Investigations and Management Sputum examination is an important aid in the diagnosis of pneumonia: color, amount, consistency, and odor. Mucopurulent sputum is commonly found in bacterial pneumonia or bronchitis. Scanty, watery sputum is often noted in atypical pneumonia; “rusty” sputum is seen in pneumococcal pneumonia; and currant-jelly or dark-red sputum suggests Klebsiella pneumoniae. Foul-smelling sputum is associated with anaerobic infections due to aspiration, lung abscess, and necrotizing pneumonia. A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, a normal white cell count or leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infection. When available, chest x-ray, serum procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein can be obtained (Fig. 1.3). Naso-pharyngeal swabs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can help establish the diagnosis of specific viral infections if available. In children, the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines for treating pneumonia are recommended (Table 1.1).4 Childhood pneumonia is now classified in two classes: tachypnea and chest in-drawing indicate treatment with oral antibiotics, whereas severe pneumonia with danger signs (hypothermia, unconsciousness, convulsions) requires intravenous treatment in hospital. WHO's strategy to reduce pneumonia burden has three components: protection, by promoting breastfeeding and vitamin A supplementation; prevention, using vaccines for measles, H. influenzae, pertussis, rotavirus, and S. pneumoniae and promoting handwashing, sanitation, HIV prevention, and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients; and treatment, securing care seeking, proper case management, and antibiotic administration.

1. Experiment No. 2
Physical examination of Sputum
Sub code: BMLT3002
Sub Name: Pathology
Department: Department of MLT, SMAS
Faculty: A. Vamsi Kumar
Designation : Assistant professor
Sem- III

2. SYLLABUS OVERVIEW
Unit 1
Introduction of Pathology Number of Lecture Hours 5
Introduction to Pathology, Normal Cell injury and cell death, Basic mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and
repair, Alternations in Vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s mediators of Inflammation
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 2
Clinical Pathology Number of Lecture Hours 10
Clinical Pathology: Introduction, Urine Physical, Chemical & Microscopic examination, Semen total count, Morphology &
clinical abnormalities, Examination of feces for occult blood. physical examination of sputum
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 3
Body fluids abnormalities Number of Lecture Hours 9
Examination of body fluids: Transudate, Exudate & Cell counts methods
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 4
Histopathology Number of Lecture Hours 12
Histopathology: Introduction, Reception of specimens, & Various fixatives-Mode of action, indications, Preparation. Grossing
techniques
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 5
Tissue processing and embedding Number of Lecture Hours 9
Steps of tissue processing and embedding, Section cutting, Decalcification. Mounting & Staining of Slides. Microtome Knives,
Sharpening of Microtome Knives, Honing, Stropping, various types of microtome and their applications.

3. Unit 2
Clinical Pathology Number of Lecture
Hours
10
Clinical Pathology: Introduction, Urine Physical, Chemical &
Microscopic examination, Semen total count, Morphology &
clinical abnormalities, Examination of feces for occult blood.
physical examination of sputum

4. Course outcomes
• On completion of this course student will able to perform & Conduct
analysis of body fluids/ samples.

5. Learning outcomes
• Can recall sample collection, gross inspection and routine microscopic
analysis of sputum sample.
• To be briefly familiar with various chemical, immunological,
microbiological and function tests of sputum.

6. Course outcomes
1. On completion of this course students will be able to: Perform examination of different clinical
pathology samples like body fluids, urine, feces, sputum.
2. On completion of this course students will be able to demonstrate the count and morphology of
semen.
3. On completion of this course students will be able to: Perform histopathological sample
processing and staining.

7. Learning outcomes
• After completion of this lecture, the student will be able to
• 1. Identify the types of sputum
• 2. Perform laboratory diagnosis on sputum sample

17. Sample collection

19. Sputum collection

20. Methods of sputum examination
1. Physical examination / Gross examination
2. Microscopic examination
3. Chemical examination
4. Sputum culture
5. Cytological examination

29. Reference
• https://www.slideshare.net/VamsiIntellectual/introduction-to-
hematology-173160503
• Dr. NTR university of health sciences B.Sc. MLT syllabus

30. Youtube videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-hm3pdr8UA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp9Sls
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVWOlKdpF_I