The document discusses the causes and methods of treating voltage problems. It explains how voltage fluctuations above or below normal levels can damage various electrical equipment like power tubes, medical imaging devices, motors, lighting, heating elements, solenoids, electronics, and devices that use rectifiers. It outlines the primary specifications required of voltage regulators, including voltage regulation accuracy, input range, low internal impedance, load compatibility, protection elements, and high efficiency. Finally, it compares static, dynamic, and balancing voltage regulation methods.

1. ‫٘جٛغ اٌدٙذ أعجبثٗ ٚغشق ِؼبٌدزٗ‬
‫اٌذوزٛس إٌّٙذط ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬
‫‪munthear@gmail.com‬‬
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2. ‫أمثلة على أضرار ارتفاع أو انخفاض التوتر‬
Transmitters are often placed in remote locations, at the top
of
mountains, in rural areas. The long utility lines produce poor
voltage regulation, and the transmitter tower attracts lightning
strikes.
‫% 51انخفاض التوتر بمقدار‬ 10 % ‫ارتفاع التوتر بمقدار‬
‫أخٙضح اإلسعبي‬
Power tube life
decreased by Power tube life decreased
2/3 because cold by
operation 2/3 due to increased
promotes buildup of temperatures
contaminates accelerating decarburizing
in tube. process.
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3. Critical medical equipment draws large bursts
of power. Stable
voltages are needed for acceptable images. To
work properly,
Step less, low impedance regulators are
required
15 % ‫انخفاض التوتر بمقدار‬ 10 % ‫ارتفاع التوتر بمقدار‬
Underexposed X-Ray and Life of video monitors & input
CAT images, & poor quality power supplies greatly reduced.
MRI images due to power Brakes holding the
starvation. Controls may arms & tables in place overheat
shut down and reset. and fail.
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4. ‫اٌّسشوبد‬
The starting and maximum running torque of
standard induction
motors varies as the square of the voltage. Heating
increases
with low or high voltage, and voltage unbalance.
15 % ‫أخفبض اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬ 10 % ‫اسرفبع اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬
Torque Decreases 38% Torque Increases 21%
Current Increases 20% Current Decreases 6%
Losses Increase 38% Losses Increase 19%
Temp. Increases 32% Temp. Increases 10%
Motor Life Decreases 72% Motor Life Decreases 25%
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5. ‫اإلظبءح‬ As shown below, light output and life of incandescent
lamps are
dramatically affected by changes in the voltage.
Fluorescent
lamps are less affected. However, fluorescent ballasts are
quite sensitive to voltage.
15 % ‫أخفبض اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬ 10 % ‫اسرفبع اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬
Life Increases 880% Life Decreases 67%
Light Decreases 40% Light Increases 33%
Need one third more bulbs to Bulbs must be replaced three
give adequate lighting. times as often.
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6. Includes: strip, radiant and immersion heaters;
soldering irons
and pots; heat-treating furnaces; ovens; etc. The
heat produced
varies as the square of the voltage.
15 % ‫أخفبض اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬ 10 % ‫اسرفبع اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬
Heat Decreases 28% Heat Increases 21%
Typical batch heating job will Heating element life is decreased,
take 4 hours instead of 3 and part being
hours. heated may be damaged.
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7. These include solenoids, vibratory feeders, magnetic
clutches
and brakes, contactors, relays, etc. The pull of AC
solenoids
varies as the square of the voltage.
15 % ‫أخفبض اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬ 10 % ‫اسرفبع اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬
Force Decreases 28% Force Increases 21%
Solenoid takes longer to open Solenoid temperature and
valve, close a relay, eject a wear go up, and the life of
part, etc. The device may the solenoid is substantially
fail to operate. reduced.
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8. Items from military radar, to personal computers, to
numerical
machine tools. These devices are so greatly affected by
voltage variations that some regulation is usually built in.
15 % ‫أخفبض اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬ 10 % ‫اسرفبع اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬
Electron tubes (computer Unregulated electron tubes fail
monitors and TV picture 4 times as fast, circuits
tubes) put out much less component malfunction,
power, pictures shrink, and and system
circuits may fail to operate. failures increase.
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9. These include plating, DC welders, precipitators,
battery chargers
and DC motor supplies. The rectifier output
voltage varies
with the AC input voltage.
15 % ‫أخفبض اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬ 10 % : ‫اسرفبع اٌزٛرش ثّمذاس‬
Poor welds are produced. Plating thickness may be
Plating deposition rates drop excessive. Welds burn
15-40%. Battery charging through. Batteries over
may cease. 38% drop in charge. Reduced surge capacity
precipitator power. of metal rectifiers.
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10. ‫المواصفات األولٌة المطلوبة‬
‫للمنظمات‬
‫1- تنظٌم الجهد. ( دقة التنظٌم الدٌنامٌكً والستاتٌكً)‬
‫2- مجال الدخل . ( مجال عرٌض لتغٌرات جهد الدخل)‬
‫3- الممانعة الداخلٌة. ( ممانعة خرج منخفضة).‬
‫4- توافق مع الحمل. (احمال إقالع, حمل ردي,حمل نبضً, حمل‬
‫مضجج,..)‬
‫5– عناصر الحماٌة.( الحاالت العابرة , الحمل الزائد, إرتفاع الجهد,‬
‫فلترة ,)‬
‫6- المردود.(مردود عالً , عدم الحاجة لتبرٌد)‬
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11. ‫رٕظ١ُ اٌدٙذ‬
‫عشػخ اإلعزدبثخ‬ ‫رٕظ١ُ عزبر١ىٟ‬
‫رٛاصْ األغٛاس‬ ‫رٕظ١ُ د٠ٕبِ١ىٟ‬
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12. ‫مقدار الزٌادة‬
‫خٙذ اٌذخً‬ ‫+%‬
‫إزاحة المجال‬
‫ِدبي رغ١شاد اٌذخً‬
‫% ِدبي اٌزٕظ١ُ‬
‫-%‬
‫مقدار النقصان‬
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13. ‫ممانعة خرج المنظم‬
‫اٌّّبٔؼخ اٌؼبٌ١خ اٌذاخٍ١خ ٌٍّٕظُ رإدٞ ئٌٝ:‬
‫1- إنخفاض الجهد‬
‫2- إزدٌاد التشوه التوافقً للجهد‬
‫3- إرتفاع حرارة المنظم وإنخفاض مردوده.‬
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14. ‫توافق مع الحمل‬
‫اٌمذسح ػٍٝ اٌزؼبًِ ِغ خّ١غ أٔٛاع األزّبي:‬
‫1- أزّبي راد ر١بس ئلالع ػبٌٟ.‬
‫2- أزّبي راد ِؼبِالد لذسح ِخزٍفخ.‬
‫3- أزّبي راد ِؼبًِ رسًّ ٔجعٟ ػبٌٟ ‪Crest factor‬‬
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15. Overload ‫تجاوز الحمل‬
100% rated continuous
200% rated 60 seconds
400% rated 3 seconds
600% rated 1 second
800% rated 0.5 second
1000% to 2500% 1/2 cycle inrush
. ِٓ‫ثؼط األزّبي رغزدش ر١بسا وج١شا ٌفزشح لص١شح ِٓ اٌض‬
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 15

