It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
a settelment study of the community living in the center of aihole the cradle of temple architecture. this is about the basic house form of the community staying there as well its influence on the temples which are now a protected heritage site.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
Hindu Architectures rests in the heart of temples. Besides being a place of worship, the temples stand as a witness to the magnificence and splendor of art.
a settelment study of the community living in the center of aihole the cradle of temple architecture. this is about the basic house form of the community staying there as well its influence on the temples which are now a protected heritage site.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
Hindu Architectures rests in the heart of temples. Besides being a place of worship, the temples stand as a witness to the magnificence and splendor of art.
Madurai Meenakshi amman temple with the history and its design......the temple location, plan, history, gopurams, rajagopurams, towers of the swami shrine, sundereshwara temple, meenakshi amman temple, temple tank and thousand pillared hall....
history of architecture. IV _ KAILASHNATH TEMPLE.pptxSanobarseher
The Kailasanathar temple, also referred to as the Kailasanatha temple, is a Pallava-era historic Hindu temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Dedicated to Shiva, it is one of the oldest surviving monuments in Kanchipuram.
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities.
History:
Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
The cast-iron is manufactured by re-melting pig-iron with coke and limestone. This re-melting is done in a furnace known as the cupola furnace. It is more or less same as the blast furnace, but it is smaller in size. Its shape is cylindrical with diameter of about 1 m and height of about 5 m.
The working of cupola furnace is also similar to that of blast furnace. The raw materials are fed from top. The cupola furnace is worked intermittently and it is open at top. After the raw materials are placed, the furnace is fired and blast of air is forced through tuyeres. The blast of air is cold as the impurities in pig-iron are removed by the oxidation
#design #architecture #interior #homedesign #house #interiors #construction #deco #interiordesigner #designinspiration #interiorstyling #interiordecor #arquitectura #architecturephotography #kitchendesign #modern #building #architecturelovers #homestyle #bedroom #archilovers #instahome #homestyling #lighting #project #architecturedesign #villa #archdaily #moderndesign #housedesign
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Eating is an activity for living beings in the daily life living. It is necessary to eat food because to get strength and potential to complete our daily tasks and moreover to live life.
Humans eat food by cooking the food in the kitchen in different manner.
After cooking the food humans eat food in the dining room or same various places they may like.
#design #architecture #interior #homedesign #house #interiors #construction #deco #interiordesigner #designinspiration #interiorstyling #interiordecor #arquitectura #architecturephotography #kitchendesign #modern #building #architecturelovers #homestyle #bedroom #archilovers #instahome #homestyling #lighting #project #architecturedesign #villa #archdaily #moderndesign #housedesign
One of the simplest ways to avoid creating noisy learning rooms is to locate them far enough away from high noise sources such as mechanical equipment, heavy vehicle traffic, music practice rooms, stadiums, or other outdoor spaces that frequently used for noisy activities.
Learning rooms shall be designed to provide adequate acoustical separation from all other interior and exterior noise sources. Meet or exceed the following requirements:
• 50 STC Walls, ceilings, floors, movable or folding partitions
• 40 STC Doors and windows near high noise areas
• 28 STC Doors and windows near low noise areas
Water is considered a fundamental and primary resource, a human right, Water is a resource that is essential for life and its development. We need water to drink, for our personal hygiene, to produce the food we eat, but also for our economic activities and to produce energy. Unfortunately. however, in some parts of the world water is a very scarce resource and only few lucky people have a water supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it is estimated that over a billion people do not have access to drinking water and 40% of the world population lives in very poor hygienic conditions. Many countries have already exceeded what is defined peak water, maximum sustainable water withdrawal.
Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro- organisms within a reasonable length of time. The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue, food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (food waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/ rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil extraction plant, starch processing and leather industries.
Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics resistant to biological degradation or have a very low degradation rate. This primarily includes woody plants, Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches, discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry waste, bagasse, rice husk etc.
