Spinal cord injuries complete topic about it and how to make good rehabilitation for the patient with spinal cord injuries .
wish it help people
my pleasure :)
Mostafa shakshak
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. Head injury can be either closed or open (penetrating). A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull.
SOURCES: Straight A's Medical Surgical Nursing and Medical-Surgical Nursing Concepts and Clinical Application 2nd Edition by Josie Quiambao-Udan RN, MAN
A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. Head injury can be either closed or open (penetrating). A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull.
SOURCES: Straight A's Medical Surgical Nursing and Medical-Surgical Nursing Concepts and Clinical Application 2nd Edition by Josie Quiambao-Udan RN, MAN
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Faculty of applied medical science
Faculty of Nursing
Undersupervison :
Dr :- Zienab Adham.
Student :
Mostafa shakshak.
Spinal Cord Injuries
2. Outlines
•Introduction
•Definition of spinal cord injuries
•Anatomy and physiology
•Mechanism of injury
•Classifications: complete & incomplete
•Clinical Manifestations
•Management: medical, surgical and nursing
•Rehabilitation in spinal cord injury
3. Objectives:
At the end of this presentation each student will be able to:
•Determine the Anatomy and physiology of spinal cord
• Mention the Mechanism of injury of spinal cord injuries
•Classify the different types of spinal cord injuries
•List the Clinical Manifestations of spinal cord injuries
•Determine the Management: medical, surgical and nursing for
the spinal cord injuries
•Know what is the program for Rehabilitation in spinal cord
injury
4. Introduction
• The spinal cord is a collection of nerves that
travels from the bottom of the brain down
your back. There are 31 pairs of nerves that
leave the spinal cord and go to arms, legs,
chest and abdomen. These nerves allow your
brain to give commands to your muscles and
cause movements of your arms and legs.
5. Definition of spinal cord injuries (SCI)
• abuse to spinal cord resulting in a change,
in the normal motor, sensory or autonomic
function. This change is either temporary or
permanent.
6. Anatomy
• Composed of 33 vertebrae
• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacrum (fused)
• 4 coccyx (fused)
•Spinal cord lies in the spinal canal
•Spinal nerve roots pass out through
• the vertebral foramen
Spinal Column
7. Spinal Column
• Each vertebra consists of:
• Solid body
• Posterior and anterior arch
• Posterior spinous process
• Transverse process (in some
vertebrae)
8. Anatomy cont….
Adult skull
•Sits on top of first cervical vertebra (C1) (atlas)
•Second cervical vertebra (C2) (axis) and its Odontoid
process allow the head to move with about 180-
degree range of motion
9. Spinal Cord
Gray matter- cell
bodies of
voluntary and
autonomic motor
neurons
White matter
axons of
ascending and
descending motor
fibers
10. Spinal Cord
• White tracts send
messages to and
from the brain
• Ascending Tracts-
– carry into higher
levels of CNS
– touch, deep
pressure,vibration,
position,
temperature
• Descending Tracts
– impulses for
voluntary muscle
movement
11. Segmental Spinal Cord Level and Motor Function
Level Motor Function
C1-C6 Neck flexors
C1-T1 Neck extensors
C3, C4, C5 Supply diaphragm (mostly C4)
C5, C6
Shoulder movement, raise arm (deltoid);
flexion of elbow (biceps); C6 externally
rotates the arm (supinates)
C6, C7
Extends elbow and wrist (triceps and wrist
extensors); pronates wrist
C7, T1 Flexes wrist
12. C7, T1 Supply small muscles of the hand
T1 -T6 Intercostals and trunk above the waist
T7-L1 Abdominal muscles
L1, L2, L3, L4 Thigh flexion
L2, L3, L4 Thigh adduction
L4, L5, S1 Thigh abduction
L5, S1, S2 Extension of leg at the hip (gluteus maximus)
L2, L3, L4
Extension of leg at the knee (quadriceps
femoris)
13. L4, L5, S1, S2 Flexion of leg at the knee (hamstrings)
L4, L5, S1 Dorsiflexion of foot (tibialis anterior)
L4, L5, S1 Extension of toes
L5, S1, S2 Plantar flexion of foot
L5, S1, S2 Flexion of toes
14. Etiology of Traumatic SCI
• MVA . motor vehicle accidents- most common cause
• Other: falls, violence, sport injuries
• SCI typically occurs from indirect injury from vertebral
bones compressing cord
• SCI frequently occur with head injuries
• Cord injury may be caused by direct trauma from knives,
bullets, etc
15. Etiology of Traumatic SCI
• 78% people with SCI are male
• Typically young men – 16-30
• Number of older adults rising (>61 yr)
• Greater complications
• Life Expectancy 5 years less than same age without injury
• 90% go home
16.
17.
18. Mechanism of injury
Types of movements that can cause spinal injury are:
•Hyperextension: the head is forced back.
•Hyperflexion: the head is forced forward.
•Axial loading: a severe blow to the top of the head.
19. Mechanism of injury cont…
•Compression: forces from above and
below compress the vertebrae.
•Lateral bend: the head and neck are
bent to one side beyond the range of
motion.
•Overrotation and distraction: the head
turns to one side, and the cervical vertebrae
are forced beyond normal limits.