16. ‫عناصر الحماٌة‬
‫1- زيادة التحميل.‬
‫2- الحالة العابرة.‬
‫3- إرتفاع التوتر.‬
‫4- إقالع ناعم.‬
‫5- تأخير الخرج.‬
‫6- إرتفاع الحرارة .‬
‫7- الممر اآللي.‬
‫8- عسل الحمل.‬
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17. ‫‪Efficiency‬‬ ‫المردود‬
‫ِٕظُ ‪ِ 100KVA‬شدٚد %09‬ ‫ِثبي :‬
‫٠غزٍٙه ‪ 111KVA‬رمش٠جب‬
‫اٌع١بػبد ‪11KVA‬‬
‫اإلعزٙالن ثّؼذي 01عبػبد ػًّ ٠ِٛ١ب ‪11 KVAH‬‬
‫اإلعزٙالن اٌغٕٛٞ ‪3300KVAH‬‬
‫اٌٙذس 000001 ي ط رمش٠جب عٕٛ٠ب‬
‫٠ؼبدي سثغ ثّٓ إٌّظُ!!!!!!‬
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18. ‫أنواع منظمات الجهد‬
Tap Switching System ‫1- نظام تبدٌل التفرٌعات‬
‫2- محول متغٌر مع محول رافع خافض‬
Variable Transformer with Buck-Boost Transformer
Limited Range Variable ‫3- محول متغٌر بمجال محدود‬
‫ 4- المفاعلة المشبعة‬Transformer
Constant ‫ 5- محولة الطنٌن ذو التوتر الثابت‬Saturable Reactor
Voltage Ferroresonant Transformer
Induction System ً‫6- النظام التحرٌض‬
Phase Controlled Regulators ‫7- المنظمات المحكومة بالطو ر‬
Power
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬
‫8- ِى١فبد اٌمذسح‬
18

