjhtJ mtjhdpg;gpd; Nehf;fk; njspthf Ma;thsupdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l gpd;G
mtjhdpg;Gf;F tiuaiwfs; Ma;thsupdhy; tFj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mjhtJ.
1. mtjhdpg;gpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
2. Nehf;fj;ij cila vd;ndd;d tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;?
3. ahiu vg;gb mtjhdpg;gJ?
4. vg;gz;Gfis mtjhdpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy?
5. mtjhdpg;gpw;F nrytplg;gLk; fhyk;?
6. mtjhdpg;gpd; Kbtpyhd mwpf;if?
7. tpdh nfhj;J> Neu;fhzy; Nghd;w Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; %yk; ngw Kbahj
jfty;fs; ,k;Kiw %yk; Ma;thsupdhy; ngwg;gl;ld.
3.5 Ma;T gbKiw (Research Procedure)
,e;j Ma;tpd; Kjy; gbahf mwpKfk;> ,yf;fpa kPsha;T Nghd;w mj;jpahaq;fs;
Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; topfhl;LjYld; vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; gpd;G Ma;T
Kiwapy; mj;jpahaj;jpw;F nry;y Kd;G mjpgu;> gpujp mjpgu;> Mrpupau;
MfpNahUf;fhd tpdhf;fj;Jk; mjpgUf;fhd Neu;fhzy; gbtKk; jahupf;fg;gl;L
nfhj;J Ma;thsu; ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; cjtpAld; Kd;Ndhb guPl;ir (Pilot Studies)
%yk; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gl;L tpdhf;fs; khw;wp xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;ld.
Ma;tpd; gzj;njhifahf fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s 22 ghlrhiyfs; khjpup
njupthf njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpy; 5 1AB ghlrhiyfSk;> 17 1C ghlrhiyfSk;
mlq;Ffpd;wd. ghlrhiyfs; midj;Jk; fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s Nfhl;lq;fspy;
mlq;Ffpd;w Kd;Ndw;wkile;j trjp $ba ghlrhiyfs; MFk;.
ghlrhiyapypUe;J Ma;Tf;fhd juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; Kd;G Ma;thsupd; tUif
gw;wpa jpfjpAk;> Njitahd Mtzq;fs; gw;wpAk; ghlrhiy mjpgUf;F tya fy;tp
gzpg;ghsupd; mDkjp cld; fbjk; %yk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU ghlrhiyf;Fk;
juTfs; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf xt;nthU ehs; xJf;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthU ehSk; fhiy 08.00

9. 9
kzpf;F ghlrhiyf;F nrd;W ghlrhiyapd; Muk;g nray;ghLfs;> ghlrhiy R+oy;>
ghlrhiyapd; ftpepiy> mjpgu; Mrpupau; cwT> mjpgu;fs; jkf;F fpilf;fpd;w
trjpfis vt;thW gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;> mjpgu;> gpujp mjpgu; Nghd;Nwhupd;
nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld.
gpd;G khjpup %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l 22 mjpgu;fSk;>44 gpujp mjpgu;fSk;
miof;fg;gl;L mtu;fSf;F tpdhf;nfhj;ij toq;fp G+uz tpsf;fk; Ma;thsupdhy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;G tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis vOj Nghjpa msT Neuk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; tpdhf;fj;Jf;fs; Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,NjNghd;W mjpgu;fSf;Fk;> gpujp mjpgu;fSf;Fk; Neu;fhzy; Ma;thsupdhy;
elj;jg;gl;L tha;nkhop %yk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfSk; ngwg;gl;L Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld.
3.6 juT gFg;gha;Tk; tpahf;fpahdKk; (Data analysis and Interpretation)
juT gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; NghJ Kjypy; ,Utifahd tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; ,Ue;J
(mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;) ngwg;gLk; juTfis Mtpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F
Vw;g gpupf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU Nehf;fj;jpd; fPOk; nghUj;jkhd Nehf;fj;ij
<Lnra;af;$ba tplak; tuf;$bathW njhFf;fg;gl;ld. mjhtJ mjpgUf;Fupa
tpdhf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J 20 tifahd tpdhf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; tpdhf;fspd; tpilahapd;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd juTfis ngwj;jf;fthW mike;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt ,t;tifahd
tpdhf;fspd; juTfs; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Kjypy; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
mjpgu;fspd; tpdhf;fj;jpd; juTfisAk; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpupj;J xNu
Nehf;fj;ij <L nra;af;$ba juTfspd; %ba tpdhf;fspd; juTfshapd;
ml;ltizapd; %ykhfTk; jpwe;j tpdhf;fspd; juTfshapd; mit
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L tpahf;fpahdk; nra;tjw;F xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghy; gpujp
mjpgupd; tpdhf;fspd; juTfisAk; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpupj;J 44 gpujp
mjpgupd; juTfSk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L tpahf;fpahdk; nra;tjw;F
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