Overview of temples
The name Khajuraho is derived from its Sanskrit nomenclature ‘Kharjuravahaka’ which is the confluence of two Sanskrit words ‘Kharjur’ meaning date palm and ‘Vahaka’ meaning bearer. There are about 25 temples spread over an area of approximately 6 square Km. The temples are grouped into three categories depending on their orientation – the Western Group of Temples, the Eastern Group of Temples and the Southern Group of Temples. These temples are dedicated to several Hindu Gods and Goddesses along with deities in Jain beliefs. Among the temples that are standing till now, 6 are dedicated to Lord Shiva, 8 to Lord Vishnu, 1 each to Lord Ganesha and the Sun God, while 3 are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras. The largest of the temples is the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple that is dedicated to the glory of lord Shiva. It makes Khajuraho one of the four holy sites dedicated to the glory of Lord Shiva, the other three being Gaya, Kashi and Kedarnath.
Transformations of Forms
Principle of Transformation is about applying changes in a unique
places of a design.
The Transformation of Forms are classified into 3 types
1. Dimensional Transformation
2. Subtractive Transformation
3. Additive Transformation(which is divided into 9 types
- Spatial Tension
- Edge To Edge
- Face To Face
- Interlocking
- Centralised
- Linear
- Radial
- Clustered
- Grid
DIMENSIONAL
TRANSFORMATION
:- This transformation occurs when
one or more of a structures dimensions
are transformed
In this Building, the Curve
of the Roof decreases
from the Centre of the hall
to the Entrance in one
shape divided into
many....
SUBTRACTIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
a portion of it’s volume is
subtracted
In this Building, Negative
spaces are giving the Design
form of the Building a
Subtractive Transformation ...
ADDITIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
elements are added into the design .
Spatial Tension
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is about
object combined while having space
between them...
In this Building, the floor to floor design
change and the gaps between are giving this
building a Spatial Tension between the
Floors....
Edge to Edge
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is where the
forms are sharing a common edge
In this Building, The floors that
are in contact combining and
connecting ....
Face to Face
Transformation
In this Additive Transformation, where the
forms have corresponding surfaces which are
parallel to one another...
In this Building, the roofs of the
rooms are in a similar shape
and order...
Interlocking
Transformation
In this Addition Transformation, where
the forms are inter connected to one
another...
In this Building, the floors of the
adjacent sides are showing
different space(negative &
positive) respectively...
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Introduction
It is also called as Dravidian
architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-
100AD) is an architectural idiom
in Hindu temple architecture that
emerged in the southern part of
the India
It consists primarily of Hindu
temples where the dominating
feature is the high gopura or
gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures
are located in Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and Telangana.
Mahaballipuram temple
Arunalachalam temple
3. A temple consisted of --
Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams
and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over
the garbhagriha or inner
sanctum in the
Hindu temples of South India
and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to
different parts of the temple
with pillars the length of its
path, was known as the
Mandapam-the porch.
Mandapa
Parts of temples
Vimana
4. A Gopuram or gopura is a
monumental entrance tower,
usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a
tapering oblong in form with
ground-level wooden doors,
often richly decorated, providing
access.
Choultry is a resting place for
travelers, visitors to a site,
typically linked to Buddhist, Jain
and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms
and empires stamped their
influence on architecture during
different times.
Gopuram
Choultry
5. Can be sub-divided into two
phases - the rock cut and the
structural.
Pillars are the main contributions
of this period.
Period where order in introdused.
Again rock cut phase consists of
two groups – mahendra grpoup
and mamalla group.
Pallavas
6. Evolution of pallavan order
The early pillars were the rudimentary type of beam and
bracket.
Introduction of an element- lion.
This lion symbolized the ruling dynasty – Simhavishnu.
Palagai- wide abacus
Idaie- lotus form
Kumba- melon capital
Tadi- refined necking
Kalasa- Inverted lotus
Simha- lion
7. Group of monuments in Mahaballipuram
Mahabalipuram temples
are cave temples also
known as mandapas.
They were excavated,
cut and then carved
using chisels and iron
mallets.
