We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
Introduction
Power Quality Problems
Power Quality Measurement Devices
Power Quality Terminology
Power Quality Standards
Unbundled Power Quality Services
Power Quality Monitoring
Benefits of Power Quality
Conclusion
References
Long & Short Interruptions: Interruptions – Definition – Difference between failures,
outage, Interruptions – causes of Long Interruptions – Origin of Interruptions – Limits for the
Interruption frequency – Limits for the interruption duration – costs of Interruption –
Overview of Reliability evaluation to power quality, comparison of observations and
reliability evaluation.Short interruptions: definition, origin of short interruptions, basic principle, fuse saving,
voltage magnitude events due to re-closing, voltage during the interruption, monitoring of
short interruptions, difference between medium and low voltage systems. Multiple events,
single phase tripping – voltage and current during fault period, voltage and current at post
fault period
Power Quality Issues and Mitigation TechniquesChaitra Panat
In various systems there are some power Quality Problems such as sag, swell, fluctuation, harmonics which may affect the performance as well Efficiency of a machine. So it is mandatory to mitigate all these issues. so here, in this presentation, different power quality issues with different mitigation techniques are given.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Introduction: Definition & Reasons of Occurrence of following Voltage Dip, Brief voltage increases, Brief voltage interruption, Transients, Voltage Notches, Flickers, Distortion, Un-balance. Power Quality Indices,Limits of Harmonic Distortion according to IEEE, IEC, EN and NORSOK limits.Brief Introduction of Power quality Standards: IEC 61000-2-5,IEC 61000-2-1, IEC 1159 ( Categories of Power quality variation according to IEEE 1159 standard with their relevant Spectral content, Duration of occurrence & Magnitude)
This presentation on Power Quality Improvement Techniques: A Review presented by Sahid Raja Khan student of B. Tech. Electrical Engineering of Compucom Institute of Technology and Management Jaipur. It describes the improvement technique of Power Quality at GSS and other Substations including Generating Stations.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
Introduction
Power Quality Problems
Power Quality Measurement Devices
Power Quality Terminology
Power Quality Standards
Unbundled Power Quality Services
Power Quality Monitoring
Benefits of Power Quality
Conclusion
References
Long & Short Interruptions: Interruptions – Definition – Difference between failures,
outage, Interruptions – causes of Long Interruptions – Origin of Interruptions – Limits for the
Interruption frequency – Limits for the interruption duration – costs of Interruption –
Overview of Reliability evaluation to power quality, comparison of observations and
reliability evaluation.Short interruptions: definition, origin of short interruptions, basic principle, fuse saving,
voltage magnitude events due to re-closing, voltage during the interruption, monitoring of
short interruptions, difference between medium and low voltage systems. Multiple events,
single phase tripping – voltage and current during fault period, voltage and current at post
fault period
Power Quality Issues and Mitigation TechniquesChaitra Panat
In various systems there are some power Quality Problems such as sag, swell, fluctuation, harmonics which may affect the performance as well Efficiency of a machine. So it is mandatory to mitigate all these issues. so here, in this presentation, different power quality issues with different mitigation techniques are given.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Introduction: Definition & Reasons of Occurrence of following Voltage Dip, Brief voltage increases, Brief voltage interruption, Transients, Voltage Notches, Flickers, Distortion, Un-balance. Power Quality Indices,Limits of Harmonic Distortion according to IEEE, IEC, EN and NORSOK limits.Brief Introduction of Power quality Standards: IEC 61000-2-5,IEC 61000-2-1, IEC 1159 ( Categories of Power quality variation according to IEEE 1159 standard with their relevant Spectral content, Duration of occurrence & Magnitude)
This presentation on Power Quality Improvement Techniques: A Review presented by Sahid Raja Khan student of B. Tech. Electrical Engineering of Compucom Institute of Technology and Management Jaipur. It describes the improvement technique of Power Quality at GSS and other Substations including Generating Stations.
This presentation gives detailed information about power quality i.e. how poor power quality is caused? what are the parameters on which we measure power quality? how can we solve the problem of poor power quality? this presentation will give you all the answers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This gives you brief description to electrical power quality problems such as Ttransients, short and long duration voltage variation, voltage unbalance, waveform distortion,voltage fluctuations and power frequency variations.
Introduction to Power Quality: Terms and definitions of transients,
Long Duration Voltage Variations: under Voltage, Under Voltage and Sustained Interruptions
; Short Duration Voltage Variations: interruption, Sag, Swell; Voltage Imbalance; Notching D C offset,; waveform distortion; voltage fluctuation; power frequency variations
Basics of Transformers, DC machine, Single phase and Three phase induction motors and Universal motors are provided here. Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their fifth module preparation.
A brief description of different types of tariffs is provided here. It also covers the basic concept of Electrical wiring systems and lighting systems. Working of different types of lamp with figures are also included.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their sixth module preparation.
Generation of Electrical Power - Power Plants and Transmission Systems.maneesh001
Basics of generation of electricity by thermal, hydro, nuclear and renewable sources are provided in this document.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their fouth module preparations.
A few basics about magnetism and Alternating currents.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their second module for the subject EE100 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. 1. WHAT IS POWER QUALITY
IT DETERMINES THE FITNESS OF A POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
IT CAN BE A MEASURE OF RELIABILITY OF A SUPPY; or
IT CAN BE THOSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUPPLY THAT WILL ENABLE
A DEVICE TO WORK PROPERLY.
A POWER SUPPLY WHICH IS FREE FROM DISTURBANCES CAN BE
CONSIDERED AS A GOOD QUALITY POWER.
3. 2.POWER QUALITY ISSUES
THOSE DISTURBANCES WHICH AFFECT THE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
“Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency
deviations that results in failure or misoperation of customer
equipment”.
5. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
1. Conducted low-frequency phenomena
a. Harmonics, interharmonics
b. Signalling voltages
c. Voltage fluctuations
d. Voltage dips and interruptions
e. Voltage unbalance
f. Power frequency variations
g. Induced low-frequency voltages
h. DC in AC networks
6. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
2. Radiated low-frequency phenomena
a. Magnetic fields
b. Electric field
3. Conducted high-frequency phenomena
A. Directly coupled or induced voltages or currents
B. Unidirectional transients
C. Oscillatory transients
7. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
4. Radiated high-frequency phenomena
a) Magnetic fields
b) Electric fields
c) Electromagnetic fields
5. Electrostatic discharge phenomena (ESD)
Sudden discharge between two electrically charged bodies
6. Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)
The sudden burst of electro-magnetic radiation (EM Pulse) during nuclear
explosion will change the electric and magnetic field
8. 4. TRANSIENTS
“AN EVENT THAT IS UNDESIRABLE AND MOMENTARY IN NATURE”
2 TYPES : IMPULSIVE AND OSCILLATORY
An impulsive transient is a sudden, non–power frequency change in the
steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional
in polarity (ositive or negative)
An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non–power frequency change in the
steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both
positive and negative polarity values
10. 4. TRANSIENTS
OSCILLATORY – 3 TYPES
High frequency transients (Frequency greater than 500 kHz).
Medium frequency transients (Frequency between 5-500 kHz).
Low frequency transients (Frequency less than 5 kHz)
CAUSE
Lightning
13. 5.1 OVER VOLTAGE
“Increase in the RMS ac voltage greater than 110 percent at the
power frequency for a duration longer than 1min”
CAUSE
Switching off a large load
Energizing a capacitor bank
14. 5.2 UNDER VOLTAGE
“Decrease in the RMS ac voltage less than 90 percent at the
power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min”
CAUSE
Switching ON a large load
De-energizing a capacitor bank
15. 6. SUSTAINED INTERUPTIONS
Situation when the supply voltage is ZERO for more
than 1 min.
Requires human intervention to repair and restore the
system.
> 1 min
16. 7. SHORT DURATION VOLTAGE
VARIATIONS
Def :
• Short and temporary disturbances occurring in power system.
Cause:
• Switching on large loads
• Loose connections
• faults
Types:
• Voltage sag
• Voltage swell
• Interruptions
18. 7.1 INTERRUPTIONS
“An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases
to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding 1 min”
CAUSE
Power system faults
Equipment failure
Control malfunctions
< 1 min
19. 7.2 VOLTAGE SAG (DIP)
“A sag is a decrease in voltage to a value between 0.1 and 0.9
pu in RMS voltage or current at the power frequency for
durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min”
CAUSE
Single line to ground fault
Switching ON heavy loads
Starting of large inductions motors
20. 7.3 VOLTAGE SWELLS
“A swell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in
RMS voltage or current at the power frequency for durations
from 0.5 cycle to 1 min”
CAUSE
Switching OFF heavy loads
Energizing capacitor banks
21. 8. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
“Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage to
a value between 0.9 to 1.1 pu”
CAUSE
Loads with continuous variation in current
SOLUTION
• Power
Conditioners.
EFFECTS
• Hardware failures.
• Crashes in PLC &
22. 8. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
•Max Permissible Voltage Variation - 1.5%.
NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE (KV
RMS)
MAXIMUM
(KV RMS)
MINIMUM
(KV RMS)
765 800 728
400 420 380
220 245 198
132 145 122
110 121 99
66 72 60
33 36 30
23. 9. POWER FREQUENCY
VARIATIONS
MAX PERMISSIBLE RANGE
49.2 to 50.3 Hz
“Deviation of the power system fundamental frequency from it
specified nominal value (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz)”
CAUSE
Poor speed regulation of alternator
EFFECTS
System crash
Speed variation in motors
SOLUTION
• Power
Conditioners.
• VDF, UPS
24. 10. WAVEFORM DISTORTION
“Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation
from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally
characterized by the spectral content of the deviation”
26. 10.1 HARMONICS
“Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having
frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental
frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz)”
27. 10.2 INTER HARMONICS
“Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not
integer multiples of the fundaments frequency are called inter
harmonics ”
28. 10.2 INTER HARMONICS &
HARMONICS
CAUSE
• Non-linear loads.
• SMPS used by personal
computers.
• VFD.
• Electronics devices.
SOLUTION
• Power
Conditioners.
• Harmonic filters.
EFFECTS
• Overheating
conductors and
transformers.
• Decreased efficiency.
• Increases losses
29. 10.3 DC OFFSET
“The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system
is termed dc offset”
30. 10.3 DC OFFSET
CAUSE
• Fault in power
electronic devices.
SOLUTION
• DC Filters
EFFECTS
• Overheating of
transformers.
• Saturation of transformer
core
• Reduction in transformer
life.
32. 10.4 NOTCHING
CAUSE
• 3-phase power
electronic converter.
SOLUTION
• Isolation of
sensitive devices.
EFFECTS
• Injects harmonics to the
supply.
• Causes over heating
33. 10.5 NOISE
“Unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content
lower than 200 kHz superimposed upon the power system
voltage or current in phase conductors, or found on neutral
conductors or signal lines ”
34. 10.5 NOISE
CAUSE
• Power electronic
devices.
• Control circuits
• Arcing equipments
• SMPS.
SOLUTION
• Isolation of
sensitive devices.
• Filters.
• Power
conditioners
EFFECTS
• Injects harmonics to the
supply.
• Disturbance in micro
controller, computers and
PLC.