19. ‫ِٕظّبد رجذ٠ً اٌزفش٠ؼخ‬
‫‪Tap Switching Transformer‬‬
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20. ‫اٌزفش٠ؼبد ٠ّىٓ أْ رىْٛ فٟ اٌذخً أٚ فٟ اٌخشج.‬
‫٠ّىٓ ئ٠زُ رجذ٠ً اٌزفش٠ؼبد ػٕذ ِشٚس ِٛخخ اٌدٙذ ثبٌصفش ٚ٘زا ٠ف١ذ فٟ ئٌغبء اٌسبٌخ اٌؼبثش ح.‬
‫٠ّىٓ ٌٍّٕظُ أْ رىْٛ ئ عزدبثزٗ عش٠ؼخ ِٓ ِشرجخ دٚسح ٚازذح أٚ دٚسر١ٓ‬
‫ِٓ ِغبؤٜ ٘زا إٌّظُ - ػذَ ٚخٛد ػضي .‬
‫- ػذَ ئِىبٔ١خ ِؼبٌدخ اٌسبالد اٌؼبثشح ٚاٌزشٛ٘بد .‬
‫- اٌزٕظ١ُ ػٍٝ خطٛاد ِسذٚدح‬
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21. ‫ِسٛالد رغ١١ش اٌزفش٠ؼخ‬
‫‪Electronic tap changing transformer‬‬
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22. ‫النظام التحرٌضً‬
‫٘زا اٌزصّ١ُ رُ ئشزمبلٗ ِٓ اٌّسشن اٌزسش٠عٟ رٚ اٌذائش اٌٍّفٛف.‬
‫ٌٗ ٍِف ئثزذائٟ ِٛصٛي ػً غشفٟ دخً اٌزغز٠خ , ٚاٌٍّف اٌثبٔٛٞ ِٛصٛي ػٍٝ‬
‫اٌزغٍغً ِغ اٌسًّ . أزذ اٌٍّفبد ِزٛظغ ػٍٝ اٌدضء اٌثبثذ ٚاٌٍّف ا٢خش ػٍٝ‬
‫اٌدضء اٌذٚاس.‬
‫٠زُ ظجػ خٙذ اٌسًّ ثٛاعطخ ِٛلغ اٌّسٛس,ز١ث أْ رذٚ٠شاٌّسٛس ٠زغ١ش‬
‫اٌّٛظغ إٌغجٟ ٌٍٍّفبد . ٚألٔٗ ٠ؼًّ ِٓ خالي فؼً ِسٛي خطٟ غ١ش خطٛٞ‬
‫فأٗ ٠ّزبص ثذلخ خ١ذح ٚلذسح رسًّ خ١ذح . ٚثغجت اٌفدٛح اٌٙٛائ١خ ث١ٓ اٌثبثذ ٚاٌذائش‬
‫فأٗ ٠أخز ِّ١ضاد اٌّسشن, ِثً ِّبٔؼخ خشج ػبٌ١خ ِٚشدٚد ِزٛعػ ٚزدُ وج١ش‬
‫ٚثم١ً ٚثط١ئ , ٚئِىبٔ١خ اٌّدزضءاد غ١ش ِّىٕخ ِغ ٘زا اٌزصّ١ُ .‬
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23. ‫المحول الرافع الخافض المحكوم بمحول متغٌر‬
‫‪Variable Transformer Controlled Buck-Boost Transformer‬‬
‫٘زٖ إٌّظّبد رغزخذَ ِسٛال ِزغ١شا ٌٍزسىُ ثبٌدٙذ ػٍٝ اٌٍّف اإلثزذائٟ ٌٍّسٛي‬
‫اٌشافغ-اٌخبفط ‪ buck-boost‬اٌٍّف اٌثبٔٛٞ رٚ اٌدٙذ إٌّخفط ٌٍّسٛي اٌشافغ-اٌخبفط‬
‫٠زُ ٚصٍٗ ػٍٝ اٌزغٍغً ِغ اٌسًّ . ئػزّبدا ػٍٝ ٚظغ اٌّسٛي اٌّزغ١ش ٘زا اٌٍّف‬
‫اٌثبٔٛٞ عٛف ٠ع١ف أٚ ٠طشذ خٙذا ِٓ ل١ّخ اٌذخً ٌدؼً خٙذ اٌخشج ثبثزب ػٍٝ ل١ّخ‬
‫ِسذدح . ثاػزجبس أْ وال اٌّسٌٛ١ٓ ٠سزبج لذسح ِّب ٠إدٞ ئٌٝ خفط اٌّشدٚد ٚص٠بدح‬
‫اٌّّبٔؼخ .‬
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24. ‫اٌّسٛي اٌّزغ١ش اٌّمبد ثّسشن‬
‫ٍِفبد رغٍغٍ١خ‬
‫اٌذخً‬ ‫اٌخشج‬
‫ِسشن اٌزصس١ر‬
‫‪Motorized variac‬‬
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25. ‫ِٕظُ ع١شفٛ – اٌّسٛي اٌّزغ١ش‬
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26. ‫اٌّخطػ اٌصٕذٚلٟ ِغ اإلظبفبد‬
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27. ‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫72‬

28. ‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫82‬

29. ‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫92‬

30. ‫منظمات المفاعلة المشبعة‬
‫٠غزخذَ ر١بس ِغزّش ٌٍزسىُ ثّٕظُ ّٔػ سافغ – خبفط ٌ١مٛد ِفبػٍخ ِشجؼخ‬
‫ئٌٝ داخً ٚخبسج اإلشجبع اٌّغٕبغ١غٟ ػٕذ إٌمطخ اٌّطٍٛثخ ػٍٝ اٌّٛخخ‬
‫اٌد١ج١خ. اٌّفبػٍخ اٌالخط١خ ٟ٘ ػٍٝ اٌزغٍغً ِغ اٌز١بس اٌّغجت ِّبٔؼخ‬
‫ػبٌ١خ , رشٖٛ رٛافمٟ ِدبي ِسذٚد ٌّؼبًِ اٌمذسح ٌٍسًّ ‪factor load power‬‬
‫ئْ ثٛاثذ اٌضِٓ اٌطٛ٠ٍخ اٌّشافمخ ٌٍٍّف ٠ّىٓ أْ رغجت ئعزدبثخ ثط١ئخ .‬
‫٘زا اٌزصّ١ُ ٠سذ ِٓ ل١ّخ اٌز١بس اٌّغزٞ ِّب ٠ف١ذ فٟ ػٍّ١خ اٌسّب٠خ ِٓ‬
‫ردبٚص اٌسًّ , ز١ث ال٠غزط١غ رغز٠خ أزّبي رزطٍت ر١بساد ئلالع وج١شح‬
‫خذا.‬
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31. ‫خبٔك اٌزشجغ ٚ اٌّعخُ اٌّغٕبغ١غٟ‬
‫‪Vin‬‬
‫‪Vout‬‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫13‬

32. ‫ِٕظّبد اٌّفبػٍخ اٌّشجؼخ‬
‫ِفبػٍخ ِشجؼخ‬
‫اٌخشج‬
‫اٌذخً‬
‫‪Saturable reactor regulator‬‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫23‬

