Structure of Gene
Basic unit of Heredity transfer information from one generation to another
A segment / Region of DNA containing a sequent of nucleotides that encodes to RNA and to Protein
Translation
is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Protein
Are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
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on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKP98oLDsM
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.
Structure of Gene
Basic unit of Heredity transfer information from one generation to another
A segment / Region of DNA containing a sequent of nucleotides that encodes to RNA and to Protein
Translation
is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Protein
Are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
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on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKP98oLDsM
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the process of transcription in eukaryotes. The presentation describes the structure of various eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoters. The later part of the presentation gives a detailed insight into the mechanism of transcription of RNA Pol II genes and summarizes the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the process of transcription in eukaryotes. The presentation describes the structure of various eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoters. The later part of the presentation gives a detailed insight into the mechanism of transcription of RNA Pol II genes and summarizes the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
This presentation deals with the ‘Central Dogma’ which is briefly the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product. It was first proposed in 1958 by Francis Crick, discoverer of the structure of DNA.
description of mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with clear explanation and clear pictures and also mentiong of different promotors and enhancers and silencers
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
MOLECULAR GENETICS : PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION OR RNA SYNTHESIS BY DNA DEPEN...Amritha S R
The process of conversion of DNA to RNA or genome to transcriptome is called transcription. Central dogma of life or molecular biology both with pre-bioinformatics era & bioinformatics era is shown in flow chart. All the 3 stages of transcription i.e; initiation, elongation & termination are explained in this presentation. Information regarding DNA dependent RNA polymarase along with core enzyme & sigma factor is given in pictorial representation. The promoter sequence, hair-pin loop, Rho factor dependent & independent termination of transcription,post transcriptional modification of prokaryotic transcription before entering translation is also explained in detail.
This is a mini-research work presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a masters degree in Biochemistry, University of Ibadan.
SARS-CoV-2 Real-TM | SACACE
----------------------------------------------------
is Real-Time PCR test for the Qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19
virus, 2019-nCoV) RNA in clinical samples.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Coronaviruses are a large family of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses.
is a new strain which has not previously been identified in humans.
known also as 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV).
Maxwell® RSC
Rapid Sample concentrator
Instrument is a compact, automated nucleic acid purification platform that processes up to (16 or 48) samples simultaneously
Splicing , Spliceosome , Remove Introns
Remove of Intron and joining the exon together
Three Classes of RNA Splicing
Group I introns
Group II introns
Nuclear pre-mRNA
video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haGWnLpAgic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haGWnLpAgic
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), previously known by the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLmonT3GUHE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLmonT3GUHE
Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR
is a method widely used in molecular biology to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail.
video on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYCjItN2xPs
Is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific
recognition sites within molecules known as restriction site.
Discover in 1970
Cloning vector
is a small piece of DNA Allow the foreign DNA inserted inside cell
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
BAC
YAC
HAC
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
BAC
YAC
HAC
The word Fermentation is derived from Latin word fervere which means to boil.
But the conventional definition of Fermentation is to break down of larger molecules into smaller and simple molecules using microorganisms.
In Biotechnology, Fermentation means any process by which microorganisms are grown in large quantities to produce any type of useful materials.
Organisms that are genetically identical are clones
Asexual Reproduction always produces clones
Laboratory Techniques have been developed that have allowed this to happen in Animals
The Role of Introns in Genetic Regulation
================================
Introns are sequences that interrupt open reading frames (ORFs) in RNA.
Spliceosomal introns are exclusive of eukaryotic nuclear gene transcripts, are a complex of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and proteins .
Introns are crucial because the protein variety is greatly enhanced by alternative splicing in which introns take partly important roles.
Changes in the exon-intron structure of a gene can also occur, including the loss or/and gain of introns. Intron loss is important aspect of gene structural variation and plays a vital role in gene evolution.
This report focuses on the intron, its origin, classification, evolution, loss and gain, function, and the diverse roles of splicing and alternative splicing in human disease.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. GKM
Promoter
Is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind that
initiate transcription of a single mRNA from the DNA
Promoter
Promoter START
Response elements
GENE
In the cell nucleus, it seems that promoters are
distributed preferentially at the edge of the chromosomal
territories
3. GKM
Promoter
TATAAA START GENE
PROMOTER ELEMENTS
1. Core promoter
Transcription Start Site (TSS)
A binding site for RNA polymerase
General transcription factor binding sites
TATA box , B Recognition Element
2. Proximal promoter
BRE
Core promoterProximal promoter
-25-75
Eukaryotic
4. GKM
Promoter
TATAAT START GENE-10-35
prokaryotic
the promoter contains two short sequence elements approximately
10 (Pribnow Box) and 35 nucleotides upstream from the transcription
start site.
TTGACA
SIGMA
RNA
Polymerase