20. Classifications:
•Complete spinal injury:
When complete injury occurs,
motor and sensory function cease
below the level of injury, pain,
touch, temperature and
inhalation are evaluated as part
of sensory evaluation.
21. Incomplete spinal injury
1-Central Cord Syndrome
• Characteristics: Motor deficits (in the upper
extremities compared to the lower extremities;
sensory loss varies but is more pronounced in the
upper extremities); bowel/bladder dysfunction is
variable, or function may be completely preserved.
• Cause: Injury or edema of the central cord, usually
of the cervical area.
22. Incomplete spinal injury cont…
2-Anterior Cord Syndrome
• Characteristics: Loss of pain, temperature, and motor
function is noted below the level of the lesion; light touch,
position, and vibration sensation remain intact.
• Cause: The syndrome may be caused by acute disk
herniation or hyperflexion injuries associated with fracture-
dislocation of vertebra. It also may occur as a result of injury
to the anterior spinal
artery, which supplies the anterior two thirds of the spinal
cord.
23. Incomplete spinal injury cont…
3-Brown-Sequard Syndrome (Lateral Cord Syndrome)
• Characteristics: Ipsilateral paralysis or paresis is noted,
together with ipsilateral loss of touch, pressure, and
vibration and contralateral loss of pain and temperature.
• Cause: The lesion is caused by a transverse hemisection
of the cord (half of the cord is transected from north to
south), usually as a result of a knife or missile injury,
fracture dislocation of a unilateral articular process, or
possibly an acute ruptured disk.
24. Clinical Manifestations
“Neurologic level” refers to the lowest level at
which sensory and motor functions are normal.
Below the neurologic level
loss of bladder and bowel control
(usually with urinary retention and bladder
distention)
loss of sweating and vasomotor tone
marked reduction of blood
pressure from loss of peripheral vascular
resistance.
A complete spinal cord lesion can result in
paraplegia (paralysis of the lower body) or
quadriplegia (paralysis of all four extremities).
25. Assessment and diagnostic finding
• A detailed neurologic examination is performed.
• Diagnostic x-rays (lateral cervical spine x-rays)
• CT scanning are usually performed initially.
• An MRI scan may be ordered as a further workup
if a ligamentous injury is suspected
26. Management
Emergency Management
- a rapid assessment, immobilization,
extrication, stabilization or control of
life-threatening injuries, and
transportation to the most
appropriate medical facility
27. Management cont…
Acute Phase
-PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
-high-dose corticosteroids,
RESPIRATORY THERAPY
Oxygen is administered to maintain a high arterial PO2
If Endotracheal intubation is necessary, extreme care is
taken to avoid flexing or extending the patient’s
28. Management cont…
Surgery
• Depending on the circumstances, when
surgery is required, it may be performed
within 8 hours following injury. Surgery may
be considered if the spinal cord is compressed
and when the spine requires stabilization. The
surgeon decides the procedure that will
provide the greatest benefit for the patient.
29. Management cont…
Surgery Management
• Early surgery, within 12 - 24 hours of the
injury, is done when all body systems are stable,
for:
• Evidence of cord compression
• Progressive neurological deficit
• Compound fracture of the vertebrae
• Penetrating wounds of the spinal cord
• Bony fragment in the spinal canal
30. Types of surgery include:
• Decompression laminectomies using anterior cervical and
thoracic approaches with fusion, in which one or more
laminae are removed to allow for cord expansion due to
edema
• Posterior laminentomy using interspinous wiring and
fusion with an autologous iliac bone graft, to immobilize
the neck and prevent further damage to the spinal column
from hypermobility of the vertebrae
• Posterior approach using an autologous fusion graft or the
insertion of rods or other instruments, to correct and
stabilize thoracic deformities
31. Halo & Orthotic devices:
•Some patients may have Halo devices applied by
surgeons, or a brace made by orthotics to maintain
correct alignment of the spine. These devices are fixed
to the child’s chest.
•Ensure you know how to open devices to perform
chest compressions in the event of a cardiac arrest, and
that spinal immobilization is maintained manually
throughout any resuscitation
32. Skeletal Fracture Reduction and Traction
Cones Caliper Cervical or neck Traction
Gardner-Wells Tong
Tractions
33.
34. Complication of SCI
These complications include:
• urinary tract infections or urinary
incontinence (inability to control the flow of urine),
• bowel incontinence (inability to control bowel
movements),
• pressure sores,
• infections in the lungs (pneumonia),
• blood clots,
• muscle spasms,
• chronic pain, and depression.
35. Pain Management
• Assess for pain
• Use a self-reported numeric rating if possible
• Ask about characteristics, location, onset
• Minimize evoked pain through careful
handling
37. Planning and Goals
improved breathing pattern and airway clearance
improved mobility
improved sensory and perceptual awareness
maintenance of skin integrity
relief of urinary retention
improved bowel function
promotion of comfort
absence of complications
38. Nursing Interventions
Promoting Adequate Breathing and Airway Clearance
Improving Mobility
Promoting Adaptation to Sensory and Perceptual Alterations
Maintain Skin Integrity
Maintaining Urinary Elimination
Improving Bowel Function
Providing Comfort Measures
Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications
Promoting Home and Community-Based Care