33. ‫محوالت الجهد الثابت‬
‫)‪(Ferroresonant‬‬
‫٘زٖ اٌّسٛالد صّّذ ٌزىْٛ إٌٛاح ِشجؼخ ِغٕبغ١غ١ب ػٕذ اٌدٙذ ٚاٌزشدد اٌّطٍٛة, ثاػزجبس أْ اٌّسٛي ِشجغ‬
‫فاْ اٌخشج ِم١ذ ثدٙذ ثبثذ ٔغج١ب .‬
‫ئْ اٌخشج ٌ١ظ ِٛخخ خ١ج١خ ثً ٘ٛ ألشة ٌٍّٛخخ اٌّشثؼخ, ٚخصٛصب ِغ األزّبي اٌالخط١خ.‬
‫رعبف ػٕبصش سٔ١ٓ ٌسّب٠خ خٙذ اٌخشج ِٓ اٌزشٖٛ اٌىج١ش. اٌزشٖٛ فٟ اٌخشج ألً ِٓ %5‬
‫٘زٖ اٌٛزذاد رٕظُ اٌزٛرش ثذلخ %5-3 .‬
‫اٌّّبٔؼخ اٌذاخٍ١خ ػبٌ١خ. ٌزٌه غ١ش ِٕبعجخ ألزّبي اإللالع.‬
‫ٌٙب ظد١ح رارٟ .‬
‫رزأثش ثزغ١شاد اٌزشدد.‬
‫٠غزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌطش٠مخ اٌزّبثٍ١خ فٟ ػٍٝ ٔظبق ٚاعغ فٟ ِى١فبد اٌمذسح ٌزغز٠خ األزّبي اإلٌىزشٚٔ١خ .‬
‫رّزبص ٘زٖ إٌّظّبد ثمذسرٙب ػٍٝ رخّ١ذ اٌسبالد اٌؼبثشح وّب رف١ذ فٟ ززف اٌزٛافم١بد‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫33‬

34. ٟ‫ِٕظّبد اٌطٕ١ٓ اٌّغٕبغ١غ‬
Ferroresonant transformer with a neutralizing winding
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 34

35. ‫رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌطش٠مخ اٌزّبثٍ١خ فٟ ػٍٝ ٔظبق ٚاعغ فٟ ِى١فبد اٌمذسح ٌزغز٠خ األزّبي اإلٌىزشٚٔ١خ .‬
‫٠ؼًّ اٌّسٛي فٟ ِٕطمخ اإلشجبع اٌّغٕبغ١غٟ . ٚثبٌزبٌٟ اٌخشج ٌ١ظ ِٛخخ خ١ج١خ ثً ٘ٛ ألشة ٌٍّٛخخ اٌّشثؼخ,‬
‫ٚخصٛصب ِغ األزّبي اٌالخط١خ.‬
‫رّزبص ٘زٖ إٌّظّبد ثمذسرٙب ػٍٝ رخّ١ذ اٌسبالد اٌؼبثشح وّب رف١ذ فٟ ززف اٌزٛافم١بد .‬
‫اٌزٕظ١ُ ِغزّش ٚعٍظ.‬
‫اٌشدٚد ظؼ١ف.‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫53‬

36. Ferro resonant
Transformers
Neutralizing Winding in Ferroresonant Transformer Clips Voltage Transients and Normal Mode
Noise
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 36

37. ‫ِٕظّبد اٌدٙذ اإلٌىزشٚٔ١خ‬
‫‪Electronic voltage regulator‬‬
‫٠غّٝ أز١بٔب ِى١ف لذسح‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫73‬

38. ‫صٕف خذ٠ذ ِٓ إٌّظّبد ا٢ٌ١خ رؼزّذ ػٍٝ رفٕ١خ ئٔفشرش ٠ؼًّ ػٍٝ اٌزمط١غ ثزشدد ػبٌٟ .‬
‫٠ّىٓ أْ ٠إِٓ اعزدبثخ رصً ئٌٝ ‪. 1m sec‬‬
‫ِٛخخ اٌخشج خ١ج١خ .‬
‫رصّ١ُ ِذِح‬
‫فٟ اإلعزطبػبد اٌؼبٌ١خ ٠صجر غبٌٟ اٌثّٓ.‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫83‬