The most notable are the
Varaha Cave Temple,
Krishna Cave Temple,
Tiger Cave Temple,
Panchapandava Cave
Temple, and the
Mahishasuramardini
mandapa.
Varaha mandapa Krishna mandapa
Tiger mandapa
Panchapandava mandapa
Mahishasuramandhini
mandapa
8. Rathas and Mantapas
RATHAS are small shrines carved out of a monolithic rock.
Generally Ratha is known as chariot used for carrying the
image of the deity during religious procession.
But here in pallava style it commonly refers to a monolithic
shrine which has all the essential features of a temple
including domed storey to shikhara.
Mahaballipuram has the preminent rathas.
Draupadi Ratha:
Smallest among the group
dedicated to Durga.
Simplest and the most finished
Arjuna Ratha:
Stepped pyramid structure
decorate with Kudus.
High relief sculptures on external
walls between pilasters Draupadi and Arjuna ratha
9. Bhima Ratha:
Reproduces the Chaitya mode.
The structure is 2 stories high.
The front portico consists of 4
columns.
Sahadeva Nakula Ratha:
The Ratha is based on ‘Chaitya
Hall’ of Buddhist temple
It is apsidal end on the south
side and double pillared portico
on the north side.
The roof is elaborately carved.
Bhima ratha
Nakula sahadeva ratha
10. Dharmaraja Ratha:
Largest of the 5 rathas.
Dedicated to Shiva.
Consists of 3 stories.
It is a large scale version of
Arjuna Ratha with a larger no.
of miniature edifices carved in
the roof.
Ganesh Ratha:
Dedicated to Shiva. Lion
ornamenting a pier in the
facade.
Consists of 3 stories.
Turreted roof.
11. The best examples of this phase
are the Shore Temple at
Mahabalipuram.
It consists of two Shiva shrines
having vimanas, a third shrine
dedicated to Seshashayi Vishnu.
Unique feature of this temple
is however its vimanas which
don’t appear like stepped
pyramids but rather tall slender
tapering spires.
Shore temple
Structural temples
12. The temple has a garbhagriha in
which the deity, Sivalinga, is
enshrined.
A small mandapa surrounded by a
heavy outer wall with little space
between for circumambulation.
The most distinctive feature of the
temple are the Dharalinga and
the Somaskanda panel.
The smaller Shiva temple behind the
main temple is a double storied
structure with a stepped pyramidal
tower with an
octagonal shikhara built over a
circular griva.
13. Cholas
The Cholas continued the temple-
building traditions of the Pallava dynasty
and contributed significantly to the
Dravidian temple design.
The capital of the Chola dynasty was the
city of Thanjavur.
The great temple of Thanjavur was
founded by Rajaraja I
Their military and economic power
reflected on the grand architectural
products.
14. Early cholas
Built entirely of stone
Use of well dressed granite.
Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur
The largest, highest and most ambitious
project at its time – a landmark in the
evolution of South Indian Architecture.
dedicated to Shiva.
Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003
and 1010 AD.
It has two mandapa, namely maha-
mandapa and mukha-mandapa, are
square plan structures axially aligned
between the sanctum and the Nandi
mandapa.
It has been listed as UNESCO world
heritage site.
15. The main Vimana is a huge solid block
on the western end consisting of 3
parts:
1. Square vertical base
2. Tall tapering body
3. Domical finial
The square base rises for 2 stories to
accommodate the Linga which is
elevated
The hollow interior of the vimana, a
view from below. Built of interlocking
stones without any binding material.
The built structure is so strong that
even six earthquakes could just move
some of the stones.
16. Pandya architecture
Pandya comes after chola stlye.
They usually emphasize on the
gateways, GOPURAM.
Gopuram is generally built
rectangular.
Ground and first floors with stone
and the upper floors with bricks with
an inclination of 25 degrees.
Pinnacles called shikharas are always
used in odd numbers.
Niches -- with heavily carved
HINDU Mythologies sculptures.
One of the greatest examples of this
architecture is meenakshi temple in
madurai.
17. Meenakshi amman temple, Madurai
The temple complex is the center of the
old city of Madurai.