The document summarizes the architecture of the Southern Kingdom divided into 5 periods corresponding to 5 principal kingdoms. It focuses on the Pallava dynasty which ruled from 600-900 AD and was divided into two phases - the early phase involved rock-cut architecture including mandapas and rathas while the later phase saw structural architecture flourish. Key examples from the Pallava period included the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram built by Narasimhavarman, noted for its carvings, towers, and shrines.

1. SOUTHERN KINGDOM
SOUTHERN ARCHITECTURE IS DIVIDED
INTO 5 PERIODS CORRESPONDING
TO 5 PRINCIPAL KINGDOMS-
•PALLAVAS (600-900)
•CHOLAS (900-1150)
•PANDYA (1100-1350)
•VIJAYNAGAR(1350-1565)
•MADURA(FROM 1600)

2. PALLAVA DYNASTY(A.D.600-900)
SECOND PHASE
(8th AND 9th ) -
STRUCTURAL
ARCHITECTURE
FIRST PHASE
(7th CENTURY) -
ROCK CUT
ARCHITECTUE
TWO
PHASES
PALLAVA DYNASTY WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES

3. PALLAVA KINGDOM
THE CENTRE OF KINGDOM LAY ON LOWER
REACHES OF PALAR RIVER, AND CHIEF
EXAMPLES OF PALLAVA ARCHITECTURE WERE
FOUND AROUND THE TOWN OF CONJEEVARAM
(KANCHIPURAM).

4. ROCK ARCHITECTURE (7th CENTURY)
ROCK ARCHITECTURE HAS
TAKEN TWO FORMS—
•MANDAPAS (EXCAVATION)
•RATHAS (MONOLITH)

5. MANDAPA
MANDAPA IS AN OPEN
PAVILION, AND, AS
EXCAVATED IN THE
ROCK
IT TAKES THE SHAPE
OF SIMPLE COLUMNED
HALL WITH ONE
OR MORE CELLAS IN
THE BACK HALL
EXTERIOR- A FACADE
FORMED
OF A ROW OF PILLARS
.

6. PILLARS EACH PILLAR AVERAGING-
7 FT IN HEIGHT
2 FT IN DIAMETER
 SHAFTS BEING SQUARE IN
SECTION EXCEPT FOR THE MIDDLE
THIRD WHICH IS
CHAMFERED INTO AN
OCTAGON
 AN IMMENSE AND HEAVY
BRACKET PROVIDES THE CAPITAL

7. 620A.D.
MAMALLAPURAM
625 A.D.
TRICHINOPOLY
625 A.D. 700 A.D.

8. FEATURES OF ORDER
 PILLAR REST ON SEDENT
ANIMAL’S (LEONINE
FIGURE)HEAD
 FLUTED AND BANDED
SHAFT(STAMBHAM)
 THE REFINED NECKING (TADI)
 THE ELEGANT CURVES OF
MELON CAPITAL (KUMBHA)
 LOTUS FORM (IDAIE)
 WIDE ABACUS (PALAGAI)

9. KUDU-IT WAS IDENTIFIED AS THE BUDDHIST
CHAITYA-ARCH MUCH REDUCED AND AND
CONVERTED INTO AN OBJECT OF DECORATION.
ROLL CORNICE WAS ORNAMENTED AT INTERVALS
WITH MOTIF KNOWN AS KUDU

10. RATHA (SEVEN PAGODAS)

11. RATHA(SEVEN PAGODAS)
 A RATHA IS IN REALITY A
CAR OR CHARIOT, PROVIDED
BY THE TEMPLE
AUTHORITIES FOR THE
CONVEYANCE OF THE IMAGE
OF THE DEITY DURING
PROCESSIONS
 IT REFERS TO A SERIES OF
MONOLITHIC SHRINES ,
WHICH ARE EXACT COPIES
IN GRANITE.
 THEY ARE BUILT OF WOOD,
AS SHOWN BY BEAM-HEADS
RAFTERS AND PURLINS.

12. EIGHT PAGODAS
NORTH WEST- VALAIYANKUTTAI
 PIDARI
SOUTH - DRAUPADI
ARJUNA
 BHIMA
 DHARMARAJA
 SAHADEVA
NORTH - GANESHA

13. PANCHA RATH

14. PLAN OF PANCH RATHA

15. • SAMLLEST , SIMPLEST AND
MOST FINISHED
•MERELY A CELL
•ROOF LIKE THAT OF
THATCHED ROOFS OF HUTS IN
VILLAGES
•BASE IS SUPPORTED BY
FIGURES OF ANIMALS
•SQUARE IN PLAN
•FULL SIZE SCULPTURES

16. ARJUN RATH
• 2 STOREYED
•ON THE SAME
PLATFORM AS THAT
OF DRAUPADI RATHA
•OCTAGONAL DOME
•SIMILAR TO
DHARMARAJA RATH
• BUT 1 LESS TIER ON
ITS TOP

17. DHARMARAJ RATHA
• ELEVATION IN 2 PARTS
•BELOW-SQUARE PORTION
WITH PILLARED
VERANDAH
•ABOVE-PYRAMIDAL
SHAPE SIKHARA
•LION PILLARED PORTICOS
•ALL SIDES HAVE SAME
BLOCKS SO SAME
ELEVATION FROM EACH
SIDE