39. ‫‪Power Conditioners‬‬ ‫ِى١ف اٌمذسح‬
‫٠ؼًّ ثٕظبَ اٌزمط١غ , لبدس ػٍٝ ِؼبٌدخ اٌدٙٛد اٌؼبثشح ٚئسرفبػبد اٌدٙذ‬
‫اٌّإلزخ ٚرٕظ١ُ ئٔخفبض اٌدٙذ اٌذائُ , وّب ٠سزٜٛ ػٍٝ ِسٛي ػضي .‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫93‬

40. ‫‪Soft Switching Line Conditioners‬‬
‫ِى١فبد اٌزٛرش راد اٌزمط١غ إٌبػُ‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫04‬

41. ‫ِٕظُ خٙذ ئٌىزشٟٚٔ ٘د١ٓ‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫14‬

42. Phase Controlled Regulators ‫إٌّظّبد اٌّسىِٛخ ثبٌطٛس‬
This technique uses phase controlled thyristors with LC filter to control output
voltage. It has a slow response, high distortion especially with non-linear
loads, over sized filters, very poor input line harmonics and will not handle
surge currents such as motor starting. This scheme has good line transient
suppression but will not suppress transients generated inside plant.
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 42

43. ‫ِمبسٔخ ث١ٓ األٔٛاع اٌّخزٍفخ ٌٍّٕظّبد‬
‫ٔٛع إٌّظُ‬ ‫اٌذلخ‬ ‫ِدبي ئصازخ‬ ‫سفغ وبًِ‬ ‫ِّبٔؼخ ِٕخفعخ‬ ‫رشٖٛ رٛافمٟ‬ ‫ِؼبًِ لذسح ثىبًِ‬ ‫ردض٠ئ١خ‬ ‫ِشدٚد‬
‫%1‬ ‫اٌذخً‬ ‫رخف١ط وبًِ‬ ‫خذا‬ ‫ِٕخفط‬ ‫اٌّدبي‬ ‫وبٍِخ‬ ‫%09‬
‫ِٕظُ رغٍغٍٟ ,‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬
‫ِسٛي ِزغ١ش رٚ ِدبي ِسذٚد‬
‫ِٕظُ رجذ٠ً اٌزفش٠ؼخ‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪some‬‬ ‫‪some‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬
‫ِسٛي اٌدٙذ اٌثبثذ)‪(Ferro‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪some‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬
‫اٌّفبػٍخ اٌّشجؼخ‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬
‫ِسٛي ِزغ١ش سافغ - خبفط‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪some‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬
‫إٌّظُ اٌزسش٠عٟ‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪Load‬‬ ‫‪yes‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪no‬‬
‫‪Dependent‬‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫34‬

44. ‫‪Voltage sag‬‬ ‫غٛساٌدٙذ‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫44‬

45. ‫اٌّشىالد إٌبخّخ ػٓ غٛس اٌدٙذ‬
The impact of voltage sags on industrial processes has been extensively
studied, and is the subject of numerous reports by utilities, industries and
consultants. Short term (3-10 cycle) voltage sags are more frequent in the
industrialized nations, while brownouts tend to be more prevalent in the
developing countries. The biggest problem associated with voltage sags is the
tripping of sensitive equipment such as motor drives. This occurs because of
insufficient voltage across contactor and relay coils, and reduced dc bus
voltages in adjustable speed motor drives, programmable controllers and
other electronic loads. Some ASD’s are designed to provide automatic restart,
or in some cases ride through using load inertial energy. In such cases, the
ASD’s will ride through the short term sag, unless the motor is part of a
precision position controlled servo process. Short term voltage sags have little
impact on most direct line connected
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 45

46. ‫كبت الحالة العابرة‬
‫‪Transient Suppression‬‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫64‬

