Splicing , Spliceosome , Remove Introns
Remove of Intron and joining the exon together
Three Classes of RNA Splicing
Group I introns
Group II introns
Nuclear pre-mRNA
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
SARS-CoV-2 Real-TM | SACACE
----------------------------------------------------
is Real-Time PCR test for the Qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19
virus, 2019-nCoV) RNA in clinical samples.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Coronaviruses are a large family of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses.
is a new strain which has not previously been identified in humans.
known also as 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV).
Translation
is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Protein
Are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
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on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKP98oLDsM
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.
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
SARS-CoV-2 Real-TM | SACACE
----------------------------------------------------
is Real-Time PCR test for the Qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19
virus, 2019-nCoV) RNA in clinical samples.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Coronaviruses are a large family of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses.
is a new strain which has not previously been identified in humans.
known also as 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV).
Translation
is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Protein
Are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKP98oLDsM
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Maxwell® RSC
Rapid Sample concentrator
Instrument is a compact, automated nucleic acid purification platform that processes up to (16 or 48) samples simultaneously
video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haGWnLpAgic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haGWnLpAgic
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), previously known by the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Structure of Gene
Basic unit of Heredity transfer information from one generation to another
A segment / Region of DNA containing a sequent of nucleotides that encodes to RNA and to Protein
video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLmonT3GUHE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLmonT3GUHE
Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR
is a method widely used in molecular biology to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail.
video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYCjItN2xPs
Is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific
recognition sites within molecules known as restriction site.
Discover in 1970
Cloning vector
is a small piece of DNA Allow the foreign DNA inserted inside cell
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
BAC
YAC
HAC
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
BAC
YAC
HAC
The word Fermentation is derived from Latin word fervere which means to boil.
But the conventional definition of Fermentation is to break down of larger molecules into smaller and simple molecules using microorganisms.
In Biotechnology, Fermentation means any process by which microorganisms are grown in large quantities to produce any type of useful materials.
Organisms that are genetically identical are clones
Asexual Reproduction always produces clones
Laboratory Techniques have been developed that have allowed this to happen in Animals
The Role of Introns in Genetic Regulation
================================
Introns are sequences that interrupt open reading frames (ORFs) in RNA.
Spliceosomal introns are exclusive of eukaryotic nuclear gene transcripts, are a complex of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and proteins .
Introns are crucial because the protein variety is greatly enhanced by alternative splicing in which introns take partly important roles.
Changes in the exon-intron structure of a gene can also occur, including the loss or/and gain of introns. Intron loss is important aspect of gene structural variation and plays a vital role in gene evolution.
This report focuses on the intron, its origin, classification, evolution, loss and gain, function, and the diverse roles of splicing and alternative splicing in human disease.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. GKM
Splicing
exon 3’
Group II introns
Intron5’ exon GU5’ 3’AG
OH
P
AOH
Splice Site Splice Site
branch site
Transesterification
which phosphodiester linkages within the
pre-mRNA are broken and new ones are formed
2’
Nucleophile
intron lariat