SPARQL is a standard query language for retrieving and manipulating data stored in RDF format. It consists of three parts: a query language, a result format, and an access protocol. The query language uses graph patterns to match against RDF graphs. It supports keywords like SELECT, FROM, and WHERE to identify values to return, data sources, and triple patterns to match. SPARQL can be run over HTTP or SOAP and returns XML results. It provides a unified method for querying RDF data distributed across the web.