47. ‫مفتاح الممر الخارجً الٌدوي‬

48. Delayed Output ‫تأخٌر الخرج‬
This option is useful in areas where the power is unstable and frequently fails.
In these applications the voltage often falls to a low level before failing
entirely, and then returns at a high level. When the power goes out, it may
quickly return due to the utility circuit breakers automatically reclosing.Or, the
power may immediately come back on only to fail again as the generator
attempts to start all the connected loads at once. The delayed output option,
prevents equipment damage under these conditions, and allows time for the
power to stabilize before energizing the load. This is accomplished by adding
a contactor and a timer to the regulator. When the regulator is initially
energized: the timer starts, the contactor is open and the load is de-
energized. After the preset time delay the contactor automatically closes
energizing the load. The contactor is rated for the full output current of the
regulator. The time delay is field adjustable from approximately 5 to 60
seconds. Factory adjusted to approximately 10 seconds when shipped.
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 48

49. SOFT START ‫ممٌزة اإلقالع الناعم‬
Some loads should be started on reduced voltage in order to limit inrush currents, mechanical
shock, thermal shock, etc. The soft start option controls a WHR Series Voltage Regulator so
that when power is applied the regulator’s output voltage starts out approximately 10% low.
After a preset time delay, the output voltage ramps up to the selected regulated output voltage.
The soft start option can be ordered in combination with all other standard WHR Series
regulator options.
The soft start option works by driving the regulator to the minimum output voltage position
when power is lost (or when a user supplied contact is opened). When input power is lost, the
soft start controls automatically connect the drive motors on the POWERSTAT power module(s)
to the output of a small uninterruptible power supply (UPS). This drives the power modules to
the minimum output voltage position. After a predetermined time the UPS is automatically
turned off. It requires up to 15 seconds (depending on the size of the regulator) to drive the
POWERSTAT power module(s) to the minimum output voltage position.
When regulator power is restored, the load voltage will be approximately 7% less than the input
voltage on narrow range WHR Regulators and 13% less than the input voltage on wide range
models. After the soft start timer times out, the regulator control module(s) are engaged and the
output voltage ramps up to the selected, regulated output voltage. The time delay is field
5/4/2012
adjustable from 2 to 20 seconds. ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 49

50. ‫‪ISOLATION TRANSFORMERS‬‬ ‫ِسٛالد اٌؼضي‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫05‬

51. ¥ Isolation transformers consist of two coils (primary and secondary) intentionally coupled together, on a magnetic core.
¥ They have two primary functions:
a)They provide isolation between two circuits, by converting electrical energy to magnetic energy and back to
electrical energy, thus acting as a new power source.
b)They provide a level of common mode shielding between two circuits.
¥ Since the ability of a transformer to pass high frequency noise varies directly with capacitance, isolation transformers should
be designed to minimize the coupling capacitance between primary and secondary sides, while increasing the coupling to
ground.
¥ Isolation transformers have no direct current path between primary and secondary windings. This feature is not characteristic
of the auto-transformer; see "Regulators".
¥ Unshielded isolation transformers can only attenuate low frequency common mode noise.
¥ High frequency normal mode noise can be attenuated by specially designed and shielded isolation transformers. Standard
isolation transformers could not mitigate this problem because any voltage variations across the primary windings induce
corresponding voltage variations in the secondary windings.
¥ An isolation transformer is normally designed with a simple Faraday electrostatic shield between the two sets of windings, to
improve the isolation characteristics of the device. Attenuation of common mode noise is typically in the 10 kHz -100 kHz range.
¥ Enhanced or Super Isolation Transformers incorporate single or multiple shields to provide a higher level of attenuation of
common mode noise, and possibly a degree of normal mode noise attenuation. Magnetically coupled signals may still penetrate
the shield. Whether or not multiple shields are included, however, it is the noise rejection capability of the installed device that is
important. Very often a single shield is adequate.
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 51

52. ‫اعزخذاِبرٙب‬
‫- رغزخذَ ِسٛالد اٌؼضي ٌزخّ١ذ ظد١ح إٌّػ اٌّشزشن .‬
‫- رإِٓ ٔمطخ ِشخؼ١خ ز١بدٞ ئٌٝ األسظٟ .‬
‫- ٠ّىٓ أْ ٠غزخذَ ٌفزر زٍمبد اٌزأس٠ط.‬
‫- ٠ّىٓ أْ رخفط ِٓ اٌزٛافم١بد راد اٌّشرجخ اٌؼبٌ١خ, ٌىٕٙب ال رٍغٟ اٌزشٖٛ اٌزٛافمٟ أٚ رسّٟ‬
‫ِٓ اٌمطش ‪notch‬‬
‫- ٠ىّٓ أْ رزشبسن ِغ ػٕبصش أخشٜ ِثً ِخّذاد اٌسبٌخ اٌؼبثشح ٚلٛاغغ ٚغ١ش٘ب ِشىٍخ ثزٌه‬
‫داساد ِؼمذح رؼشف ثٛزذاد رٛص٠غ اٌمذسح . )‪Power Distribution Units (PDUs‬‬
‫- فٟ اٌزطج١مبد اٌسشخخ ٠دت ئعزخذاَ ِسٛالد ػضي ِسدجخ راد خٛدح ػبٌ١خ .‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫25‬

53. Input – Output Nominal Voltages See Rating Charts
Phases See Rating Charts
Frequency
Input Voltage Range
See Rating Charts
See Rating Charts
‫المواصفات العامة‬
Output Accuracy Adjustable from 1% to 3%
Response Time 0.025 seconds at 60 Hz, 0.030 seconds at 50 Hz
Recovery Rate See Rating Charts
Maximum Input Current See Rating Charts
Load Current and kVA See Rating Charts
Load Capacity 100% rated continuous 200% rated 60 seconds 400% rated 3 seconds
600% rated 1 second 800% rated 0.5 second 1000% to 2500% 1/2 cycle inrush
Load Power Factor 0 lagging to 0 leading
Load Crest Factor 6 Max (I peak / I RMS)
Efficiency 99% typical, at full load
Heat Generated BTU (typical) = 35 x rated kVA
Harmonic Distortion Less than 1% added
Surge Withstand Capability 6000 volts per IEEE C62.41, location category B
Impedance 1% (typical) without transient suppression option 2% (typical) with transient suppression
option Transverse-Mode Noise Attenuation 40 dB (typical) with transient
suppression option

54. ‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫45‬

55. Temperature
‫اٌظشٚف اٌّس١ط١خ اٌج١ئ١خ‬
Operating Average ambient temperature for any 24 hour period not to exceed 30°C
(86°F), and maximum temperature not to exceed 40°C (104°F). Average ambient temperature for any
24 hour period may be increased to 40°C (104°F), and the maximum temperature may be
increased to 50°C (122°F), if the load is decreased to 90% of standard rating. Minimum
temperature is 0°C (32°F).
Storage -40°C to +70°C (-40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (Operating and Storage)
Units without tropicalization 10 to 75% average relative humidity for any 7 day period, and maximum
relative humidity not to exceed 95% non-condensing.
Units with tropicalization 10 to 95% average relative humidity and maximum relative humidity not to
exceed 95% non-condensing.
Altitude
Operating
Storage
50,000 Ft. (15,000 meters) max

56. ‫اٌسشاسح اٌؼبٌ١خ ٌٍٛعػ اٌّس١ػ‬
‫ٌجب ذكر الحرارة األعظمٌة التً ٌمكن أن ٌعمل عندها المنظم ,وهً عادة 04 درجة‬
‫مئوٌة, وٌجب معرفة فترة التشغل على هذه الحرارة.‬
‫كما ٌجب ذكر الحرارة الوسطى على مدى 42 ساعة , وهً عادة 03 درجة.‬
‫كما ٌجب معرفة معدل إنخفاض اإلستطاعة مع إرتفاع الحرارة.‬
‫2102/4/5‬ ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدسٞ‬ ‫65‬

57. High altitudes‫اإلرتفاع عن سطح البحر‬
The standard ratings apply to operation in altitudes up to(2,000
meters)
For higher altitudes up to 10,000 Ft. (3,000 meters) and a
maximum ambient of 30°C (86°F), the load should not exceed
95% of rated. When selecting a regulator for these conditions,
increase the required capacity by 5%.
For altitudes up to 15,000 Ft. (4,500 meters) and a maximum
ambient of 20°C (68°F), the load should not exceed 90% of rated.
When selecting a regulator for these conditions, increase the
required capacity by 10%.
5/4/2012 ٞ‫ِشوض اٌزذس٠ت اٌؼشثٟ - ِسّذ ِٕزس اٌمبدس‬ 57