SPSS is statistical software used by researchers to perform statistical analysis. It was first released in 1968 as the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. SPSS is now owned by IBM and allows users to manage and analyze data, perform statistical tests, and produce graphs and reports. Researchers use SPSS to clean, code, and enter data, choose appropriate statistical tests to analyze the data, and interpret the results.

1. SPSS
By Madiha Khadim
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SPSS
SPSS is the abbreviation of Statistical Package for
Social Sciences and it is used by researchers
to perform statistical analysis.
As the name suggests, SPSS statistics software
is used to perform only statistical operations. ...
Cleaning, coding and data entry in SPSS. Choosing
the correct statistical test to run.

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History
•The software was released in its first
version in 1968 as the Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences (SPSS) after being
developed by Norman H. Nie, Dale H.
Bent.

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Continue….
•SPSS Statistics is a software package used
for interactive, or statistical analysis. Long
produced by SPSS, it was acquired by IBM in
2009. The current versions (2018) are
named IBM SPSS Statistics.
•The software name originally stood
for Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences(SPSS), reflecting the original market,
although the software is now popular in other
fields as well, including the health sciences and
marketing.

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Use of SPSS in research
•SPSS, which stands for statistical package
for the social sciences, is an application
that can aid in quantitative Data handling.
Before SPSS, researchers had to run
statistical tests on data sets by hand.
However, SPSS automates this process.
•Data management
•Data analysis

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•SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences, and it's used by various kinds
of researchers for complex statistical data
analysis. ... Most top research agencies use
SPSS to analyze survey data and mine text data
so that they can get the most out of their
research projects.

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Statistical Analysis
SPSS is among the most widely used programs for
statistical analysis in social science.
Statistics included in the base software:
Descriptive statistics:
Cross tabulation,
Frequencies,
Descriptive,
Explore,
Descriptive Ratio Statistics

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Test
•Bivariate statistics: Means, t-
test, ANOVA, Correlation
(bivariate, partial, distances),
•Parametric tests Prediction for numerical
outcomes: Linear regression, Prediction
for identifying groups
•Factor analysis

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SPSS Interface
•Data view
•The place to enter data
•Columns: variables
•Rows: records
•Variable view
•The place to enter variables
•List of all variables
•Characteristics of all variables

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Enter data in SPSS 22. Version
Columns:
variables
Rows: cases
Under Data
View

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Before the data entry
•You need a code book/scoring guide
•You give ID number for each case (NOT real
identification numbers of your subjects) if you use
paper survey.
•You also can use Excel to do data entry.

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Example of a code book
•How You old are:
•1 (12 Years)
•2 (13 Years)
•3 (14 Years)
•4 (15 Years)
•5 (16 Years)
•6 (17 Years)
•7 (18 Years)
A Code book is about how you code your
variables. What are in code book?
1.Variable names
2.Values for each response option
3.How to recode variables

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Enter variables
1. Click this
Window
1. Click Variable View
2. Type variable name under
Name column (e.g. Q01).
3. Type: Numeric, string, etc.
4. Label: description of variables.
2. Type
variable name
3. Type:
numeric or
string
4. Description
of variable

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Enter variables
Based on your code book!

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Variables

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Enter cases
Under Data
View
1. Two variables in the data set.
2. They are: Code and Q01.
3. Q01 is about participants’ ages: 1 =
12 years or younger, 2 = 13 years, 3
= 14 years…

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Continue
Save this file
as SPSS data

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Clean data after import data files
•Key in values and labels for each variable
•Run frequency for each variable
•Check outputs to see if you have variables with wrong
values.
•Check missing values and physical surveys if you use
paper surveys, and make sure they are real missing.
•Sometimes, you need to recode string variables into
numeric variables

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Continue
Wrong
entries

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Missing Value
• Defines missing values
• The values are excluded from some analysis
• Options:
• Up to 3 discrete missing values
• A range of missing values plus one discrete missing value
• s

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Columns and Align
•Columns sets the amount of space reserved to display
the contents of the variable in Data View; generally
the default value is adequate
•Align sets whether the contents of the variable appear
on the left, centre or right of the cell in Data View
•Numeric variables are right-hand justified by default
and string variables left-hand justified by default; the
defaults are generally adequate

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Measure
• Levels of measurement:
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
• In SPSS, interval and ratio are designated together as Scale
• The default for string variables is Nominal
• The default for numeric variables is Scale

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Save
•The file must always be saved in order to save the
work that has been done to date:
•File/Save
•Move to the target directory
•Enter a file name
•Save

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Variable transformation
• Recode variables
1. Select Transform
Recode into Different
Variables
2. Select variable that you want
to transform (e.g. Q20): we
want
1= Yes and 0 = No
3. Click Arrow button to put
your variable into the right
window
4. Under Output Variable: type
name for new variable and
label, then click Change

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Variable Transformation
Compute variable
Example 1. Create a new variable: drug use (During the past
30 days, any use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana is
defined as use, else as non-use). There are two categories for
the new variable (use vs. non-use). Coding: 1= Use and 0 =
Non-use
1. Use Q30, Q41, and Q47 from survey
2. Non-users means those who answered 0 days/times to all
three questions.
3. Go to Transform Compute Variable

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Continue
4. Type “drug use” under
Numeric
Use ”1”
5. Type “0” under Numeric
Expression. 0 means
Non-use
6. Click If button.

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Continue
7. With help of that
Arrow button, type
Q30= 1 & Q41 = 1 & Q47= 1
then click Continue
8. Do the same thing for
Use, but the numeric
expression is different:
Q30> 1 | Q41> 1 | Q47>1
AND
OR

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Continue
9. Click OK
10. After click OK,
a small window asks
if you want to
change existing
variable because
drug use was already
created when you
first define non-use.
11. Click ok.

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• Compute variables
• Example 2: Convert string variable into numeric variable
1. Enter 1 at Numeric
Expression.
2. Click If button and type
1= ‘Female’
3. Then click Ok.
4. Enter 2 at Numeric
Expression.
5. Click If button and type
2 = ‘Male’
6. Then click Ok

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Sort and select cases
You will see a new variable: filter_ (Variable view)

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Continue

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Frequency table

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Graphs
1. Skewness: a measure of the
asymmetry of a distribution.
The normal distribution is
symmetric and has a skewness
value of zero.
Positive skewness: a long right tail.
Negative skewness: a long left tail.
Departure from symmetry : a
skewness value more than twice
its standard error.
2. Kurtosis: A measure of the extent
to which observations cluster around
a central point. For a normal
distribution, the value of the kurtosis
statistic is zero. Leptokurtic data
values are more peaked, whereas
platykurtic data values are flatter and
more dispersed along the X axis.
Normal
Curve

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Normal Distributions

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SPSS SPSS