18. • KALASH
ABOVE
•BLOCKS OF
ROCK CUT
•THESE
REPEATED IN
ALL SIDES

19. NAKULA-SAHDEV RATHA
•BASED ON BUDDHIST
CHAITYA HALL
•OBLONG IN PLAN
•APSIDAL FORM
•BACK RESEMBLING THAT
OF AN ELEPLANT
•ALSO A HUGE ELEPHANT
CARVED ON ITS SIDE

20. BHIM RATHA
•BAESD ON CHAITAYA HALL OR BHUDDIST TEMPLES
•30’ LONG AND 16’ HIGH-OBLONG IN PLAN
•SINGLE STOREYED
•KEEL ROOF WITH GABLE AT EACH END
•VERANDAH ON SIDES

21. HERE ANIMALS ARE ALSO CARVED IN ROCKS
WHICH REPRESENTS-
1. LION-DURGA
2. ELEPHANT-INDRA
3. BULL-SIVA

22. GANESH RATHA
• BASED ON BUDDHIST
CHAITAYA HALL
•OBLONG IN PLAN
•ENTRANCE IS THROUGH A
PILLADRED PORTICO ON ITS
LONG SIDE
•DOUBLE STOREYED

23. STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE
•STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE FLOURISHED
UNDER NARSIMHAVARMAN
•FAMOUS TEMPLES ARE SHORE TEMPLE ,
KAILASHNATH, VAINKANTHIKUSHAL TEMPLE.

24. RAJSIMHA GROUP
690 A.D-800 A.D
NANDIVERMA GROUP
800 A.D-900 A.D

25. • Located at MAHABALIPURAM
MAMALLAPURAM,PORT CITY OF KANCHIPURAM,PALLAVA
CAPITAL.
• Built by NARSIMHAVERMA RAJSIMHA
(690 A.D- 715 A.D)
* MOST FAMOUS ONE, STANDS ON THE EXTREME
FOR SHORE OF COROMANDAL COAST, OVERLOOKING
THE BAY OF BENGAL, BUILT WITH BLOCKS OF
GRANITE.
* AS ONE OF THE GROUP OF MONUMENTS AT
MAHABALIPURAM, IT HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED
AS A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE SINCE
1984.
MAHABALIPURAM
SHORE TEMPLE

27. Consists of 2 PYRAMIDAL TOWERS
over 2 SHRINES
SHRINE 1
SITUATED IN EAST
DEDDICATED TO LORD SHIVA
SHRINE 2
SITUATED IN WEST
DEDICATED TO LORD VISHNU
*THESE SHRINES ACTED AS LIGHTHOUSES
FOR SHIPS
*THE WHOLE STRUCTURE IS ENCLOSED WITH
A MASSIVE WALL ,AND THE ENTRANCE IS
PROVIDED FROM WEST.

28. WALLS: PARAPET AND COPING CROWNED BY FIGURES OF
KNEELING BULLS,SCULPTURES AND KUDU.
The carvings on roof resembles the panch rathas.
Roofs carved with finials, showing that the temple was complete
And functional.
EXTERIOR: * BOLDLY CARVED WITH LION AND OTHER
SUPERNATURAL ANIMALS.
* ALSO CONTAIN THE IMAGES OF PARVATI
SHIVA
SUBRAMANYA

29. * KUDUS WERE THE IDENTIFYING
FEATURES
OF TEMPLE WALLS.
Beneath the towers, the sanctuary walls
are largely undecorated, although their
engaged columns are carved with lion
bases.
VIMANA LARGER VIMANA/TOWER, OVER
SHRINE Is ABOUT 20 M HIGH. IT HAS
UMBRELLA SHAPED KALASA (octagonal
Dome), AT IT’S SUMMIT.

30. VERENDAH BEHIND
CONTAINS
A FIGURE OF LORD
VISHNU
IN THE GARBHAGRIHA
(SANCTOM SANCTORUM),
AN IMAGE OF SHIVALINGA
EMBRACES THESITE. AT REAR
END ONE CAN SEE TWO
SHRINES FACING EACH OTHER
A BORE OUTSIDE THE TEMPLE
NEAR LINGAM
CARVINGS ON OUTSIDE
AND INSIDE WALLS

31. ARDHAMANDAPA
GARBHGRIHA ESTABLISHED WITH
A LARGE LINGAM, WITH 16 SIDES
PERIMETER ABOUT 2 M.
THE TWO ISOLATED BUILDINGS
MAHAMANDAPA AND CENTRAL
VIMANA(SHRINE) ARE JOINED BY
AN INTERMEDIATE HALL CALLED
ARDHAMANDAPA, WHICH IS BUILT
MUCH LATER IN 14TH CENTURY AD.
CENTRAL SHRINE
SURROUNDED By SMALLER
SHRINES WITH SMALL
SHIKHARS 8 SMALL
SHRINES, 6 TO RIGHT
AND 2 TO LEFT.
(ALL DESIGNED
SIMILARTO RATHAs

32. STONE NANDI
NANDI- SHIVA BULL SEATED ON LARGE PLATFORM
HEIGHT- 2.8M
LENGTH – 2M
Leo graph motif
(rampant lion pilaster)
•ORNAMENTAL SUPPORT
• REGARDED AS IDENTIFYING
FEATURE OF PALLAVA STYLE.
• ORIGIN IS A MYSTERY.