10. 10
Nkw;Fwg;gl;l KbTfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lit msT uPjpahd gFg;gha;T
%ykhfTk; (Quantitative Analysis) gz;G uPjpahd gFg;gha;tpd; %ykhfTk; Ma;tpd;
jfty;fs; gFg;gha;T ngwg;gl;ld. ,jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ml;ltiz KbNt
,WjpahdJ. mNjNghy; tpdhf;fj;jpd; juTfs; midj;Jk; jfty;fshf khw;wg;gl;L
Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf tpahf;fpahdk; nra;ag;gl;L mjd; %yk;
tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. ,q;F KbTfs; E}w;WtPj;j;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;L me;j tPjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l KbTfs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld.
,jpypUe;J msT uPjpahd gz;G uPjpahd ,e;j Ma;tpd; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
KbTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L ,Wjp KbTfs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,jpypUe;J KO Ma;T
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;ld.
3.7 ePjp newpf;fhd Nahrid (Ethical Consideration)
Ma;tpw;fhd juT Nrfupj;jy; kpfTk; Neu;ikahd Kiwapy; Ma;thsupdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjpgu; Ma;thsu; neUq;fpa njhlu;G itj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
gpujp mjpgu;fspd; cz;ik juTfis vLg;gjw;fhf mtu;fspd; ngau;fis
tpdhf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;lhnkd mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. mjpgu;fSk;> gpujp
mjpgu;fSk; >Mrpupau;fSk; ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fSk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; kpfTk;
,ufrpakhf Ngzg;gl;ld. mjhtJ mjpgu;fs; $wpatw;iw Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> gpujp
mjpgu;fSf;Fk; ntspaplhkYk; gpujp mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; $wpa fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; mjpgu;fSf;F ntspaplhkYk; ,ufrpak; Ma;thsupdhy;
Ngzg;gl;lJ.
Ma;thsupd; cupik Ma;thsupdhy; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ.
mtu;fSld; ntspg;gilahf fUj;Jf;fis gupkhwp mtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if ngwg;gl;lJ.
gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mrpupau;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs;> mjpgu;fs; jpirkhwp nrd;w NghJ
mtu;fs; midtiuAk; xOq;Fg;gLj;jp Ma;thsu; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wk;
vz;zj;NjhL topelj;jp gy Af;jpfis ifahz;L juTfis Nrfupj;jik ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

11. 11
3.8 tiuaiw (Limitations)
Ma;Tf;fhd jfty; Nrfupj;J eltbf;if ahTk; ntw;wpfukhf Kbtile;j
NghjpYk; juT Nrfuj;jpy; gy jilfisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; Ma;thsu; re;jpf;f
Neupl;lJ.
1. Nghf;Ftuj;J rpukk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;jJ. rpy
ghlrhiyapy; mjpJ}ug; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;ljdhy; juT Nrfupg;gjpy;
Ma;thsu; gy rpukq;fis vjpu;Nehf;fp ,Ue;jhu;. ghlrhiy Kbe;j gpd;Gk;
juTfis Nrfupg;gjw;fhf gpw;gfy; 5 kzp tiuAk; nrytpl Ntz;ba epiyik
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; tpdh nfhj;J G+uzkhd Kiwapy; tpil mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,ij ghlrhiyfs; juT Nrfupj;jiy rpy tiuaiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. rpy
mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;fpy;
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jpUe;jdu;. rpyu; ,jw;F khwhf jq;fsJ mjw;F
epiyikapy; epiyikapid $ba msT jq;fs; tpilfs; %yk;
ntspf;fhl;bUe;jik mtu;fSila tpilapypUe;J mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
3. rpy mjpgu;fs; jhq;fs; toq;fpa trjpfisAk;> Vw;ghLfisAk; kpifg;gLj;jp
vOjpapUe;jdu;. cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghd nra;jpfs;> kpifg;gLj;jy;fs;>
gf;frhu;ghd tpilfs; vd;gtw;iw fhz Kbe;jJ. ,jdhy; Ma;thsupd;
Neubahd mtjhdj;jpd; %yKk;> rpy jdpegu; Mrpupau;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
%yKk;> Vidatu;fspd; epahakhd ngUk;ghd;ikf; fUj;Jf;fs; %yKk;
eptu;j;jp nra;a Kbe;jJ.
4. rpy mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; cz;ikahd tpguq;fisf; $w
jaf;fk; fhl;bdu;> ,t;thW gak; fhuzkhf jaf;fk; fhl;bau;fSf;F Ma;T
Nehf;fj;ijAk;> jutpd; ,ufrpaj; jd;ikiaAk; vLj;Jf;$wp cj;juthjkspj;J
tpsf;fg;gl;ljd;gpd;du; jaf;fkpd;wp jfty;fis toq;fpdu;.
5. NkYk; xU ghlrhiy mjpgu; juTfisr; Nrtpg;gjw;fhf Ma;thsu; Fwpg;gpl;l
jpdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mjw;F Kjy; ehs; njhiyNgrpapy; mjpgUld;
njhlu;G nfhz;lNghJ Neuj;ij Ma;thsUf;F tiuaiu nra;jhu;. Ma;tpapd;

12. 12
jiyg;igf; Nfl;lNghJ njhiyNgrpiaj; Jz;bj;J tpl;lhu;. ,jdhy;
Ma;thsu; mtuplk; epiyikia NkYk; vLj;Jf; $Wk; epiyik Vw;gl;lJ.
6. Fwpg;gpl;l ghlrhiyiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupau;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs;> mjpgu;fSld;
xNu ehspy; rj;jpg;gJ kpfTk; rpukkhf ,Ue;jJ.
7. gy juTfis mjpgu;fs;> gpujp mjpgu;fs; kiwj;jpUe;jikAk; Neu;Kfk;
fhzypy; xspg;gjpT ehlh ( Tape Recorder ) gad;gLj;j KbahjpUe;jikAk;
,t;tha;tpd;tiuaiwfshf ,Ue;jd.
,t;thwhd epiyikapd; fhuzkhf Ma;thsd; jdJ Ma;T eltbf;ifapd;NghJ
nghJikg;gLj;jf; $ba juTfis ngw Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Ma;tpd;
ek;gfk;> jFjp Mfpait ghjpg;gJ jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ..