Lexical sense – it is the collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form, by the society.According to the theory of semantic fields the whole vocabulary of a language is structured into a number of semantic or conceptual fields. The semantic fields are “closely-knit sectors of the vocabulary, in which a particular sphere is divided up, classified and organized in such a way that each element helps to delimit its neighbors and is delimited by them, in each field. Theory of semantic semantic fields heavily influenced by de Saussure’s structuralism and German idealism Origins: ideas of  Wilhelm von Humboldt and Johann Gottfried Herder in the mid 19th first proposed by German and Swiss linguist.

1. Drop - A Nanosemantic view

2. According to the theory of semantic fields
the whole vocabulary of a language is structured
into a number of semantic or conceptual fields.
The semantic fields are “closely-knit sectors of
the vocabulary, in which a particular sphere is
divided up, classified and organized in such a
way that each element helps to delimit its
neighbors and is delimited by them, in each
field.

3. • Theory of semantic semantic fields heavily
influenced by de Saussure’s structuralism and
German idealism
• Origins: ideas of Wilhelm von
Humboldt and Johann Gottfried Herder in the mid
19th first proposed by German and Swiss
linguist. in the 20s and 30s of the 20th
Century
1. Jost Trier in the 1930s,
2. Stephen Ullmann 1960s,
3. John Lyons in the 1970s
4. Eva Kittay in the 1980s
5. Charles J. Fillmore in the 1990s
6. Porzig, Weisgerber
7. Adrienne J. Lehrer
8. K.Balasubramanian
9. Rajendran .s
10. Cittiraputhirapillai
11. Sundarabalu.s

4. Lexical semantics
Lexical meaning from two point of view :
2.Lexemes in relation to other lexemes in
the same language
(Sense)
1.lexeme in relation to the world of
activities, ideas..,
(Reference)
Lyons theory of sense or sense relations is based on the
extension of Ferdinand de Saussure‘s structuralist
approach to semantics

5. • Reference and sense are two complementary
aspects of lexical meaning.
• In other words , study of either referential
meaning or the sense relation of words alone
will make semantic description incomplete.
Two words may have same reference but differ in
sense
Ex. My teacher is a woman
1. Teacher and woman have the same reference but
differ in sense
2. Teacher multiple contrast with doctor etc ….,
3. Women binary contrast with man

6. • Lexical sense – it is the collection of
all the semantic features of the
linguistic form, by the society.
6
(Sense: The firm/ strong/ doubt- free/ clear
awareness of something.)

7. • Lexical sense relation :
• a) The relationship between one word and
another word.
(Bad and Good)
• b) The relationship between a word and its
inner sense of meaning.
Drop
7

8. An event gains its identity
owing to its previous and
succeeding states For example,
walk and run are related to each
other based on their successive
stage of movement.
To explain something, we need the
help of another and should be
careful to maintain the boundaries
of both.
In the same way, we should note
the previous and succeeding
stages of a drop
9/1/2017

9. Liquid

10. Definition of Liquid
Liquid can be defined as, any substance that is not a
solid or a gas. Liquid is also said as a substance that flows
freely like water. Liquids and gases are together called as
fluids. For example, Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. A
liquid is composed of molecules that move freely over each other
so that a mass has the shape of its container, like a gas, but,
unlike a gas, it has a definite volume.
A liquid will assume the shape of its container.

11. 1.coTTu - to drip
2.vaTi - to trickle
3.cintu - to spill
4.citaRu - to scatter
5.kaci - to ooze out
6.koTTu - to pour
7.o:Tu - to flow
8.oluku - to ooze/leak
9.pa:y - to flow
10.paravu - to spread
11.pey - to come down or pour
12.ponku - to rise
13.talumpu - to brim
14.teRi - to splash/spray
15.u:Rru - to pour
16.u:Ru - to secrete
17.vali - to over flow
18.vaRRu - to dry up
9/1/2017
1. Time :
2. Duration :
3. Quantity :
4. Direction :
5. Help of object:
6. Previous and
succeeding state:
Caappitu – etu,
allu
taNNir ootukiratu-
ooTu: paay

12. • Drip
• (Verb) [liquid] - to fall in small drops
• (noun) [liquid] – a small drop of liquid that
falls from something
• 1. Very small,( our village has not seen even a
single drop of rain.)
12
coTTu'to
drip'

13. 13
coTTu
'to drip'
from top to bottom and also advanced
or later at the stage of ooze, but the
quantity of some liquid is very less.
It flows down drop by drop
1.Shape 2.Process

14. 9/1/2017

15. 9/1/2017

16. 9/1/2017

17. 9/1/2017

18. 9/1/2017

19. from top to bottom and also
advanced or later at the stage
of ooze.
the quantity of some liquid is
very less.
it flows down drop by drop.
Shape of drop ?
9/1/2017
A drop is formed by its
previous and succeeding state.
coTTu 'to drip'

20. vaTi
‘to
trickle'

21. vaTi
‘to
trickle'
•From top to bottom
•Progressing for certain time
•With or without the help
of object/vertical surface
• fall slowly in drops or a
thin stream.)

22.  Run or flow slowly, as in drops or in an
unsteady stream
 Examples: water trickled onto the lawn from the
broken hose | Water and oil trickle into the
bowl
 Lexical domain: Natural Events - verb denoting
natural events: movements of Liquids
 Synonyms of trickle: dribble / drip((of a liquid)
fall slowly in drops or a thin stream.)
 More generic words: flow / flowing = the motion
characteristic of fluids
 More specific term: intravenous drip = slow
continuous drip introducing solutions
intravenously

23. • Alternative definition of the
verb TRICKLE
• verb
• to pour a liquid in a very thin
stream, or so that drops fall
continuously
• to flow in a very thin stream or
drop continuously
• To move or roll slowly.

24. Distribution of usage frequency for the most
common synonyms of the verb trickle:
Filter
Trickle
Dribble
(to have liquid slowly coming out of out of your mouth to flow very slowly in small amounts

25. 25
kaci ' to
ooze
out'/leak
Not only from top to bottom but also the same
level or evenness floor.
Progressing for a certain time/period.
When a very tiny quantity of liquid ooze a out
If there is a small hole in the container of
storing/in a thing
Advanced stage of spreading liquid
The next stage of this action may be the
stage of vaTi 'to trickle' or coTTu 'to
drip'. curattal
oluku
‘to
ooze'
•from top to bottom and also
either advanced or later at
the stage of coTTu 'to drop
'Mostly, a tiny quantity of
some liquid is slowly dripping
out but progressively

26. teRi 'to
splash/
spray'
•Not only from top to bottom and
also side-wards
•The quantity of the liquid is
more or less than a drop.
•The starting and reaching
places are not same i.e.
different places.
•Not a progressive process but
forcefully.
•Quantity is less.
pey ‘to
come down/
pour’
•Moves from upward to downward
• Falling drop by drop or
•sometimes falling continuously
•It is concerned only with
liquid.
9/1/2017

27. 27
koTTu
'to pour'
•From top to bottom, Progressing for
certain time/period.
•With force fully. Due to the excess of
pouring some liquid.
u:RRu ‘to
pour’
•From top to bottom
•Progressing for certain
time/period
•The quantity of some liquid is
more
•Advanced or latter stage of kottu
'to pour'

28. 28
poṅku
'to
rise'
•Foam rising up and down due
to the high pressure
•Progressing for certain time
•While comparing the drops of
water the quantity of some
liquid is more.
vali 'to
overflow'
•After filling up the container
of storing some liquid.
•Overflowing at any side of the
container/object
•The quantity of some liquid is
more.
•Progressing for certain time.
vaRRu
'to dry
up'
•The sources of water or any
container of storing liquid
becoming dry up due to the steam
from boiled water or from the
petrol etc when exposed to air.
•It may be done when the soil
absorbed the water in the field.
•It is mostly done due to the inner
functioning.

29. 29
cintu
'to spill'
•From the top to bottom due to
stirring/shaking of the container
•It is applicable for both liquid and
non-liquid
•A tiny quantity of some liquid spilling
down quickly
•The advance stage of citaru 'scatter‘.
There is no continuity.
•It is not applicable for countable items
and weighty object.
•*puttakam cintiyullatu,‘The book spills
out’. puttakam viluntu viTTatu
•.‘The book has fallen down’
•* Semantically incorrect.
citaRu
'to
scatter'
• At the plain surface, rising up and
spreads in side-wards. It falls in all
the places.
• The next stage of cintu 'to spill'
• A tiny quantity of some liquid
• A quick process in a particular time
• It is applicable for both liquid and non-
liquid.
• The liquid is scattering at a particular
place.

30. o:Tu 'to
run’
•At plain surface
•Due to the pressure, low lying area, and the
quantity of liquid can be more or less
•It gives the meaning of flowing out and
progressing for certain time
•o:Tu 'to run' is used to denote nirampu 'to fill' and
kollu 'to contain' whereas vaTi 'to trick' is used to
denote only the liquid is coming out. Some places o:Tu
'to run' is replaced by vaTi 'to trick' but it is not
replaced in all places.
•vellam perukkeTuttu o:TukiRatu ‘Water flows heavily’.
vellam perukkeTuttu vaTikiRatu*
•* Semantically incorrect

31. 31
pa:y ‘to
flow'
•At plain surface
•Time and quantity is more for
this.
•Progresses for certain time
•The process pa:y 'flow' is not
forcefully-done, whereas the
process o:tu 'runs' is possible
with force.
•pa:y can be replaced by o:Tu, if the
flow is heavy. The replacement of pa:y
by o:Tu is not possible, if the flow is
not heavy. eg. vayalil tanni:r
o:Ti/pa:yntuk konTirukkiRatu.. ‘Water
is flowing in the field’. vellam
perukePuttu o:TukiRatu
•‘Water flows heavily’.
•*vellam perukePuttu pa:ykiRatu *
Semantically incorrect
talumpu
'to
brim'
•Top to bottom due to the movement of
liquid.
•Process is not taking place
automatically.
•Due to less quantity of liquid in the
container.
•For certain time only but not
progressively.
•It is applicable for both liquid and
semisolid substances. It may be the
increasing stage of teRi 'to spray'.

32. 32
paravu
'to
spread'
•Not only in plain surface but
also downwards.
•More time, less force, less
quantity.
•Later stage of kaci 'to ooze'.
•Advanced stage of u:Ru ‘to
spring’.
u:Ru ‘to
secrete’
•Most probably sending
liquid items out from
downwards to upwards.
• It is concerned only
with liquid.

33. coTTu
'to drip'
kaci ' to ooze out'/leak
oluku‘ to ooze'
teRi 'to splash/ spray'
pey ‘to come down/pour’
koTTu 'to pour'
poṅku 'to rise'
vali 'to overflow'
vaRRu 'to dry up'
Cintu 'to spill
citaRu 'to scatter'
talumpu 'to brim'

34. Movement of
liquid
Horizontal
Vertical
Both
Downwards Upwards
Continuous
o:Tu to flow
pa:y to flow
vaTi to trick
u:RRu to pour
koTTu to pour
ponku to rise
vali to over flow
u:Ru to secrete
pey to come down or pour
kaci to ooze out
Paravu to spread
Discrete -
coTTu to drip
cintu to spill
oluku to ooze/leak
taLumpu to brim
citaRu to scatter
teRi to splash/spray
Both - vaRRu to dry up - -
Classification of liquid movement verbs

35. poNku vali talumpu vaRRu coTTu citaRu teRi vaTi kaci cintu u:RRu koTTu oluku pa:y paravu o:Tu u:Ru pey
Liquid
movement + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Vertical + + + ± + + + + + + + + + - - - + +
Horizontal - - - - - - - ± - - - - - + + + + -
Rising up and
(falling) down + + + - - - ± - - ± - - - - - - ± -
Foaming + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Outer side
wards of the
container
± + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Both rising
and falling - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Down wards
0 0 0 0 + + + + + + + + + - - - - +
Dropping
- - - - + ± + - - - - - - - - - - 0
Componential analysis of lexical meaning of liquid movement verbs
Cnt.

36. poNku vali talumpu vaRRu coTTu citaRu teRi vaTi kaci cintu u:RRu koTTu oluku pa:y paravu o:Tu u:Ru pey
To process takes
place properly
and slowly
- - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - ± +
To process takes
place not
properly with
forcefully
+ - - - - + + - - - - + - - - - ± -
Plain surface
- - - - - + ± - - - - - - - ± ± 0 -
Rising up and
down words - + - - - ± + - - - - - - - - - - -
With help of any
instrument /
thing
- - - - - - - + + - - - - - + + - -
Due to shaking /
stirring - - + - - ± ± - - + - - - - - - - -
Towards usage
- - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
synonyms: ooze, trickle, exude, drip, dribble, flow, issue, discharge, excrete, escape, leak, drain,bleed, s
weat, well, leach, filter, percolate, permeate, soak; extravasate; rarefiltrate,
transude, exudate
"oil continued to seep out of the sunken vessel"
synonyms: seep, discharge, flow, exude, trickle, drip, dribble, issue, filter, percolate, escape,leak, drain,
empty, bleed, sweat, well, leach; extravasate; rarefiltrate, transude, exudate
"blood oozed from a long scratch on his forehead"
One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter.

37. Learning or speaking a language is useless, unless, one is aware
of the inner/ deeper meaning of the words stored in one’s
repository and use the same accordingly in an effective manner.
ந
ன்
றி
9/1/2017
Sithantha rattinam
Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Department of Linguistics
BharathiarUniversity,Coimbatore-46
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
Web: www.mamakudy.com